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  • DocScanner 8 Mar 2022 4-26 PM

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    3 views10 pages

    DocScanner 8 Mar 2022 4-26 PM

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Tanwar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 10
    r : | 1.1 Introduction Main properties of atoms, molecules, basis of behavior of the electrons, nevertheless, role of the nucleus is important in Solids and Tiquids can be explained on the nature, Applications of nuclear physics have had enormous effects on mankind. The most spectacular application of nuclear physics is nuclear energy 7-6 b> g+n To.a reasonably well approximation wavefunction v of anucleus is the product of a function depending on space coordinates and a function depending on the spin Arientation, It has been found that intrinsic Parity of proton as well as of neutron S Teis found that parity of a nucleus in a given state is related t0 orbital quantum © number Vin the following manner,» The orbitals spd. correspond to l= 9.1,2,3,... respectively, even Land parity is odd for odd L is ate coordinates of nuc! the nuclear wavefunction in a state Parity is even for Teons in the nucleus and yu(, of definite parity, then Patticles have angular Momentum quantum numbers J, J. fespectively, then parity of the nucleus is the product over all nucleons is given by P=P, P, P,.. The, OR@ = TAG t+ Pouigsie = 1 for nucleon} aylitta tn ay(-1)?.. ‘ven then P=+1 and if ¥1, =odd then P=-1 yf The total angular momentum is generally called the nuclear spin and it is represented by I, but it is different from the spin angular momentum. The parity ofa nucleus is usually represented by a superscript + or — on the total angular momentum (spin) of the nucleus. P= ‘spine’ Spin-parity state of a nucleus is completely determined by a single unpaired proton or neutron, For even Z- even N nuclei : a Ppt r=0 (ground state) Inner shells are completely filled. Protons and neutrons in an even N-even Z nucleus tend to pair off separately. For even Z-odd N nuclei or even N-odd Z nuclei: Total angular momentum and parity are determined by the unpaired nucleon . 1! (ground state) teeet, or where / represents the orbital angular momentum quantum number of the unpaired nucleon. For odd Z-odd N nuclei : fatty Parity P =(-1)°""" Parity is important quantity in physics. Parity is conserved in strong and electromagnetic interactions but parity is not conserved in weak interactions. wy The spacing in hyperfine structure indicates that the magnitude of nuclear moments are of the order of 2 where m, is the mass of the proton. The magnetic moment Me DA : s 2 £ at of a nucleus is expressed in terms of the nuclear magneton fy +r a ch 595x107 2 =3.15x10° | - evr qi T ane We know that Bor Magneton eyt 2 ol Thus =42 ~ 1836 aa By gem Spin Magnetic Moment: co A free proton has spin magnetic moment component in any direction (say z 4, * gre direction) is given by 2 th (u,,), = 2.793 wy 2b gs man = gn OF The spin magnetic_moment of the proton is parallel to its spin angular ua momentum: eR ARCO ea rte oe . . . 3 aKMy The spin magnetic moment component of a neutron in any direction (say z direction) is given by. (H44,), = 12913 tty It means that spin magnetic moment of the neutron is opposite to its spin angular momentum. 12 n order to understand the magnetic moments of a proton and a neutron (neutral tant ; . al 5 ictures of them are considered. internal stru rae netic moment for proton and neutron as We can express the spin magi and where magnetic spin quantum number m; 1/2 g, = nuclear g factor FOFDIURH B= P5855 (Wop) = 42.793, 826 (isn), 913 jy Forneutron g, Orbital Magnetic Moment: There may be orbital angular momentum due to motion of the nucleons within the rucleus. The component of the orbital magnetic moment of a proton along the 2 axis (arbitrary direction) is m, = magnetic orbital quantum number Neutron does not have the orbital magnetic moment because it has no charge. For proton g, For Neutron g,,=0 Resultant Magnetic Moment: To a good approximation, resultant magnetic moment of a nucleus is directly proportional to the nucleus spin I and we can write Hyaius=Hyg 1 Here g is the characteristic of each nucleus. Nucleus with zero nuclear Spin (total angular momentum) has no magnetic moment. Thus even N ~ even Z nuclei have no magnetic moment. Paired nucleons do not contribute to the magnetic moment. 2B Magneti 'ghelic moments of electrons and nucleus interact and this interaction splits the atomic levels is os which gives rise to the hyperfine structure of the lines of the atomic spectra, It i is found that many nuclei are in the shape of an ellipsoid instead of sphere. Deviatic istributic ation of charge distribution of nucleus from a spherical shape is a measure of nuclear electric quadrupole moment. Quadrupole moment Q is defined as Ja= f(a? =? )pav where is p the nuclear charge density, d//= volume element S.L unit of Q is C-n’? Sometimes Q is also defined as [e-ter val 6x10" C and then unit of Q will be barn where 1Barn= 10 mn? where If the nucleus has spherically symmetric charge distribution, then it has no electric quadrupole moment or higher electric moments. The charge distribution will be stretched in the z direction (prolate shape) if quadrupole moment is postive. If quadrupole moment is negative, then charge distribution will be in oblate shape. Prolate 0 Oblate Q

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