CHAPTER – 6

LIFE PROCESSES

Life processes: Living Being‘. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in
plants and animals.

LIFE PROCESSES

All the vital processes which are required by an organism to survive is called life processes.
Nutrition, photosynthesis, transportation, metabolism, respiration, reproduction and excretion are
important life process. In multicellular organism life processes occur in various specialized body
parts while in unicellular organisms, all these processes are carried out by a single cell

IMPORTANT LIFE PROCESSES

 Nutrition in plants and animals
 Transportation in animals and plants
 Excretion in animals and plants
NUTRITION


The process, by which an organism takes food and utilizes it, is called nutrition.

Nutrition is essential for growth and development of organisms. It also provide energy
to do different work.
 Nutrition obtained by material is called nutrients. Nutrients may
macronutrient (Carbohydrates, proteins and fats) and micronutrients (Minerals
and vitamins).
HOW DO LIVING THINGS GET THEIR FOOD?

a- Autotrophic nutrition
b- Heterotrophic nutrition
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is called autotrophic nutrition.
Green plants and blue-green algae make their food by a process called photosynthesis.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The process by which plants in presence of green pigment, sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
to form food and release oxygen is known as photosynthesis.

The overall reaction occurring in photosynthesis is as follows:

Sunlight
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Chlorophyll Glucose
EVENTS OCCUR DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS

(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules
into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Raw material required in photosynthesis Source

CO2 and O2 Atmosphere

Radiation Sunlight

H2O Soil

Some facts

 Photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction.

 Photosynthesis is an oxidation- reduction reaction in which carbon dioxide is reduced to
sugar and water is oxidized.
Chloroplast

Contain main photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll and accessory pigments xanthophyll and
carotenoids.

Stomata

Gaseous exchange and transpiration (loss of water as water vapour) takes place through minute
aperture on the surface of leaves called as stomata. Stomata has a pore (stomatal pore) guarded
by bean shaped guard cells (regulate opening and closing of stomata).

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HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

In this type of nutrition organism obtain their nutrient from other living organism (parasite) e.g.
Animals or dead and decaying objects (saprophyte) e.g. Fungi like bread moulds, yeast and
mushrooms.

HOW DO ORGANISMS OBTAIN THEIR NUTRITION

 Amoeba captures food with the help of

pseudopodia.

 Food vacuole is formed containing food

particle.

 Food is digested.

NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEING

Alimentary canal Tube like structure from mouth to anus

Salivary glands 3 pair, Secrete saliva

Enzyme made of proteins (except ribozyme), break the complex foods in to

simpler form

Peristaltic Rhythmic movement of food in oesophagus (food pipe) toward stomach

movement

Stomach Large sac like structure below food pipe

Gastric gland Present in the wall of stomach secrete HCl, Pepsin, Mucus

Small Intestine It is longest and coiled tube and site of complete digestion of food.

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Villi Small finger like projections on small intestine, increase the surface area
for absorption

Large intestine Small intestine opens into large intestine. Its function is to absorb
water.

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

i- Food is crushed and mixed with saliva with the help of teeth and
tongue. ii- Saliva contains salivary amylase that break down starch.
iii- By peristaltic movement in oesophagus the food enters stomach.
iv- In stomach food is mixed with HCl, Protein digesting enzyme pepsin and Mucus.
v- HCl kill the germs in food as well as provide acidic medium essential for pepsin.
Mucus protects the inner lining of alimentary canal by HCl.
vi- Small intestine receives secretions of liver and pancreas through a common duct. It
is site for complete digestion of food (carbohydrate, protein and fat)
vii- Unabsorbed food enters into large intestine for further absorption of water.

viii- Undigested food is removed from body via anus.

Organ Secretion Role

Liver Bile juice Make medium alkaline for pancreatic

juice Break the fat molecules into smaller
parts
(emulsification)
Pancreas Pancreatic juice Trypsin digest protein
Lipase digest lipid
Wall of small Intestinal juices Proteins to amino acids
intestine Carbohydrates to glucose
Fat to fatty acid and
glycerol

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DENTAL CARIES (TOOTH DECAY)

It is caused due to acid produced by bacteria. In this enamel softens and may cause dental plaque
and cavities.

RESPIRATION

Process of Breaking down of complex organic material into simpler form with the help of
enzymes is called respiration.

Types of respiration and site

Type Definition Site

Aerobic respiration It occur in presence of oxygen Cytoplasm and Mitochondria

Anaerobic respiration It occur in absence of oxygen. Cytoplasm

Fermentation It is a type of anaerobic respiration Cytoplasm

occur in few microorganisms

Key words

Cytoplasm Fluid part with in cell

Mitochondria Site of energy production in plants and animals (power house of cell)

Pyruvate Intermediate product of respiration

Ethanol A type of alcohol (C2H5OH)

ATP Adenosine tri phosphate, an energy rich compound

PROCESS OF RESPIRATION

i- Glucose is broken down into pyruvate in cytoplasm of cell.

ii- In presence of oxygen pyruvate enters into mitochondria and completely oxidized
there to produce CO2 and energy (ATP).
iii- In absence of oxygen pyruvate partially decomposes and
form s
a- Ethanol in yeast (fermentation)
b- Lactic acid in muscle cells

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HUMMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

It consists of nostril, nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,
diaphragm and ribcage.

i- The inhale of oxygen and exhale of CO 2

is known as breathing. Air is taken into
body through nostrils.
ii- From nostril air passes through the
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and finally alveoli.
iii- At alveoli exchange of oxygen and CO2
takes place with blood vessels by the
process of diffusion.
iv- Oxygen enters into blood vessels while
CO2 enters into alveolar sac. Both
oxygen and CO2 is carried by iron
containing haemoglobin.
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEING

Blood A type of connective tissue consists of RBC, WBC, Platelets and plasma.

Plasma Fluid portion of blood

Oxygenated blood Blood carrying oxygen

Deoxygenated blood Blood carrying carbon dioxide

Hemoglobin Iron containing pigment, carry both oxygen and CO2

Heart chambers Atrium and ventricle

Systole Contraction of heart chambers

Diastole Relaxation of heart chambers

Double circulation Blood goes through the heart twice

Arteries Thick walled. elastic , Carry blood away from heart to various organs

Veins Thin walled, carry blood from different organs to the heart

Platelets Helps in blood clotting during injury

Lymph / Tissue fluid Fluid in intercellular space in the tissues. They carry digested and

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 absorbed fat.

Sphygmomanometer Measures blood pressure

HUMAN HEART

i- Human heart is four chambered – two atria and two ventricles.

Amphibians – three chambered heart, Fish – two chambered heart
ii- These chambers are well separated to avoid mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
iii- Right atrium and right ventricle contains deoxygenated blood while left atrium
and left ventricle contains oxygenated blood.
iv- Atrium and ventricle are separated by valves-
a- Tricuspid valve
b- Dicuspid valve
v- Oxygenated blood from lungs enters in left atrium via pulmonary veins. When
left atrium contracts (systole) blood enters to left ventricle. The blood goes
outside to different parts of body via aorta when left ventricle contracts.
vi- From different part of body deoxygenated blood is carried out by superior
and inferior vena cava to the right atrium.
vii- When right atrium contracts the blood enters into right ventricle. The
deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs through pulmonary arteries when right
ventricle contracts.

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

Stomata Gaseous exchange, Transportation (loss of water in form of vapor)

Xylem Water conduction channels composed of xylem tissue, vessels and tracheid

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 Transport water and mineral from root to aerial part (unidirectional)

Phloem Transport food from the leaves to other part (multidirectional).

EXCRETION

Excretion Removal of harmful metabolic wastes from

the body

Kidney Excretory organ of human

Nephron Structural and functional unit of kidney

Urinary bladder Store urine

Ureter Connect urinary bladder with kidney

Hemodialysis Artificial kidney, a device to remove

nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid)
from the blood.

EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEING

 Basic filtration unit in kidneys are cluster of thin walled capillaries.

These are associated with cup like structure which collects the filtered
urine.
 There is reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, salts and water in tubules of
nephrons.
 The concentrated urine enters into urinary bladder via ureter and
finally pass outside the body through urethra.
EXCRETION IN PLANTS

 Stomata play an important role as it is the site for gaseous exchange and
transpiration.
 Some waste products are released in the form of resin, gums.
 Falling of leaves also helps in removal of waste products.

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QUESTION BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. The correct order of steps occurring in animals is:
(a) Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion, Assimilation, Egestion
(b) Ingestion, Digestion, Assimilation, Absorption, Egestion
(c) Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion
(d) Ingestion, Assimilation, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion
2. In which of the following groups of organisms, food materials are broken down
outside the body and absorbed?
(a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba
(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould
(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta
(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm
3. What are the products obtained by anaerobic respiration in microorganisms?
(a) Lactic acid + Energy
(b) Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(c) Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
(d) Pyruvate
4. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends upon
(a) Oxygen
(b) Temperature
(c) water in the guard cells
(d) concentration of CO2
5. A plant gets rid of excess water through transpiration. Which is a method used by
plants to get rid of solid waste products?
(a) shortening of stem
(b) dropping down of fruits
(c) shedding of yellow leaves
(d) expansion of roots into the soil
6. Which of the equations show correct conversion of CO2 and H2O into
carbohydrates in plants?

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7. Which option correctly shows the transport of oxygen to the cell?
(a) Lungs →pulmonary vein →left atrium →left ventricle →aorta → body cells
(b) Lungs →pulmonary vein →right atrium →right ventricle → aorta → body cells
(c) Lungs →pulmonary artery →left atrium → left ventricle → vena cava → body
cells
(d) Lungs →pulmonary artery →right atrium → right ventricle→ vena cava → body
cells
8. How is food transported from phloem to the tissues according to plants’ needs?
(a) food is transported along with the water in the plant’s body.
(b) food is transported in only one direction like water in the plant body through
xylem.
(c) food is transported from a region with low concentration to higher concentration.
(d) food is transported from a region where it is produced to other parts of the plants.
9. In which mode of nutrition an organism derives its food from the body of another
living organism without killing it?
(a) Saprotrophic nutrition
(b) Parasitic nutrition
(c) Holozoic nutrition
(d) Autotrophic nutrition
10. Which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be affected if salivary
amylase is lacking in the saliva?
(a) Starch breaking down into sugars.
(b) Proteins breaking down into amino acids.
(c) Absorption of vitamins. 52
(d) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol.
11. Glycolysis process occurs in which part of the cell?
(a) Cytoplasm
(b) Nucleus
(c) Mitochondria
(d) Chloroplast
12. Name the substances whose build up in the muscles during vigorous physical
exercise may cause cramps?
(a) Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
(b) Lactic acid + Energy
(c) Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(d) Pyruvate
13. Name a circulatory fluid in the human body other than blood.
(a) Platelets (b) RBC
(c) Lymph (d) Plasma
14.Name the pores in a leaf through which respi-ratory exchange of gases takes
place.
(a) Lenticels
(b) Vacuoles
(c) Xylem
(d) Stomata
15. Which part of nephron allows the selective reabsorption of useful substances like
glucose, amino acids, salts and water into the blood capillaries?
(a) Tubule
(b) Glomerulus
(c) Bowman’s capsule
(d) Ureter
16. Identify the correct path of urine in the human body.
(a) Kidney → urinary bladder → urethra → ureter
(b) Urinary bladder → ureter → kidney → urethra
(c) Kidney → ureter → urethra → urinary bladder
(d) Kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
17. Which of the following statements are true about respiration?
(i) during inhalation, ribs move inward and 53
diaphragm is raised.
(ii) the gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli
(iii) haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen
(iv) alveoli increase surface area for the exchange of gases
(a) i and iv
(b) ii and iii
(c) i and iii
(d) ii and iv
18. Water absorption in plants can be increased by keeping the potted plants:
(a) in the shade
(b) in dim light
(c) under the fan
(d) covered with a polythene bag
19. What prevents the backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?
(a) thick muscular walls of ventricles
(b) valves
(c) thin walls of atria
(d) septum
20. Coagulation of blood in a cut or wound is brought about by:
(a) plasma (b) platelets (c) WBC (d) RBC

ANSWERS:
Question No Answer Question No Answer
1 c 11 a
2 b 12 b
3 c 13 c
4 c 14 d
5 c 15 a
6 c 16 d
7 a 17 d
8 d 18 c
9 b 19 b
10 a 20 b

54
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q1- What is the normal systolic and diastolic pressure in human? By which
apparatus we can measure it?
Ans: 120/ 80 mm of Hg, Sphygmomanometer
Q2- How is water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans: Water conducting tissue xylem transported mineral in dissolved form with water.

Q3- Mention the mode of nutrition of the followings- Cuscuta, Fungus

Ans: Cuscuta- Parasite , Fungus- Saprophyte
Q.4 What will happen to a plant if its xylem is removed?
Answer: Xylem helps in the transport of water and minerals to the various parts of
the plant. If xylem is removed it would ultimately lead to the death of the plant.
Q.5 What is osmoregulation?
Answer: The maintenance of optimum concentration of water and salts (electrolytes)
in the body fluids is called as osmoregulation.
Q6. Why is carbon dioxide mostly transported in dissolved form?
Answer: Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the dissolved form as it is more
soluble in water.
Q7. When we breathe out, why does the air passage not collapse?
Answer: Rings of cartilage present on trachea prevent it from collapsing during the
passage of air.
Q.8 What are the major constituents of urine?
Answer:
Urine is an aqueous solution of water, urea, chloride, sodium, potassium, creatinine
and other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds (proteins, hormones,
and metabolites).
Q.9 Why are valves present in heart and the veins?
Answer:
Valves present in the heart does not allow the blood to flow backwards when the
atria or ventricles contracts. Valves are present in the veins to prevent the back flow
of blood in the veins as it travels at very slow rate in the veins.
Q.10 Which acid is formed in our muscles after vigorous exercise?
Ans: Lactic acid 55
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 How do the guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores?
Answer: The entry of water into the guard cells of the stomata causes an increase in
turgor pressure in the guard cells which leads to opening of the stomata. The loss of
water from the guard cells results in their shrinking and closes the stomata.
Q.2 Mention the two main components of the transport system in plants. State one
function of each one of these components.
Answer: The two main components of the transport system in the plants are xylem
and phloem. Xylem helps to transport water and minerals to various parts of the
plant. Phloem helps to carry food from leaves to the various parts of the plant.
Q.3How does the plant get rid of excretory products?
Answer: Excess oxygen and carbon dioxide removed through stomata.
Plant waste products are also removed by:

 Storage in cellular vacuoles

 Storage in leaves that fall off
 Storing as resins and gums in old xylem
 By excreting into the soil around them.

Q.4 Give Reasons:

(a) Rings of cartilage are present in the trachea.
(b) Lungs always contain a residual volume of air.
Answer:
(a) The walls of trachea have rings of cartilage on them which prevent it from
collapsing.
(b) The volume of air left behind in the lungs even after forceful breathing out of air is
called as residual volume. This helps to provide sufficient time for oxygen to be
absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.

Q5- Give one reason why multicellular organisms require special organs for
exchange of gases between their body and their environment.
Answer: Simple diffusion is not sufficient for56the exchange of gases in multicellular
organisms as all their cells are not in direct contact with the environment. So, they
require special organs for exchange of gases between their body and their
environment.
Q 6- Why do photosynthesis considered as photochemical reaction?
Ans: plants convert the energy of sunlight into stored chemical energy by forming
carbohydrates from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water and releasing molecular
oxygen as a byproduct.
Q7- What is role of followings in photosynthesis-
i- Chloroplast

ii- Water

iii- Carbon dioxide

Ans: Chloroplast trap the sunlight (radiation)
Water undergo photolysis to evolver oxygen
Carbon dioxide reduces to form carbohydrate.
Q 8- Write importance of –
i- Double circulation

ii- Dicuspid and tricuspid valves in heart

Ans: Double circulation importance: helps keep oxygenated (blood rich in oxygen)
separate from deoxygenated (blood rich in carbon dioxide). This results in more
efficient circulation of blood.
Importance of Dicuspid and tricuspid valves in heart: prevents the reverse flow of
blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium while bicuspid valve prevents the
reverse flow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium

Q 9- Specify the role of phloem and xylem. Why it is considered that phloem shows
multi-directional transportation and xylem unidirectional transportation?
Ans: phloem is food conducting tissue and xylem is water conducting tissue.
Phloem transport food in many directions as from leaves to other part of plants like
other leaf, flower, stem, root, storage part.
Xylem conducts water only in one direction from root to the aerial parts of plant.
Q 10- What is saliva? State its role in the digestion of food.
Ans: Saliva contains salivary amylase enzymes
57 that help digest the starches in our
food.
An enzyme called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into
sugars, which your body can more easily absorb.
It helps in moistens the food for easy swallowing.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q 1- Differentiate the followings-
I. Vena cava and Aorta

II. Pulmonary artery and Pulmonary vein

III. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

IV. Bronchi and bronchiole

Ans:  Vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood from body parts to the heart
Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from heart to the body parts
 Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs
Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart
 Anaerobic respiration: respiration without oxygen
Fermentation: respiration without oxygen in microorganisms
 Bronchi: extends from trachea, have incomplete cartilage ring
Bronchioles: extended from bronchi
Q 2- Draw cross section of leaf and label stomata. Also mention any two roles of
stomata in plants.
Ans: Fig 6.1, page 96, NCERT
Q 2- Draw labeled diagram of structural and functional unit of kidney. Also mention
its role.
Ans: Fig: 6.14, page 111, NCERT

58
Answer:

Filtration of blood, reabsorption, secretion and excretion of useful and harmful

substances present in the blood.
Q 3 Give reasons:
i- Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
ii- Transport system in plants is slow.
iii- Blood circulation differs in aquatic vertebrates from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
iv- During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared
to the night.
v-Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.
Ans:
(i) Ventricles pump blood into various organs with high pressure so they have thicker
walls.
(ii) Plants are non-motile, less active and require less energy so their cells do not
need to be supplied with materials so quickly.
(iii) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. Fishes have
single circulation. The terrestrial vertebrates like birds and humans have four
chambered heart and shows double circulation.
(iv) it is due to high transpiration rate id day time.
(v) The lumen of veins has valves, which allow the blood in them to flow in only one
direction. Thus prevent back flow of blood.

Q 4- Describe double circulation of blood in human beings. Why is it necessary?

59
Ans : In the human heart, blood passes through the heart twice in one cardiac cycle.
This type of circulation is called double circulation. Double circulation ensures
complete segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
It includes - Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation.
In Pulmonary circulation: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the
lungs where it is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to the left
atrium, from there it is pumped into the left ventricle and finally blood goes into the
aorta for systemic circulation.
In Systemic circulation: The oxygenated blood is pumped to various parts of the
body from the left ventricle. The deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body
passes through vena cava to reach right atrium. The right atrium transfers the blood

into right ventricle.

Q 5- Mention the location of four major glands associated with digestive system of
humans and explain function of each?
Ans:
i- Salivary Glands- There is three pairs of salivary glands (Parotid, sub maxillary and
sublingual) which secrete saliva. Saliva moistens the food, disinfects food by
lysozyme and digests starch by salivary amylase.
ii-Gastric Glands- these are present inside stomach. Gastric glands secrete
HCI- disinfect food, provide acidic medium for digestive juices.
Pepsin - for partial digestion of proteins to form peptones and proteases
iii-Liver- secretes bile, which neutralizes the acidity of chyme and emulsifies fat.
iv-Pancreas- Lies in the loop of duodenum below the stomach.
It secretes trypsin (digest protein), lipase (break down of fat)
Q 6- Explain autotrophic nutrition in plants.
Ans:
 Synthesis of food by photosynthesis- ‗photo‘ means light and ‗synthesis‘ means
60
production. It is the production of food with the help of sunlight.
Photosynthesis equation-
6CO2+ 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6 H2O
Events of photosynthesis are as follows:
 Absorption of light energy green pigment (chlorophyll).

 Light energy provides energy for activation of reaction.

 Photolysis of water (splitting of water) into Oxygen, H+ and e-

 Reduction of CO2 into glucose and Synthesis of ATP.

Q.7 Draw a well labelled diagram of stomata. List two functions of stomata.How the
products of photosynthesis and other substances are translocated in plants?
Answer: The function of stomata are:
(a) Help in the exchange of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen from the leaves of
the plants.
(b) Help in the transport of water, minerals and food materials in plants transpiration.
(c) Transpiration occurring through stomata on leaves helps in cooling of leaf
surface.
Translocation is the transport of soluble products of photosynthesis through phloem.
Sucrose is transferred into sieve tubes of phloem via the companion cells using
energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure inside the sieve tubes which
causes movement of water into the sieve tubes from the adjacent xylem. This
pressure helps in translocation of material in the phloem to tissues which have less

pressure.

Q.8 Explain an activity with diagram to show that chlorophyll is essential for
photosynthesis.
Answer: Apparatus: A destarched potted plant of Croton, Pothos (Money Plant) or
Coleus having variegated leaves (with green and non-green parts), Rice paper, Soft
pencil, Beakers, Petridishes, Tripod stand, Wire gauze, Water bath, Blotting paper,
Dropper, Box of matches, Burner or spirit lamp, spirit (or 70% alcohol), iodine
61
solution, water, forceps.
Procedure: Destarch a potted plant of Croton or Pothos (Money Plant) having
variegated leaves by keeping it in complete darkness for 2-3 days. Expose the
destarched potted plant to sunlight for 2-6 hours. Pluck a variegated leaf. Place a
rice paper over it. Draw the outline of green and non-green areas. The green areas
contain chlorophyll. The non-green areas are pale in colour and devoid of
chlorophyll. Place the leaf in boiling water for 5-10 minutes. Boiling kills the leaf. Dip
the leaf in spirit or alcohol kept at 50°-60° C with the help of a water bath. After 30-45
minutes, the leaf will be decolourised completely. Take out the decolourised leaf, dip
in hot water for softening the same. Spread the leaf in a petri dish. Pour dilute iodine
solution over the leaf. After 4-5 minutes, rinse off excess iodine and observe.
Q.9
(a) Draw the cross section of the leaf and label the following parts :

1.Upper epidermis 2.Chloroplast 3Vascular bundle

4.Xylem 5.Phloem.

(b) Define photosynthesis.

(c) List three events which occur during this process
(d) Write the chemical equation involved in photosynthesis.
(e) How is unused energy stored in plants ?
(f) What is the site for photosynthesis ?
Answer:
(a)
62
(b) Photosynthesis: It is synthesis of organic food from inorganic raw materials with
the help of light energy inside chlorophyll containing cells.
(c) Events: Information is transmitted from one plant cell to another through
plasmodesmata and hormones.

(e) Starch, organic substances.

(f) Chloroplasts.
Q.10 (a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label

1. Part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus

2. Part which terminates in balloon-like structures
3. Balloon-like structures where exchange of gases takes place
4. Part which separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity.

(b) Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label the following
1.Part in which urine is produced
2.Part which stores the Purpose. To collect excretory products for expulsion from
body.
Answer:(a)

63
 label

1. Nasal chamber
2. Trachea
3. Alveoli
4. Diaphragm.

(b)

label

1. Kidney
2. Urinary bladder
3. Ureter
4. Urethra.

ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Following questions consists of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
A. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
B. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
C. Assertion is true but reason is false.
D. Assertion is false and reason is true.

1) Assertion: Kidneys perform a dual function

64 in our body.
Reason: Selective reabsorption occurs in the glomerulus.
2) Assertion: Mammals has double circulation.
Reason: Higher energy need due to endothermy (warm blooded).
3) Assertion: Veins have valves.
Reason: The pressure for the flow is far lesser compared to arteries.
4) Assertion: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.
Reason: Arteries transport blood from the heart to different parts of the body.
5) Assertion: In plants gaseous exchange takes place by the opening and closing of
guard cells.
Reason: The exchange of gases occurs across the surface of stem, roots and
leaves.
6) Assertion: The Alveoli provide a surface where exchange of gases takes place.
Reason: The Alveolar blood vessels transport oxygenated blood to all the cells of the
body.
7) Assertion: Bread tastes sweet on chewing.
Reason: Salivary amylase converts starch into sugar.
8) Assertion: During transpiration the evaporating water carries away heat energy.
Reason: Due to water loss the osmotic pressure inside leaves increases.
9) Assertion: Lipase helps in the digestion of proteins.
Reason: Digestion of proteins in small intestine needs basic medium
10) Assertion: Respiration is opposite of Photosynthesis.
Reason: In Photosynthesis food is made from energy and in Respiration food is
converted to energy.
11) Assertion: A plant closes its stomata when it does not need carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis
Reason: Large amount of water can be lost as vapour through the stomata.
ANSWERS:
1. C 2 A. 3.A 4. A 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.C 9. D 10. A 11. B

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (5 MARK= 1*5 EACH)

CASE STUDY : 1
65
Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by
photosynthesis. It is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the
outside and convert them into stored forms of energy. This material is taken in the
form of carbon dioxide and water which is converted into carbohydrates in the
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy
to the plant.

i) Write a chemical reaction which occur during photosynthesis?

Ans: 6CO2 +12H2O + Chlorophyll & sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

ii) In which form of carbohydrates does the plant stored in them?

Ans: The carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch as the internal energy.

iii) What is stomata?

Ans: The process present in the surface of a leaf or the stem of a plant to allow the
exchange of gases.

iv) What are the functions of stomata?

Ans: i) Exchange of gases i.e oxygen and CO2

ii) Transpiration

v) What is Chloroplast?

Ans: Chloroplast is a cell organelles which contains photosynthetic pigment called as

chlorophyll which help in the absorption of sunlight.

CASE STUDY : 2
The alimentary canal is basically a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
In Fig. 6.6, we can see that the tube has different parts. Various regions are
specialised to perform different functions.

We eat various types of food which has to pass through the same digestive tract.
Naturally the food has to be processed to generate particles which are small and of
the same texture. This is achieved by crushing the food with our teeth

i) Which enzyme is present in our mouth to66

digest starch?
Ans: Salivary amylase from salivary glands.

ii) What are the types of enzymes released by our stomach?

Ans: Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and a mucus.

iii) Which is the longest part of our alimentary canal in our body?

Ans: Small intestine

iv) What are villi?

Ans: Villi are finger like projection present inside the inner lining of the small intestine
which increases the surface area for absorption.

v) What are the enzymes that are released by pancreas?

Ans: Enzyme released by pancreas – • trypsin- Digestion of protein

lipase – breakdown of emulsified fats

CASE STUDY : 3
The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to provide
energy for various life processes. Diverse organisms do this in different ways – some
use oxygen to break-down glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water, some
use other pathways that do not involve oxygen (Fig. 6.8). In all cases, the first step is
the break-down of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule
called pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm.

i) What is anaerobic respiration?

Ans: The conversion of pyruvate into ethanol, CO2 & energy take place in the
absence of air(oxygen), it is called anaerobic respiration.

ii) Explain the process which happen in our muscle cells?

Ans- The conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid( 3 carbon molecule) and energy due
to the lack of oxygen.

iii) In which form our body used the energy?

67
Ans: It is in the form of ATP molecule i.e Adenosine Triphosphate.
iv) Why there is a faster breathing rate of aquatic animals then the terrestrial
animals?

Ans- The amount of O2 dissolved in water is low as compared to amount of O2

present in air. Therefore, aquatic animals have faster breathing rate.

v) Write the name of organ used for respiration by different organism- fish,
frog?

Ans- i) fish- gills

ii) frog- skin, lungs

CASE STUDY : 4
The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a
urinary bladder and a urethra. Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either
side of the backbone. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into
the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.

i) What is the purpose of making urine?

Ans: Urine is to filter out the blood i e to remove waste product from the blood such
as urea.

ii) What is Bowman’s capsule?

Ans: A cup shaped end of a coiled tube which

68 is associated with capillaries to collect
filterate.
iii) What is dialysis?

Ans: To remove nitrogenous waste from your blood by using machine when kidney
does not its function i.e in case of kidney failure.

iv) What is the function of urinary bladder?

Ans: It is used to stored urine until the pressure comes from the brain to pass it out.

v) What are the different parts of nephrons?

Ans: Renal artery, Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, tubular part of nephron and a
collecting duct.

CASE STUDY : 5
The heart is a muscular organ which is as big as our fist. Because both oxygen and
carbon dioxide have to be transported by the blood, the heart has different chambers
to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood containing carbon
dioxide. The carbon dioxide-rich blood has to reach the lungs for the carbon dioxide
to be removed, and the oxygenated blood from the lungs has to be brought back to
the heart. This oxygen-rich blood is then pumped to the rest of the body.

i) How many chambers are present in the heart of mammals and reptiles?

Ans: Mammals- 4 chamber heart and reptiles- 3 chambered heart

ii) Who carry deoxygenated blood from body to heart?

Ans: Vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart.

iii) What do you meant by the term double circulation?

Ans: The blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle known as double
circulation.

iv) What is hypertension?

Ans: The force that blood experts against the wall of a vessels is called hypertension
or high blood pressure.
V) Which device measured blood pressure?
Ans: Sphygmomanometer 69