Comparing Gas Exchange

Y2
• Water living mammals have adaptations so they can go for a long
time underwater without breathing.
• Not all the oxygen in the breath of air goes into the blood, so exhaled
air still contains a lot of oxygen.
• Some divers use a rebreather apparatus.
• This contains calcium hydroxide, which removes carbon dioxide from
their exhaled air and recirculate the remaining air for them to
breathe.
• A solution of calcium hydroxide is called lime water.
• It is a clear and colourless liquid that turns cloudy as it absorbs carbon
dioxide, so is used to test for gas.
• Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form an acidic solution.
• Using an indicator
• Example: hydrogen carbonate indicator is pink in water but turns
yellow as carbon dioxide is added and the pH drops.
• Another way of detecting respiration is temperature rise. Some of the
energy released by respiration warms up cell surroundings.
 Gills
• Mammals use lungs to get oxygen and so must breathe air.

• Some mammals never breathe air because they can extract oxygen
from water, often using gills.

• GAS EXCHANGE USING GILLS

• Water flows in through the fishes mouth.
• In the gills, water flows over a fine network of feathery strands, where
oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
 Plants
• Using Photosynthesis, plants make glucose to store energy.
• Plant cells release the energy again using aerobic respiration, which
happens in all cells, all the time. This allows gases in and out.
• Land plants have tiny holes in their leaves called stomata.
 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• What is Anaerobic Respiration?

• Anaerobic means “without air”. Therefore, this type of cellular

respiration does not use oxygen to produce energy. Sometimes
there is not enough oxygen around for some organisms to
respire, but they still need the energy to survive.
How does anaerobic respiration occur?
• If you hold your breath, the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood
plasma increases.
• If it reaches a certain level,, your brain causes breathing to occur.
What substances does aerobic respiration
produce?
• Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose and combines the
broken down products with oxygen, making water and carbon
dioxide.
Aerobic respiration word equation

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

• Oxygen is stored by haemoglobin in red blood cells so it can be
carried around your body.
• Your muscle cells can also store some energy.

• After holding your breath for a long time, you breathe faster to get rid
of the extra carbon dioxide in your blood and to replace the Oxygen
used up from your blood amd muscles.
What happens during Exercise?

• During aerobic exercise your body continuously gets enough oxygen

to replace the oxygen being used by contacting muscle cells.

• During strenuous exercise, oxygen is used up faster than it is being

replaced.
• When this happens anaerobic respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm of
your muscle cells. This does not need oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration in humans word
equation

Glucose -> Lactic acid

• Anaerobic Respiration does not release as much energy from glucose

as aerobic respiration.
• Anaerobic Respiration also causes muscles to get tired tired more
quickly.
• Anaerobic Respiration allows animals to move suddenly and very
quickly.
• What are the similarities and difference between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration?

• In both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the food is broken

down to release energy. In aerobic respiration the break down
of food occurs in presence of oxygen and in anaerobic it
occurs in the absence of oxygen.
• Aerobic respiration takes place in presence of oxygen; whereas
anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of oxygen. Carbon
dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration, while
alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration. Aerobic
respiration releases more energy than anaerobic respiration.
 EPOC
• Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
• A.K.A oxygen debt

Lactic acid from muscles enters the blood and is carried to the liver, where
it is converted back to glucose. This needs alot of energy which comes
from aerobic respiration in the liver cells.
After exercise you need extra oxygen for many processes, including
helping to turn lactic Acid back into glucose and replacing the oxygen lost
from blood and muscle cells.
The need for extra oxygen is called EPOC.
• Your breathing and heartbeat rates remain high after you stop
exercising to get extra oxygen to your cells.
 Unicellular or Multicellular

• Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all
of the functions needed by the organism, while multicellular
organisms use many different cells to function.
How do different species of unicellular
organisms vary?
• An organism is a living thing.
• All organisms carry out 7 life processes (movement, reproduction,
sensitivity, growth, respiration, excretion and nutrition).

• Organisms are all based on cells. Organisms made up of many cells

are multicellular.
• Cells of the same type are grouped together as tissues. Different
tissues form organs and organs work together in organ systems.
• Large multicellular organisms use organ systems to help them carry
out the life Processes.
• Some organisms are made of just one cell but this cell carriers out all
7 life processes. One celled organisms are described as being
unicellular.

• They are also called microorganisms because they are exceptionally

small.
• Unicellular organisms can either be prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Examples of unicellular organisms are bacteria, archaea,
unicellular fungi, and unicellular protists. Even though
unicellular organisms are not seen by the naked eye, they have
an indispensable role in the environment, industry, and
medicine.
• A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than
one cell, in contrast to unicellular organism.

• All species of animals, land plants and most fungi are multicellular, as
are many algae, whereas a few organisms are partially uni- and
partially multicellular,
 DIFFUSION
• All matter is made up of small particles moving. Particles can travel
from one place to another without anything moving them.
• Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases when their particles
collide randomly and spread out.
• Diffusion is an important process for living things - it is how
substances move in and out of cells.
Microorganisms and Kingdoms
• All bacteria are in the prokaryotes Kingdom.
• Unicellular protoctists sre larger than bacteria.
• Unicellular fungai e.g yeasts are smaller than protoctists but larger
than bacteria.
• Viruses cause disease like flu, measles, chicken pox etc. Are not a
living thing because they cannot live without being inside a living cell.
They do not carry out the life processes for themselves.
 Microscopic Fungai
• Unicellular yeasts were discovered and were seen to use budding to
reproduce.
• Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a daughter cell
grows out of a parent cell.
Yeast cells can use two forms of respiration
aerobic respiration (with oxygen) and
anaerobic respiration (without oxygen)
 BAKING
Aerobic respiration releases more energy for yeast cells and also
produces much more carbon dioxide.

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water

The bread dough is stretched and folded to get air into it.
The yeast cells respire aerobically and bubbles of gas make the dough
rise.
 Brewing
• The anaerobic respiration of microorganisms is called Fermentation.
• When wine and beer are being made Air is kept out of the mixture to
make sure it ferments.
Growth Curves (yeast)
• For yeast cells to grow and reproduce they need resources such as
moisture, sugar and warmth.
• Eventually the sugar runs out and the population of cells stops
growing.
• Something that shows down or limits a process is called a limiting
factor.
 Bacteria
• Some Fermentation vats contained a very sour substance.
• In the vats that had gone sour bacteria was discovered.
• This bacteria used a type of anaerobic respiration that produces
lactic acid.

• Glucose LACTIC ACID

• Like yeast bacteria grow well if they have nutrients (Sugar), warmth
and moisture.
• They use the nutrients for respiration and making substances for
growth and reproduction.
• When it is warmer the enzymes making new substances grow faster
so the bacteria grows faster. Moisture stops the cells drying out.
• Bacteria use a type of asexual reproduction called binary Fission.
 BINARY FISSION
• Binary fission, asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into
two new bodies.
 Yogurt and Cheese

• Lactic acid in bacteria are used to turn the milk into yogurt.
• The lactic acid it produces turns the milk sour and thickens it. This is
why unsweetened Yogurt tastes sour.

• These bacteria are often used to make the sour milk needed to make
cheese.
 Bacterial Cells
• Bacteria are prokaryotes. Members of this kingdom do not have
nuclei and the information needed to control a cell Is found in a
circular chromosome.

This bacteria
causes
Chlorea. A
disease that
causes
diarrhea n
vomiting.
• Some bacteria swim using flagella.

• Different species of bacteria have different shapes and sizes.

• They can be identified using a statement key
 Protoctists
• Protoctists are mainly unicellular but come in many shapes and sizes.

An Amoeba cell moves by stretching

out pseudopods and then pulling
the rest of the cells towards them.
Paramecium

A paramecium
cell moves using
tiny Waving hairs
called cilia.
• Like plants, algae use photosynthesis to produce organic molecules.

• Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

• All protoctists sense and respond to changes in their environment.
• E.g swimming algae move towards light to speed up photosynthesis. If
the lights get too bright they might damage the cells and so they
move away from bright light.

• Inside chloroplasts, a green substance called Chlorophyll traps energy

transferred from the sun by light. This energy is used to join carbon
dioxide and water to make glucose.
• Inside chloroplasts, a green substance called Chlorophyll traps energy
transferred from the sun by light. This energy is used to join carbon
dioxide and water to make glucose.
• the arrow always points from the eaten to the eater.
We can show the energy transfer using Food chains and
pyramids of numbers
• Some photosynthetic Protoctists found in the sea produce poisons
that are not broken down inside the body of the fish. The poison
becomes concentrated inside the bodies of the bigger fish. Eating
these fish causes a serious illness called Ciguatera.