Foundation

Foundation

CLASS X : BIOLOGY
LIFE PROCESSES By SAMRIDHI SHARMA
 What we will study today ?? Foundation

• Nutrition
• Respiration
• Transportation of substances
• Excretion
WHAT ARE LIFE Foundation

PROCESSES ?
 LIFE PROCESSES Foundation

• Nutrition
• Respiration
• Transportation of substances
• Excretion
NUTRITION Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
 Autotrophic Nutrition Foundation

Photosynthesis:
Foundation
Foundation
 Steps of photosynthesis Foundation

(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

 Foundation

(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and

splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
 Foundation

(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Foundation
STOMATAL PORE Foundation
STOMATAL PORE Foundation
Opening of stomata Foundation
Closing of stomata Foundation
 Photosynthesis in desert plants Foundation

NIGHT DAY
Foundation
 HOLOZOIC NUTRITION Foundation

• Organism feed by ingesting whole food material.

• Food is digested and absorbed inside the bodies.

HOLOZOIC NUTRITION Foundation
 SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION Foundation

• Organism feed on dead and decaying matter

• Food is digested externally and then nutrients are absorbed.

 PARASITIC NUTRITION
Foundation

• Organism derive nutrition from plants or animals without

killing them.
• Obtain nutrition by living on or inside the host.
Five Stages of Nutrition
Foundation
 NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
Foundation

• Unicellular

• Irregular shape

• Pseudopodia
Foundation
 NUTRITION IN PARAMOECIUM Foundation

• Unicellular

• Fixed shape

• Cilia

• Mouth
NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS Foundation

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Foundation
 Foundation

• Alimentary Canal: A long hollow tube which

contains organs through which the food
actually passes (Oesophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, etc.)

• Accessory Organs: Organs that helps in

digestion but no food passes through them
(liver, pancreas, salivary glands, etc.)
 Mouth(Buccal cavity) Foundation

Food is ingested /taken into the mouth

Foundation
Mouth(Buccal cavity) Foundation
 Oesophagus (Food pipe) Foundation

Partially digested food moves into the food pipe

 Stomach Foundation

Due to peristalsis food is pushed into stomach

Foundation
Liver Foundation
Foundation
Pancreas Foundation
Small intestine Foundation
Digested food is absorbed by the walls of the intestine. Foundation

Villi
Foundation
 Villi Foundation

• Villi are finger-like projections

• Increases the surface area for absorption.
• Richly supplied with blood vessels which take the
absorbed food to each and every cell of the body,
• Food is utilised for obtaining energy, building up new
tissues and the repair of old tissues.
 Undigested and unabsorbed food is sent into the Foundation

large intestine

Large intestine (Colon)

 Anus Foundation

The rest of the material is removed from the body via the
anus
Foundation
 Foundation

The length of the small intestine differs in

various animals depending on the food
they eat. Herbivores need a longer small
intestine to allow the cellulose (present in
plant cell wall ) to be digested. Meat is
easier to digest, hence carnivores like
tigers have a shorter small intestine.
Dental Caries / Tooth Decay Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Respiration Foundation
Respiration Foundation
Breathing Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
AEROBIC RESPIRATION Foundation
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Foundation

(Alcoholic fermentation)
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Foundation

(Lactic acid fermentation)

Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
 Foundation

•Contraction of muscles
•Conduction of nerve impulse
• Protein synthesis etc.
 Lets talk about plants Foundation

•Exchange gases through stomata

•The large inter-cellular spaces ensure that all cells are in

contact with air.

•Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged by diffusion here.

• The direction of diffusion depends upon the environmental

conditions and the requirements of the plant.
Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Diaphragm: Foundation
How does exchange of gases occurs Foundation

in human body ?
Foundation
 Foundation

1.Balloon-like or sac like structure

2. Walls of alveoli are only one celled thick
and provide a surface where the exchange
of gases can take place.
3.Contain an extensive network of blood-
vessels which helps in exchange of gases.
Foundation
 Foundation

1. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the

body for release into the alveoli
2. Oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the
blood vessels
3. Oxygen is transported to all the cells in the body with the
help of haemoglobin present in Red blood cell
 Foundation

When the body size of animals is large, the diffusion

pressure alone cannot take care of oxygen delivery to
all parts of the body.
Foundation
Inhalation / Inspiration Exhalation / Expiration Foundation
The muscles of the diaphragm The muscles of the diaphragm
contract. relax.

The diaphragm goes downward The diaphragm goes upward and

and becomes flat. becomes dome shaped

The ribs move upwards and The ribs move downwards and
outwards. inwards.

The volume of thoracic (chest) The volume of thoracic (chest)

cavity increases. cavity decreases .

Air enters the lungs through the Air goes out the lungs through the
nose. nose.
Foundation
 Foundation

Residual volume : Residual volume (RV) is the amount of air

that remains in a person’s lungs even after maximum exhalation
/ forcible exhalation
Foundation
Foundation
 Transportation Foundation

Transportation is a life process which

allows useful substances such as oxygen,
food, salts, carbon dioxide, nitrogenous
wastes and other substances in a multicellular
organism to move from one part of the body
to another.
Transportation in human beings Foundation
Foundation
Composition of blood Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Why formation of blood clots is necessary at Foundation
the point of injury ?
The tubes-Blood Vessels Foundation
Foundation
 Arteries Veins Capillaries
• Direction
of blood
flow

• Oxygen

• Pressure
 Arteries Veins Capillaries
• Walls
 Arteries Veins Capillaries
• Valves
 Arteries Veins Capillaries
• Function Distributes Returns Exchange O2
blood blood to and nutrients
pumped by heart with cells
heart
carries picks up CO2
carries carbon and waste
oxygen and dioxide and from cells
nutrients other waste
 OUR PUMP - THE HEART
Foundation

1.Muscular organ

2.Located in chest cavity

3.As big as fist

4.Act as a pumping organ

Foundation
Foundation
ATRIUM VENTRICLES Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
 Why we need chambers in the heart ? Foundation

To prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

More oxygen will be supplied to body organs in better way

Highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body

More respiration leading to more energy production

chambers in the heart of vertebrates Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Blood pressure Foundation
 Blood pressure Foundation

1. Systolic pressure : The pressure of blood inside the artery

during ventricular systole (contraction)

2. Diastolic pressure : The pressure in artery during ventricular

diastole (relaxation)
Foundation
HYPERTENSION Foundation
Foundation
Lymphatic system Foundation
Lymph Foundation
Lymph Foundation
 Functions of Lymph Foundation

• Fluid balance : Drains excess fluid from extra cellular

space back into the blood.
• Fat transport : Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat
from intestine and transport to bloodstream.
• Immune system : Transports foreign material
(ex-pathogen) to lymph nodes for disposal.
Foundation
Foundation
Transportation in Plants Foundation
From air From soil Foundation
• If the distance between two cells is small. Foundation
• If the distances become large between two cells Foundation

because of changes in plant body design.

• Diffusion and Osmosis will not be

sufficient

• A proper system of transportation is

therefore essential in such situations.
Foundation
 Why plants have slow transport systems ? Foundation

• Plants do not move

• Plant bodies have a large proportion of dead cells in many

tissues.

Therefore plants have low energy needs which means no rush to

transport water and food at faster rate.
 Foundation

Transport of water and minerals :

Transport of food/sugar/photo assimilates :

 Transport of water Foundation

• Xylem is made up of four types of

elements:
• Ascent of sap Foundation
Foundation
 Foundation

3. Goes to inner root cells

The forces that contribute to ascent of sap are as follows:
1.Root pressure
2.Transpiration or suction pull
 Foundation

1.Root pressure : When water enters into root cells by the

process of osmosis a pressure is generated in the roots which
helps in transporting the water and other ions from the soil in
upwards directions into the Xylem. This hydrostatic pressure is
known as root pressure.
Transpiration Foundation
Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction
Foundation

which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots

 Foundation

2.Transpiration / Suction pull : When water is lost from the

surface of leaves due to process of transpiration a pulling
force is developed inside the xylem tissue. This pulling
forces is known as transpiration pull.This force helps in the
upward movement of water in xylem from root to the leaves.
 Transport of food and other substances Foundation

• Phloem is made up of four types of elements:

• Translocation Foundation
Foundation
 EXCRETION Foundation

The biological process involved in the removal of

harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called
excretion.
Metabolic waste Foundation

•Carbon dioxide
•Excess Water
•Excess mineral salts
•Nitrogenous waste
Foundation
Foundation
Egestion Excretion Foundation
Human excretory system
Foundation
Foundation
 WHY & HOW Foundation

is urine produced?
Nephron Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Formation of urine Foundation

1.Glomerular filteration

2.Selective reabsorption

3.Tubular Secretion
 1. Glomerular filtration
Nitrogenous wastes, glucose, water,
amino acid, excessive salts from the
blood are filtered and initial filtrate
enters into Bowman Capsule of the
nephron.
2. Selective reabsorption
Useful substances like
glucose, amino acids, salts
and a major amount of water
from the filtrate are reabsorbed
back by capillaries surrounding
the nephron.
NOTE : Foundation

The amount of water re-absorbed depends on how much

excess water and dissolved salts are in the body, and on how
much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
 3. Tubular Secretion

Urea, extra water and salts are

secreted into the tubule which
open up into the collecting duct
& then into the ureter.
Micturition Foundation
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
(HEMODIALYSIS) Foundation
Excretion in Plants Foundation
Foundation
 Foundation

Plants use different strategies for excretion of different products

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide is diffused through stomata.

• Excess water is removed by transpiration.
• Plants can even loose some of their old parts like old leaves and
bark of tree.
• Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles.
• Other waste products like latex, raisins and gums are stored in old
xylem cells.
• Plants also secrete some waste substances into the soil around them.
Foundation
Foundation