ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Biology Teaching Team

Telkom University
2020
Animal Physiology
• The study of biological functions an The body system
organism performs 1. Digestive System
• Body systems are specialized to carry 2. The respiratory system
out different task 3. The circulatory system
4. The immune system
• The ability to perform certain actions
depends on animal’s shape, size, 5. Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance
and environment 6. Hormone and Endocrine System
7. Reproduction and Embryonic Development
8. Nervous System
9. Sensory System
10. the musculoskeletal system
 Digestive System
• Animal obtain and
ingest their food in
a variety of ways

A suspension feeder: A substrate feeder: a caterpillar eating

a manta ray using its wide mouth its way through the soft tissues inside
to strain an oak leaf
food from seawater

A fluid feeder: a
mosquito sucking
blood
D A bulk feeder: a grey heron preparing
to swallow a fish
Food processing occur
in four stages

The four main stages of food processing

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. elimination Chemical digestion: the breakdown of
large organic molecules into their
components
Digestion occurs in
specialized compartements Complete digestive tract – tube with
opening at each end
Food-processing cell of a sponge – digestive in intracellular

Incomplete digestive tract of hydra –

mouth and anus in one opening
Specialized digestive system

Multiple-chambered stomach of
ruminant
• The first two stomachs, the rumen and
the reticulum, contain prokaryotes and
protists that are able to digest cellulose
fiber.
• The ruminant regurgitates cud from
the reticulum, chews it, and swallows it
Ruminant animals, such into a third stomach, the omasum,
as goats and cows, have which removes water.
four stomachs. • The cud then passes onto the fourth
stomach, the abomasum, where it is
digested by enzymes produced by the
ruminant.
Specialized digestive system

Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore

 Start in oral cavity
Human Digetive System

Human digestive tract and function

Saliva made food stick together

in easy-to swallow clumps
Nutrient Absorption The large intestine reclaims water and
compacts the feces

The liver processes and detoxifies blood from

the intestines

Enzyme help the digestive system

 How human body control the appetite?
Appetite and satiety both control the input to digestive system and in the end affect the body weight.
These behavior controlled by work of various enzyme and change in blood sugar content.

https://trickle.app/drip/15655-leptin-and-ghrelin-are-hormones-that-
regulate-satiety-and-hunger/
Respiratory system
Some animals, like the
Respiratory earthworm
the interchange of O2 and CO2 between Use their entire skin as a
gas-exchange organ
an organism and its environment
Gas exchange
Provides O2 for cellular respiration and
removes its waste product, CO2

Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist

body surfaces  Respiratory surfaces In most animals
Must be thin and moist for diffusion of O2 Specialized body parts provide large respiratory surfaces for gas exchange
and CO2 to occur
Human respiratory system
In mammals, air inhaled through the nostrils
Passes through the pharynx and larynx
into the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Passes through the pharynx and Breathing is the alternation of inhalation

larynx into the trachea, bronchi, and exhalation
and bronchioles • Expiration: Diaphragm moves up
• Inspiration: Diaphragm moves down
 Oxygen and carbondioxide produced chemical bond with
Partial pressure hemoglobin in blood to be transported from and to lungs
plays important
rule in gas
exchange

Change in blood acidity

influence the rate of gas
exchange
Lung volume and capacity
Human lung size is determined by genetics, gender, and height.
At maximal capacity, an average lung can hold almost six liters of air, but lungs do not usually operate at maximal
capacity.
Science Fact : Why it is hard to breath in humid air ?
On the normal condition On humid condition

More water in the air which mean higher partial pressure of water and less free
oxygen.
Combined with heat  reduce the water inside the body, less oxygen content
in hot air, hemoglobine bind less oxygen in high temperature  best recipe to
faint
Loss of surfactant significantly
increase the surface tension of
alveolus that burst the structure
Respiratory system
Hewan have one of two types of circulatory systems: open or closed
Both of these types of systems have three basic components
• A circulatory fluid (blood)
• A set of tubes (blood vessels)
• A muscular pump (the heart)
Vertebrate circulatory systems

FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS • Humans and other
Gill capillaries Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries vertebrates have a
closed circulatory
Artery Pulmocutaneous
Right Pulmonary Pulmonary
system
Gill
circulation circuit systemic
aorta
circuit circuit • Often called the
Heart:
ventricle (V)
A
Left cardiovascular system
A
Atrium (A)
A
V
A
V V
Systemic
aorta
A
V
A
V
• Blood flows in a closed
Systemic
Right
Systemic
Left Right Left Right
Systemic
Left cardiovascular system
Vein circulation circuit circuit • Consisting of blood
vessels and a two- to
four-chambered heart
Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries
Immune System
• Pathogens, agents that cause disease, infect a
wide range of animals, including humans
• The immune system recognizes foreign
bodies and responds with the production of
immune cells and proteins
• All animals have innate immunity, a defense
active immediately upon infection
• Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity

Sneezing is one of the

immediate immune
system response
Respiratory system
Three lines of defense
• Innate external barriers
• Innate internal defenses
• Adaptive responses
Immune System : Innate response
Immune System : Adaptive response
Two arms of adaptive immunity
• Antibody mediated
• Cell mediated

• The adaptive immune response counters specific invaders

• Infections and vaccinations trigger adaptive immunity
• The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection.
• Lymphatic vessels collect fluid from body tissues and return it as lymph to
the blood.
• Lymph organs are packed with white blood cells that fight infections.
• Lymphocytes mount a dual defense
• Millions of kinds of B cells and T cells, each with different membrane
receptors, wait in the lymphatic system, where they may respond to
invaders.
Immune System : Adaptive response Cell mediated
Antibody mediated
 Disorders of the Immune System
 Immune system disorders result from self-directed or underactive
responses.
• In autoimmune diseases, the immune system targets self molecules
• In immunodeficiency disorders, immune components are lacking
and frequent infections occur.
 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens
An X-ray image of hands affected
by rheumatoid arthritis

The two
stages of an
allergic
reaction
 Several ways to dispose of nitrogenous waste have evolved in animals
Osmoregulation and Excretion • Excretion is the disposal of toxic nitrogenous wastes.
• Ammonia (NH3) is poisonous but soluble and is easily disposed of
Animals balance their levels of water and solutes by aquatic animals
through osmoregulation • Urea and uric acid are less toxic and easier to store but require
• Osmoconformers have the same internal solute significant energy to produce.
concentration as seawater
• Osmoregulators control their solute
concentrations
• Animals can conserve water by waterproof barriers
and reproductive adaptations.
The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis.
• The urinary system excretes wastes and regulates water and solute balance
• Nephrons extract a filtrate from the blood and refine it into urine
• In filtration, blood pressure forces water and many small solutes into the nephron
• In reabsorption, water and valuable solutes are reclaimed from the filtrate
• In secretion, excess H+ and toxins are added to the filtrate.
• In excretion, urine leaves the kidneys via the ureters, is stored in the urinary bladder,
and is expelled through the urethra
Osmoregulation and Excretion
The kidney is a water-conserving organ
• The majority of water in the filtrate is reabsorbed in the
proximal tubule
• Further water conservation occurs because of a solute
concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid

Hormones regulate the urinary system

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is one hormone
that regulates the amount of water excreted
by the kidneys

Kidney dialysis can save lives

• A dialysis machine removes wastes from
blood and maintains solute concentration
Hormone and Endocrine System

Two types of hormone

• Amino acid-derived hormone
• Steroid hormones

• Amino acid-derived
hormone are polar 
cannot diffuse across a
lipid bilayer  creates
second messenger
• Steroid hormone
derived from
cholesterol  diffuse
across a lipid bilayer
 Hormone and Endocrine System
Pancreatic hormones regulate
The gonads secrete sex hormones
blood glucose level

The thyroid regulates

development and
metabolism

Thyroid hormones regulate an

animal’s development and
metabolism. Negative feedback
maintains homeostatic levels in
the blood.
Estrogens, progesterone, and androgens
are steroid sex hormones produced by
the gonads in response to signals from Three female (left) and one male (right)
the hypothalamus and pituitary elk (Cervus canadensis)
Science Fact : Diabetes  a hormone problem
Diabetes have sweet urine
because their liver, fat, and
muscle cells do not take up and
store glucose

Two types of diabetes

• Type 1 diabetes
Develop after white blood cells
mistaken identify insulin-
secreting beta cells as foreign
and destroy them.
• Type 2 diabetes
More common than type 1 and
develop after target cells have
an impaired response to the
hormone the level of blood
sugar
Nervous System
Work with endocrine system
• Facilitate long distance communication among cells of an animal body
Invertebrate nervous system
Characterized by a mesh of interconnected neuron  nerve net
Most does not have centralized complex brain system
Vertebrate nervous system
Cells of the Nervous System
Three types of neurons
• Sensory neurons
• Interneurons
• Motor neurons

How are Nerve Impulses Propagated?

The Human Brain

The structure of a living supercomputer: The human brain.

The midbrain and subdivisions of the hindbrain, together with the
thalamus and hypothalamus of the forebrain, function mainly in
conducting information to and from higher brain centers. They regulate
homeostatic functions, keep track of body position, and sort sensory
information. The forebrain’s cerebrum is the largest and most complex
part of the brain. Most of the cerebrum’s integrative power resides in
the cerebral cortex
Neurotransmitter The Peripheral Nervous System :
A reflex movement
Neurotransmitters are chemical
messengers that transmit a message from a
nerve cell across the synapse to a target cell.
The target can be another nerve cell, or a
muscle cell, or a gland cell. They are
chemicals made by the nerve cell specifically
to transmit the message.
Muscle and movement
Structure of skeletal muscle
Reproduction System
Combining male and female gamet (sexual reproduction)

Gamet formation Ovum formation Menstruation cycle

Reproduction System
Sperma formation Fertilization
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