ELECTIVE II: MODULE-1 PCD

NABOR, JEANFRED G.

BSCE-5,151578

PRE-TEST EXAMINATION
1. B 6. A 11. A 16. A 21. B
2. C 7. A 12. C 17. C 22. A
3. B 8. C 13. A 18. A 23. A
4. C 9. A 14. A 19. C 24. A
5. B 10. A 15. C 20. A 25. B

ACTIVITY 1-4

ESSAY.Write your answer in separate sheet of paper Question: HOW DOES THE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN DIFFERS TO CONVENTIONAL REINFORCED
CONCRETE DESIGN IN TERMS OF STRESSES SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL LOAD?

In ordinary reinforced cement concrete, compressive stresses are taken up by concrete

and tensile stresses by steel alone. The concrete below the neutral axis is ignored since it is
weak in tension. Although steel takes up the tensile stresses, the concrete in the tensile zone
develops minute cracks. The load carrying capacity of such concrete sections can be
increased if steel and concrete both are stressed before the applications of external loads. This
is the concept of prestressed concrete. As per ACI committee prestresssed concrete is that
concrete in which internal stresses of suitable magnitude are introduced so that the stresses
resulting from the external loadings can be counteracted to a desired degree.In Conventional
Reinforced Beam subjected to an external load produces both tension and compressive stress,
but only the concrete above neutral axis resist compressive stress. On the other hand, Pre-
stressed Concrete Design used in construction which is pre-stressed by being produced under
compression prior to supporting any loads beyond its own dead weight.

SELF ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION # 1:

1. Discuss the history of Prestressed Concrete

Prestressed concrete member can be defined as one in which there have been
introduced internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution that the stresses resulting
from the given external loading are counteracted to a design degree.Prestressing, in its
simpliest form, can be illustrated by considering a simple prismatic flexural member
which is rectangular in cross section pre-stressed by a concentric force. It is readily seen
that if the flexural tensile stress in the bottom fiber, due to dead and live load are to be
eliminated, the uniform compressive stress due to prestressing must be equal in
 magnitude to the sum of theses tensile stresses. The first design rules for reinforced
concrete appeared in Switzerland. History of the use of concrete is marked by a
succession of inventions and patents. Joseph Louis Lambot built a cement booth using
wire covered in cement. Reinforced concrete was invented by a gardener named Joseph
Monier, he registered a number of patents for an iron and cement system for
manufacturing flower pots, pipes and water tanks. The first design rules for reinforced
concrete appeared in Switzerland in 1904, the first French rules date from 1906. In 1929,
Eugene Freyssinet (1879-1962) revolutionized the world of construction when he
invented prestressed concrete”.

2. Give at least five (5) Difference between Reinforced Concrete Design

and Prestressed Concrete Design.

Reinforced Concrete Design Prestressed Concrete Design

1. In reinforced concrete beam, the In prestressed concrete beam, the entire
concrete and the compression side of the section is effective.
neutral side of the access alone is
effective. The concrete in the tension
side of the neutral access is ineffective.
2. Reinforced Concrete beams are Prestressed concrete beams are lighter.
generally heavy. They always need By providing the curve tendons and the
shear reinforcements besides the pre-compression, a considerable part of
longitudinal reinforcement for flexure. the shear is resisted
3. Reinforced concrete is widely used Prestressing is used to make composite
due to its work ability, strength and beams and piers in large-scale
availability of its raw materials. construction such as highway
overpasses and commercial buildings.
4. Reinforced concrete beams being Prestressed concrete beams are very
massive and heavy are more suitable in suitable for heavy loads and longer
situations where the weight is more spans.
desired than strength.
5. in reinforced concrete beams, there is In prestressed concrete beams, testing of
no way testing the steel and the steel and concrete can be made while
concrete. prestressing.

3. How the Prestressing affect the Prestressed Concrete Design?

The wide use of external prestressing system to strengthen reinforced and prestressed
concrete members requires the full understanding of the behaviour of the strengthened
members. At ultimate the stress in the external prestressing tendons need to be known in
order to calculate the ultimate strength of the strengthened member. Several factors that can
influence the increase in the ultimate stress in steel external prestressing tendons have been
studied and well understood while the effect of these factors on tendons made from fibre
reinforced plastics needs more research.This research was carried out to study the effect of
several factors on the increase in the ultimate stress in external Parafil ropes as well as
external steel tendons. These factors were related to the external prestressing system, internal
prestressed and ordinary bonded steel, beam geometry and material properties. Also, the
accuracy of equations proposed by the Eurocode (EC2), ACI318 and BS8110 to calculate the
ultimate stress in external steel and FRP prestressing tendons was examined.The
experimental and the analytical results showed that the studied factors have the same effect
on both steel (up to yield) and Parafil ropes though this effect is greater in case of steel
tendons. Also, factors such as tendon profile (straight or deviated), high strength of the
concrete, effective tendon depth, number of deviators should be taken into consideration
when calculating the ultimate stress in the external tendons.

4. Distinguish the Post Tensioning to Pre-Tensioning

Pre-tensioning is preferred when the structural element is small and easy to transport. Post-
tensioning is preferred when the structural element is heavyThe tendons are temporarily
anchored against some abutments and then cut or released after the concrete has been placed
and hardenedThe prestressing force is transferred to this concrete by the bond along the
length of the tendon.Pre-tensioning is generally done in precasting plants in permanent beds,
which are used to produce Pre-tensioned precast concrete elements for the building
industry.Post-tensioning, the steel tendons are tensioned after the concrete has been cast and
hardened.
Post-tensioning is performed by two main operations: tensioning the steel wires or strands by
hydraulic jacks that stretch the strands while bearing against the ends of the member and then
replacing the jacks by permanent anchorages that bear on the member and maintain the steel
strands in tension.A tendon is generally made of wires, strands, or bars. Wires and strands
can be tensioned in groups, whereas bars are tensioned one at a time.In the post-tensioning
process, the steel tendons are placed in the formwork before the concrete is cast, and the
tendons are prevented from bonding to the concrete by waterproof paper wrapping or a metal
duct (sheath).Tendons bonded to the concrete are called bonded tendons. Unbonded tendons,
left without grout or coated with grease, have no bond throughout the length of the tendon.