Module 1

Chapter: 1 and 2
 Explanation
• • require nutrition - plants make their own food, animals eat other organisms
• • respire - release energy from their food
• • excrete - get rid of waste products
• • respond to stimuli - are sensitive to changes in their surroundings
• • move - by the action of muscles in animals, and slow growth movements in
plants
• • control their internal conditions - maintain a steady state inside the body
• • reproduce - produce offspring
• • grow and develop - increase in size and complexity, using materials from their
food.
Animal cell
Mitochondria : Powerhouse of the cell
The differences :
chloroplast
cell wall and
vacuole
• Plant cell can make its own food by chloroplast through
photosynthesis chloroplast
Difference between plant cell and animal cell
 Diffusion
Diffusion is the process of transfer of molecules from higher concentration to lower
Concentration, an example could be the spread of perfume of the spread of color in a
Jar or beaker of water.
 Osmosis
Spread of water molecules from higher water potential to lower water potential, eg. In dialysis
Active transport
 Enzymes
Biological catalyst,
Speed up reaction
Unused after reaction
Can be used again and again
Affected by temperature and PH, ** in exam whenever they ask you to consider
Temperature and or pH it might be due to enzymes
Gets denatured in heat
Gets slow in low temp
Best at optimum temp and pH
Very specific to its substrate, peptidase would work in peptide not protein etc.
Some have optimum temp of 37 in humans, other enzymes of other organisms have different optimum temp like
Polar bears have different optimum temperature
Stomach enzymes have different optimum ph than 7 usually 2 as there is stomach acid.
Enzyme is affected both by temperature and ph
Major necessity of aerobic respiration is oxygen
Whereas anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen
** No oxygen needed
Anaerobic respiration are two types one that forms ethanol,
other forms Lactic acid
Ethanol formation happens in microorganisms
Lactic acid formation happens in muscles

Aerobic Respiration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PthdswsrM3Y
 Plants

• Plants : Characteristics:
• ♦ multicellular
• ♦ cells have a nucleus, cell
walls made of cellulose and
often contain chloroplasts
• ♦ feed by photosynthesis
• ♦ may have roots, stems
and leaves.
FUNGUS
 Bacteria
• Characteristics:
• ♦ often unicellular (single-celled)
• ♦ have no nucleus
• ♦ have cell walls, not made of cellulose
• ♦ have no mitochondria.
 Virus
• Virus : Viruses are not normally
considered to be alive, because
they cannot do anything other
than just exist, until they get
inside a living cell. They then take
over the cell’s machinery to make
multiple copies of themselves.
These new viruses burst out of
the cell and invade others, where
the process is repeated. The host
cell is usually killed when this
happens. On their own, viruses
cannot move, feed, excrete, show
sensitivity, grow or reproduce.
They always cause disease .
HIV ,corona virus