NUTRITION

REPRODUCTION
-It is an evolutionary adaption that allows organisms to propagate and
improve their species.

*Asexual Reproduction
*Sexual Reproduction

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
-Without the fertilization of gametes (egg cell and sperm cell).
-Asexual reproduction can take place by natural or artificial means.
-Can be observed in some plants and lower forms of animals.

TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

BUDDING
• A form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a
part of the body leading to a separation of the “bud” from the original
organism and the formation of two individuals, one smaller than the
other.
-performing an outgrowth
-sea stars, hydra
FRAGMENTATION
• The breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration. If the
animal is capable of fragmentation, and the parts are big enough, a
separate individual will regrow from each part.
-star fish, worms

BINARY FISSION
• The term fission is applied to instances in which an organism appears to
split itself into two parts and, if necessary, regenerate the missing parts of
each new organism.
-opposite of fusion
-splits into two daughter organisms
-usually happens in a parent organism which is usually unicellular (single
cell).
-bacteria
-evident

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
•It results in new plant individuals without the production of seeds or
spores.
-No union
-production of plants without seeds or spores.
-onion, garlic (not deep rooted)
-strawberry, squash (runner-above the ground)
-rhizomes (connected underground)
(stamen-male; carmen and pistil- female)
-Artificial (horticulture) – grafting (open a little; scarring; insert another
stem of other plant; cherry tomato), marcotting, budding
-artificial- there’s an intervention (humans)

SPORE FORMATION
•Spores Formation
- This involves the production of spores, which are specialized asexual
reproductive cells.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
•The genetic material of two individuals is combined to produce
genetically-diverse offspring that differ from their parents.
-union of gametes
-there are some species wherein their union (sexual intercourse) happens
outside of their body (some fishes)
 MODES OF NUTRITION
NUTRITION
•The physiological process acquiring energy for the metabolic activities,
growth or other life processes.
-it is the process of obtaining food.
 AUTOTROPHIC
 HETEROTROPHIC

MODES OF NUTRITION:

AUTOTROPHIC
• It is also known as holophytic mode (plant like nutrition).
• Organisms can synthesize all the essential nutrients required for them
from inorganic substrates present in the environments.
-they can make/manufacture their own food through
synthesizing/combining inorganic substrates (sunlight, water, carbon
dioxide, plants).

A. PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
• Organisms synthesize their food in the presence of sun light using
Carbon-dioxide and water as substrate. Such organisms are known as
Photoautotrophs.
-directly uses energy from the sun and inorganic substances to synthesize
their own food.
-plants
 B. CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
•Organism synthesis their organic food by the chemical reactions utilizing
inorganic substrates., such organisms are known as chemoautotrophs.
methane, sulfur
-bacteria, archaea
-under the sea, deep sea events, volcanic eruptions

HETEROTROPHIC
• Organisms cannot synthesize their food by themselves rather they
depend on the food prepared by Autotrophs (directly or indirectly). Such
organisms are known as heterotrophs.
-they depend their own food prepared by Autotrophs.
-humans, fungi, animals

1. SAPROPHYTIC OR SAPROTROPHIC
•Organisms obtain their nutrition from dead and decaying organic
matter.
•They are decomposers. They include saprophytes and saprozoic.

2. PARASITIC
• One partner (parasite) depends completely upon other partner (Host)
for nutrition.
• Parasites living outside host body known as ectoparasites. (external)
• Parasites living inside host body known as endoparasites. (internal)

3. HOLOZOIC
• It is known as animal-like mode of nutrition. In this mode, animals feed
on plants or other animals whole or their parts for food. Such animals are
free living and have the characteristics of ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation and egestion.

HOLOZOIC
▪Herbivorous (plants)
▪Carnivorous (meat)
▪Omnivorous (plants and meat)
▪Coprophagous (feces, poop)
▪Cannibalism (they eat their own kind)
▪Sanguivorous (blood)