Chapter 01 - Introduction To Prestressed Concrete

CE 4215
(Pre-stressed Concrete)
Chapter 01:
Introduction to Prestressed
Concrete (PC)
Md. Mohshin Ali

B. Sc. (Civil), M. Sc. (Structural, Pursuing)
Lecturer, Department of CE, BAUET
Qadirabad Cantonment, Natore-6431.
CE 4215 II Prestressed Concrete Chapter: Introduction to PC
CONTENTS
1 Pre-stressed Concrete (PC) ..................................................................................... 3
2 History and Development of PC:............................................................................. 4
3 Why Internal Stresses are induced in Concrete? .................................................... 5
4 Purposes of Prestressing Concrete: ......................................................................... 6
5 Forms of Prestressing Steel: .................................................................................... 6
6 Concept of Pre-stressing: ........................................................................................ 6
7 Principle of Pre-stressing: ....................................................................................... 7
8 Common Types of Precast Sections: ....................................................................... 8
9 Applications of Prestressed concrete: ..................................................................... 8
10 Advantages of Prestressed concrete: ................................................................... 9
11 Disadvantages of Prestressed concrete: .................................................................. 9
12 Methods of Pre-stressing: ....................................................................................... 9
12.1 Hydraulic Prestressing: .................................................................................. 10
12.2 Mechanical Prestressing: ................................................................................ 10
12.3 Electrical Prestressing: ................................................................................... 10
12.4 Chemical Prestressing: ................................................................................... 10
13 Types of Pre-stressing: ........................................................................................... 11
13.1 External or Internal Prestressing: ................................................................... 11
13.2 Pre-tensioning and Post tensioning: .............................................................. 12
13.3 Linear or Circular Prestressing: ..................................................................... 13
13.4 Full, Limited or Partial Prestressing: ............................................................. 14
13.5 Uniaxial, Biaxial or Multiaxial Prestressing:.................................................. 14
14 Differences of Prestressed Concrete over Reinforced Concrete: .......................... 15
15 What is Pre-Tensioning? ....................................................................................... 16
15.1 Applications of Pre-tensioning: ...................................................................... 16
15.2 Pre-tensioning Devices: .................................................................................. 16
15.3 Stages of Pre-tensioning: ................................................................................ 16
1 Md. Mohshin Ali, Lecturer, Department of CE, BAUET, Qadirabad Cantonment, Natore-6431
15.4 Advantages of Pre-tensioning: ....................................................................... 17
15.5 Disadvantages of Pre-tensioning:................................................................... 17
16 What is Post-Tensioning?...................................................................................... 18
16.1 Applications of Post-tensioning: .................................................................... 18
16.2 Advantages of Post-tensioning: ...................................................................... 18
16.3 Post-tensioning Devices: ................................................................................ 19
16.4 Stages of Post-tensioning: ..............................................................................20
1 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE (PC)
Prestressed concrete is concrete that has had internal stresses introduced to

counteract, to the degree desired, the tensile stresses that will be imposed in service.
In other words, Pre-stressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural

weakness in tension. Internal stresses are induced to counteract external stresses.
It can be used to produce beams, floors or bridges with a longer span than is practical
with ordinary reinforced concrete. Pre-stressing tendons (generally of high tensile
steel cable or rods) are used to provide a clamping load which produces a compressive
stress that balances the tensile stress that the concrete compression member would
otherwise experience due to a bending load.
Figure 1.1: PC and RC at service Loads.
Traditional reinforced concrete is based on the use of steel reinforcement bars, rebar,
inside poured concrete. Pre-stressing can be accomplished in three ways: pre-
tensioned concrete, bonded or unbonded and post-tensioned concrete.
Prestressed concrete refers to concrete that has applied stresses induced into the
member.
Typically, wires or “tendons” are stretched and then blocked at the ends creating
compressive stresses throughout the member’s entire cross section. Most Prestressed
concrete is precast in a plant.
2 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PC:
The idea of prestressed concrete has been around since the latter decades of the 19th
century, but its use was limited by the quality of the materials at the time. It took until
the 1920s and ‘30s for its materials development to progress to a level where
prestressed concrete could be used with confidence. Freyssinet in France, Magnel in
Belgium and Hoyer in Germany were the principle developers.
 In 1904, Eugene Freyssinet (France)-Attempted to introduce permanent

acting forces in concrete to resist elastic forces under loads and was named “Pre
Stressing”.
 In 1939, he developed conical wedges for end anchorages for posttensioning and
developed double-acting jacks. He is often referred to as the Father of
Prestressed concrete.
 In 1938, Hoyer, E., (Germany)-Developed ‘long line’ pre-tensioning method.
 In 1940, Magnel, G., (Belgium)-Developed an anchoring system for
posttensioning, using flat wedges.
First used in the late-nineteenth century, prestressed concrete has developed beyond
pre-tensioning to include post-tensioning, which occurs after the concrete is cast.
Tensioning systems may be classed as either monostrand, where each tendon's
strand or wire is stressed individually, or multi-strand, where all strands or wires in
a tendon are stressed simultaneously.
A prestressed concrete structure is different from a conventional reinforced concrete
structure due to the application of an initial load on the structure prior to its
use. The initial load or ‘prestress’ is applied to enable the structure to counteract the
stresses arising during its service period. The concept of prestressing existed before
the applications in concrete. Two examples of prestressing before the development of
prestressed concrete are provided.
Example-1: Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden barrels

The metal bands were tighten under tensile stress which creates compression between
the staves allowing them to resist internal liquid pressure.
Figure 1.2: Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden barrels.
Example-2: Pre-tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel

The pre-tension of a spoke in a bicycle wheel is applied to such an extent that there
will always be a residual tension in the spoke.
Figure 1.3: Pre-tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel.
3 WHY INTERNAL STRESSES ARE INDUCED IN CONCRETE?
For concrete, internal stresses are induced (usually, by means of tensioned steel) for
the following reasons-
 The tensile strength of concrete is only about 8% to 14% of its compressive
strength.
 Cracks tend to develop at early stages of loading in flexural members such as
beams and slabs.
 To prevent such cracks, compressive force can be suitably applied in the

perpendicular direction.
 Prestressing enhances the bending, shear and torsional capacities of the flexural
members.
 In pipes and liquid storage tanks, the hoop tensile stresses can be effectively
counteracted by circular prestressing.
4 PURPOSES OF PRESTRESSING CONCRETE:
The aim in the use of prestressed concrete is to increase the tensile strength of concrete
by introducing an internal compressive stress, counteracting in part the tensile
stresses caused by these loads on the structural element.
5 FORMS OF PRESTRESSING STEEL:
 Wires: Prestressing wire is a single unit made of steel.

 Strands: Two, three or seven wires are wound to form a prestressing strand.
 Tendon: A group of strands or wires are wound to form a prestressing tendon.
 Cable: A group of tendons form a prestressing cable.
 Bars: A tendon can be made up of a single steel bar. The diameter of a bar is much
larger than that of a wire.
6 CONCEPT OF PRE-STRESSING:
Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable

magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from the
external loads are counteracted to a desired degree. There are three basic concepts of
prestressing:
 First Concept:
“Prestressing to transform concrete into an Elastic Material”.
 Second Concept:
“Prestressing for Combination of High Strength Steel with Concrete”.
 Third Concept:
“Prestressing to achieve load balancing”.
7 PRINCIPLE OF PRE-STRESSING:
 Pre-stressing is a method in which compression force is applied to the reinforced

concrete section.
 Pre-stressing tendons (generally of high tensile steel cable or rods) are used to
provide a clamping load which produces a compressive stress that balances the
tensile stress that the concrete compression member would otherwise experience
due to a bending load.
 The effect of pre stressing is to reduce the tensile stress in the section to the point
till the tensile stress is below the cracking stress. Thus the concrete does not crack.
 It is then possible to treat concrete as an elastic material.
 The concrete can be visualized to have two compressive force-
 Internal pre-stressing force.
 External forces (DL, LL, etc.)
 These two forces must counteract each other.
Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied at the c.g of the

section:
Figure 1.4: Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied at the c.g of the section.
Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied eccentrically with

respect to the c.g of the section:
Figure 1.5: Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied eccentrically with respect
to the c.g of the section.
8 COMMON TYPES OF PRECAST SECTIONS:
The following figure shows the common types of precast sections.
Figure 1.6: Types of Precast Sections.
9 APPLICATIONS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
Prestressed concrete is used in a wide range of building and civil structures where its
improved performance can allow for longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses, and
material savings compared with simple reinforced concrete. Typical applications
include-
 High-rise buildings
 Bridges and dam structures

 Slabs in buildings
 Foundation systems
 Silos and tanks
 Concrete Pile
 Thin Shell Structures
 Offshore Platform
 Nuclear Power Plant
 Industrial pavements
 Repair and Rehabilitations.
10 ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
 Take full advantages of high strength concrete and high strength steel
 Need less materials
 Smaller and lighter structure
 No cracks
 Use the entire section to resist the load
 Better corrosion resistance
 Good for water tanks and nuclear plant
 Very effective for deflection control
 Better shear resistance.
11 DISADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
 Requires high strength concrete and high tensile strength steel wires.
 Additional special equipment like jacks, anchorage etc.
 Requires highly skilled workers under skilled supervision.
 Construction cost is little higher.
 More complex technically
 Harder to re-cycle.
12 METHODS OF PRE-STRESSING:
This classification is based on the method by which the prestressing force is

generated. They are-
12.1 HYDRAULIC PRESTRESSING:

This is the simplest type of prestressing, producing large prestressing forces. The
hydraulic jack used for the tensioning of tendons, comprises of calibrated pressure
gauges which directly indicate the magnitude of force developed during the tensioning.
12.2 MECHANICAL PRESTRESSING:

In this type of prestressing, the devices includes weights with or without lever
transmission, geared transmission in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with
or without gear drives and wire winding machines. This type of prestressing is adopted
for mass scale production.
12.3 ELECTRICAL PRESTRESSING:

In this type of prestressing, the steel wires are electrically heated and anchored before
placing concrete in the molds. This type of prestressing is also known as thermoelectric
prestressing.
12.4 CHEMICAL PRESTRESSING:

Chemical prestressing is a term, which describes a way of inducing stresses into
internal reinforcement without any mechanical actions, but through restrained
expansion of concrete itself. To achieve such effect, expansive admixture must be
included in concrete mixture and internal reinforcement needs to exist to act as a
restraint for concrete expansion –otherwise free deformation occurs and no stresses
are induced. The expansive process primarily takes place during the first few days of
curing and is highly dependent on water treatment. Adjusting the amount of expansive
admixture and taking into consideration properties of the reinforcement and concrete
curing conditions, chemically prestressed members can be designed and produced,
with distinguishingly higher load bearing capacity and durability. Furthermore, also
composite or textile reinforcements, which are susceptible to transverse forces and
thus cause difficulties in producing reliable mechanical prestressing system, can be
efficiently prestressed with this method.
13 TYPES OF PRE-STRESSING:
The basic types of prestressing are:
13.1 EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL PRESTRESSING:
External Prestressing:
When the prestressing is achieved by elements located outside the concrete, it is called
external prestressing. The tendons can lie outside the member (for example in I-
girders or walls) or inside the hollow space of a box girder. This technique is adopted
in bridges and strengthening of buildings. In the following figure, the box girder of a
bridge is prestressed with tendons that lie outside the concrete.
Figure 1.7: External prestressing of a box girder.
Internal Prestressing:
When the prestressing is achieved by elements located inside the concrete member
(commonly, by embedded tendons), it is called internal prestressing. Most of the
applications of prestressing are internal prestressing. In the following figure, concrete
will be cast around the ducts for placing the tendons.
Figure 1.8: Internal prestressing of a box girder.
13.2 PRE-TENSIONING AND POST TENSIONING:
Pre-tensioning:
In Pre-tension, the tendons are tensioned against some abutments before the concrete
is placed. After the concrete hardened, the tension force is released. The tendon tries
to
shrink back to the initial length but the concrete resists it through the bond between
them, thus, compression force is induced in concrete.
Figure 1.9: Pre-tensioned electric poles
Post tensioning:
In Post tension, the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened.
Commonly, metal or plastic ducts are placed inside the concrete before casting. After
the concrete hardened and had enough strength, the tendon was placed inside the
duct, stressed, and anchored against concrete. Grout may be injected into the duct
later. This can be done either as precast or cast-in-place.
Figure 1.10: Post-tensioning of a box girder.
13.3 LINEAR OR CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING:
Linear Prestressing:
When the prestressed members are straight or flat, in the direction of prestressing, the
prestressing is called linear prestressing. For example, prestressing of beams, piles,
poles and slabs. The profile of the prestressing tendon may be curved. The following
figure shows linearly prestressed railway sleepers.
Figure 1.11: Linearly prestressed railway sleepers.
Circular Prestressing:
When the prestressed members are curved, in the direction of prestressing, the
prestressing is called circular prestressing. For example, circumferential prestressing
of tanks, silos, pipes and similar structures. The following figure shows the
containment structure for a nuclear reactor which is circularly prestressed.
Figure 1.12: Circularly prestressed containment structure.
13.4 FULL, LIMITED OR PARTIAL PRESTRESSING:
Full Prestressing:
When the level of prestressing is such that no tensile stress is allowed in concrete under
service loads, it is called Full Prestressing.
Limited Prestressing:
When the level of prestressing is such that the tensile stress under service loads is
within the cracking stress of concrete, it is called Limited Prestressing.
Partial Prestressing:
When the level of prestressing is such that under tensile stresses due to service loads,
the crack width is within the allowable limit, it is called Partial Prestressing.
13.5 UNIAXIAL, BIAXIAL OR MULTIAXIAL PRESTRESSING:
Uniaxial Prestressing:
When the prestressing tendons are parallel to one axis, it is called Uniaxial
Prestressing. For example, longitudinal prestressing of beams.
Biaxial Prestressing:
When there are prestressing tendons parallel to two axes, it is called Biaxial
Prestressing.
Multiaxial Prestressing:
When the prestressing tendons are parallel to more than two axes, it is called
Multiaxial Prestressing. For example, prestressing of domes.
14 DIFFERENCES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE OVER REINFORCED CONCRETE:
1. In prestress concrete member steel plays active role. The stress in steel prevails
whether external load is there or not. But in R.C.C., steel plays a passive role.
The stress in steel in R.C.C members depends upon the external loads. i.e., no
external load, no stress in steel.
2. In prestress concrete the stresses in steel is almost constant where as in R.C.C
the stress in steel is variable with the lever arm.
3. Prestress concrete has more shear resistance, whereas shear resistance of R.C.C
is less.
4. In prestress concrete members, deflections are less because the eccentric
prestressing force will induce couple which will cause upward deflections,
where as in R.C.C., deflections are more.
5. In prestress concrete fatigue resistance is more compare to R.C.C. because in
R.C.C. stress in steel is external load dependent where as in P.S.C member it is
load independent.
6. Prestress concrete is more durable as high grade of concrete is used which are
denser in nature. R.C.C. is less durable.
7. In prestress concrete dimensions are less because external stresses are
counterbalance by the internal stress induced by prestress. Therefore reactions
on column & footing are less as a whole the quantity of concrete is reduced by
30% and steel reduced by about 60 to 70%. R.C.C. is uneconomical for long
span because in R.C.C. dimension of sections are large requiring more concrete
& steel. Moreover as self-weight increases more reactions acted on columns &
footings, which requires higher sizes.
15 WHAT IS PRE-TENSIONING?
 Placing of concrete around reinforcing tendons that have been stressed to the
desired degree.
 This method produces a good bond between the tendon and concrete, which both
protects the tendon from corrosion and allows for direct transfer of tension.
 The cured concrete adheres and bonds to the bars and when the tension is released
it is transferred to the concrete as compression by static friction.
 Most pretensioned concrete elements are prefabricated in a factory and must be
transported to the construction site, which limits their size.
15.1 APPLICATIONS OF PRE-TENSIONING:

Pre-tensioned elements may be balcony elements, lintels, floor slabs, beams or
foundation piles.
15.2 PRE-TENSIONING DEVICES:

In pre-tensioning, the tension is applied to the tendons before casting of the concrete.
The essential devices for pre-tensioning are as follows.
1. Prestressing bed
2. End abutments
3. Shuttering/Mould
4. Jack
5. Anchoring device
6. Harping device (optional)
15.3 STAGES OF PRE-TENSIONING:

The various stages of the pre-tensioning operation are summarized as follows.
1. Anchoring of tendons against the end abutments
2. Placing of jacks
3. Applying tension to the tendons
4. Casting of concrete
5. Cutting of the tendons.
Figure 1.13: Stages of pre-tensioning.
15.4 ADVANTAGES OF PRE-TENSIONING:

The relative advantages of pre-tensioning as compared to post-tensioning are as
follows.
 Pre-tensioning is suitable for precast members produced in bulk.
 In pre-tensioning large anchorage device is not present.
15.5 DISADVANTAGES OF PRE-TENSIONING:

The relative disadvantages are as follows.
 A prestressing bed is required for the pre-tensioning operation.
 There is a waiting period in the prestressing bed, before the concrete attains
sufficient strength.
 There should be good bond between concrete and steel over the transmission
length.
16 WHAT IS POST-TENSIONING?
 Reinforcing tendons are stretched by jacks whilst keeping them inserted in voids
left pre-hand during curing of concrete. These spaces are then pumped full of grout
to bond steel tightly to the concrete.
 Post-tensioning- is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other
materials with high strength steel strands called tendons.
 Post-tensioning allows construction that would otherwise be impossible due to
either site constraints or architectural requirements.
 Requires specialized knowledge and expertise to fabricate, assemble and install.
 After adequate curing of concrete, reinforcing tendons (placed inside the voids of
the structure) are tensioned/stretched by jacks on the sides & grouts filled with
appropriate mix.
16.1 APPLICATIONS OF POST-TENSIONING:

1. Office and apartment buildings
2. Parking structures
3. slabs-on-ground
4. sports stadiums
5. rock and soil anchors
6. water-tanks
7. Structural members beams
8. bridge-deck panels
9. Roof –Slabs
10. Concrete Silos Etc.
16.2 ADVANTAGES OF POST-TENSIONING:

The relative advantages of post-tensioning as compared to pre-tensioning are as
follows:
 Post-tensioning allows longer clear spans, thinner slabs, fewer beams and more
slender, dramatic elements.
 Thinner slabs mean less concrete is required. It means a lower overall building
height for the same floor-to-floor height.
 Post-tensioning can thus allow a significant reduction in building weight versus
a conventional concrete building with the same number of floors reducing the
foundation load and can be a major advantage in seismic areas.
 A lower building height can also translate to considerable savings in mechanical

systems and façade costs.
 Another advantage of post-tensioning is that beams and slabs can be
continuous, i.e. a single beam can run continuously from one end of the building
to the other.
 Reduces occurrence of cracks.
 Freezing & thawing durability is higher than non prestressed concrete.
 Post-tensioning is the system of choice for parking structures since it allows a
high degree of flexibility in the column layout, span lengths and ramp
configurations.
 In areas where there are expansive clays or soils with low bearing capacity, post-
tensioned slabs-on-ground and mat foundations reduce problems with
cracking and differential settlement.
 Post-tensioning allows bridges to be built to very demanding geometry
requirements, including complex curves, and significant grade changes.
 Post-tensioning also allows extremely long span bridges to be constructed
without the use of temporary intermediate supports. This minimizes the impact
on the environment and avoids disruption to water or road traffic below.
 In stadiums, post-tensioning allows long clear spans and very creative
architecture.
 Post-tensioning can also be used to produce virtually crack-free concrete for
water-tanks.
 The high tensile strength & precision of placement gives maximum efficiency in
size & weight of structural members.
 Applications of various prestressed techniques enable quick assembly of
standard units such as bridge members, building frames, bridge decks
providing cost-time savings.
16.3 POST-TENSIONING DEVICES:

In posttensioning, the tension is applied to the tendons after hardening of the concrete.
The essential devices for post-tensioning are as follows.
1. Casting bed
2. Mould/Shuttering
3. Ducts Anchoring devices
4. Jacks
5. Couplers (optional)
6. Grouting equipment (optional)
16.4 STAGES OF POST-TENSIONING:

The various stages of the post-tensioning operation are summarized as follows.
1. Casting of concrete.
2. Placement of the tendons.
3. Placement of the anchorage block and jack.
4. Applying tension to the tendons.
5. Seating of the wedges.
6. Cutting of the tendons.
Figure 1.14: Stages of Post-tensioning.

Chapter 01 - Introduction To Prestressed Concrete

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 01 - Introduction To Prestressed Concrete

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE 4215

Md. Mohshin Ali

1 Pre-stressed Concrete (PC) ..................................................................................... 3

2 History and Development of PC:............................................................................. 4

3 Why Internal Stresses are induced in Concrete? .................................................... 5

4 Purposes of Prestressing Concrete: ......................................................................... 6

5 Forms of Prestressing Steel: .................................................................................... 6

6 Concept of Pre-stressing: ........................................................................................ 6

7 Principle of Pre-stressing: ....................................................................................... 7

8 Common Types of Precast Sections: ....................................................................... 8

9 Applications of Prestressed concrete: ..................................................................... 8

10 Advantages of Prestressed concrete: ................................................................... 9

11 Disadvantages of Prestressed concrete: .................................................................. 9

12 Methods of Pre-stressing: ....................................................................................... 9

12.1 Hydraulic Prestressing: .................................................................................. 10

12.2 Mechanical Prestressing: ................................................................................ 10

12.3 Electrical Prestressing: ................................................................................... 10

12.4 Chemical Prestressing: ................................................................................... 10

13 Types of Pre-stressing: ........................................................................................... 11

13.1 External or Internal Prestressing: ................................................................... 11

13.2 Pre-tensioning and Post tensioning: .............................................................. 12

13.3 Linear or Circular Prestressing: ..................................................................... 13

13.4 Full, Limited or Partial Prestressing: ............................................................. 14

13.5 Uniaxial, Biaxial or Multiaxial Prestressing:.................................................. 14

14 Differences of Prestressed Concrete over Reinforced Concrete: .......................... 15

15 What is Pre-Tensioning? ....................................................................................... 16

15.1 Applications of Pre-tensioning: ...................................................................... 16

15.2 Pre-tensioning Devices: .................................................................................. 16

15.3 Stages of Pre-tensioning: ................................................................................ 16

15.4 Advantages of Pre-tensioning: ....................................................................... 17

15.5 Disadvantages of Pre-tensioning:................................................................... 17

16.1 Applications of Post-tensioning: .................................................................... 18

16.2 Advantages of Post-tensioning: ...................................................................... 18

16.3 Post-tensioning Devices: ................................................................................ 19

16.4 Stages of Post-tensioning: ..............................................................................20

1 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE (PC)

Prestressed concrete is concrete that has had internal stresses introduced to

In other words, Pre-stressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural

Figure 1.1: PC and RC at service Loads.

2 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PC:

 In 1904, Eugene Freyssinet (France)-Attempted to introduce permanent

Example-1: Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden barrels

Figure 1.2: Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden barrels.

Example-2: Pre-tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel

Figure 1.3: Pre-tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel.

3 WHY INTERNAL STRESSES ARE INDUCED IN CONCRETE?

 To prevent such cracks, compressive force can be suitably applied in the

4 PURPOSES OF PRESTRESSING CONCRETE:

5 FORMS OF PRESTRESSING STEEL:

 Wires: Prestressing wire is a single unit made of steel.

Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable

 Pre-stressing is a method in which compression force is applied to the reinforced

Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied at the c.g of the

Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied eccentrically with

8 COMMON TYPES OF PRECAST SECTIONS:

The following figure shows the common types of precast sections.

Figure 1.6: Types of Precast Sections.

9 APPLICATIONS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

 Bridges and dam structures

10 ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

11 DISADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

This classification is based on the method by which the prestressing force is

12.1 HYDRAULIC PRESTRESSING: