Whole body vibration

Whole body vibration is a generic term used when vibrations (mechanical oscillations) of any frequency
are transferred to the human body. Humans are exposed to vibration through a contact surface that is in a
mechanical vibrating state. Humans are generally exposed to many different forms of vibration in their daily
lives. This could be a driver's seat, a moving train platform, through a power tool, a training platform, or
one of countless other devices.[1] It is a potential form of occupational hazard, particularly after years of
exposure.

When high frequency vibrations[2] (above 50  Hz) enter through the hands, occupational safety concerns
may arise. For example, working with a jackhammer has been known to develop vibration white finger.
Exposures and limits have been estimated in the ISO 5349-1 for hand-transmitted vibration.[3]

Whole body vibration training as a form of physical exercise can offer some fitness and health benefits, but
it is not clear if it is as beneficial as regular physical exercise.[4] A 2018 meta-analysis has shown that
whole body vibration can improve bone mineral density in the lumbar spine of postmenopausal women as
well as the femoral neck density of postmenopausal women younger than 65.[5]

Contents
As a hazard
Workplace exposure
Patient transport
Measurement
Vibration training
History
Training effects
Vibrating platform types
Belts
See also
References
Further reading

As a hazard
Humans are sensitive to mechanical oscillations ranging in frequency from well below 1  Hz up to
100 kHz.[6] Lower frequencies of vibration lead to human motion sickness[7] while higher frequencies can
lead to general annoyance and discomfort. The minimization of discomfort due to vehicle vibration is
important in the automotive industry where ride quality is important. Discomfort and even pain may be
extremely prevalent in situations where medically injured patients are transported. The discomfort due to
vibration can be estimated in various environments.[8][9]
Workplace exposure

Workplace exposures to whole-body vibrations for long durations can

lead to musculoskeletal problems of many kinds.[10] Problems of the
neck and lower back in particular can be common for operators of
heavy equipment including construction, forestry, agriculture, and
trucking. Other occupations where whole-body vibrations may be
present include aircraft operators, sea vessel workers, drivers of public
transportation like trains and buses.

Farmers with long-term exposure to whole body vibration and

mechanical shocks have a higher prevalence of back pain (compared
to those not exposed to vibration), and the prevalence increases with
vibration dose.[11] Long-term exposure affecting the whole body leads
to spinal degeneration (spondylosis) and increased risk of low back
pain.[12][13]

Factors that affect the occupational exposure to whole-body vibration

X-ray of spondylosis of the
include the frequency of vibrations, the magnitude of vibrations, the lumbar spine.
daily exposure to vibrations, the standing or seating posture of the
operator, the direction of the vibration, and how tightly coupled the
human is to the source of the vibration.[14] Exposure limits and estimates have been characterized in the
ISO 2631-1[15] for whole-body vibration. Measurements of vibration exposure are usually taken at the
human/vibration interface.

Patient transport

Injured patients can be exposed to shocks and vibrations during transport which can worsen patient
conditions due to involuntary motions of the body. Many forms of immobilization devices are used to limit
this motion with varying degrees of success.[16][17][18] Common modes of patient transport include hand
carried stretcher (litter), ground ambulance, and air medical services which all contain multiple forms of
shocks and whole-body vibrations.

Measurement

Measurements are taken with accelerometers to estimate the amount of vibration exposure to the human
body. These measurements are taken at the human body or at the vibration source or surface.[14]
Measurements of different directions are taken to relate the motion direction with the response of the human
body.[19] Specifically, transfer functions can be used to determine the human response to the vibration.[20]
Measurement techniques for estimating exposures to whole body vibrations and hand-arm vibration have
been developed in International Standards.[21][3]

Vibration training
Vibration training is the deliberate exposure to the body of varying frequencies/amplitudes/forces using
certain joint angles for any limited time (approximately 1 minute sets). It is also known as vibration therapy,
vibrotherapy, biomechanical stimulation, mechanostimulation and biomechanical oscillation. It employs low
amplitude, low frequency mechanical stimulation. It can be pivotal/oscillating (vibrating from side to side)
or lineal (vibrating up and down).
History

The immediate predecessor of modern vibration training is Rhythmic Neuromuscular Stimulation (RNS). In
former East Germany Biermann was experimenting with the use of cyclic massage and its effects on trunk
flexion back in the sixties (Biermann, 1960[22]).

The technique has been tested on turkeys in the hope of finding a benefit that could be used for
astronauts.[23] Engineering issues came into play when they tried to upgrade the test machine to support the
weight of a human being. Once the vibration intensity grew strong enough to lift over 40  kg, fractures
appeared in the steel. The first bed-rest study using a vibration training device for humans was done by the
European Space Agency (ESA) in 2003 in Berlin[24] (Berlin Bedrest Study, BBR). The same technology
was then used in several parabolic flight campaigns of the DLR (German Aerospace Agency) starting in
2006 where the feasibility of use of a lightweight vibration training device under microgravity conditions
was demonstrated and in 2009 and 2010 where basic research on influence of microgravity on vibration
training effects was investigated.[25][26]

Since 1961, NASA has been testing adding light vibrations to exercise equipment and systems to minimize
vibration transmission of existing exercise devices to the space station, like the Treadmill Vibration Isolation
System (TVIS) and the Cycle Ergometer Vibration Isolation System (CEVIS). Companies referencing
NASA directly in their marketing campaigns in relation to vibration training for muscular activity may be
misleading.

The first Galileo machine patent was filed in 1996 in the same year the first Galileo device was
commercially available.[27][28] In 1996, the first Galileo vibrating dumbbell patent was filed.[29]

Training effects

A 2018 meta-analysis concluded that whole body vibration improved lumbar spine BMD in
postmenopausal women, and enhanced femoral neck BMD in postmenopausal women younger than 65
years.[5]

A review in 2014 concluded that there is little and inconsistent evidence that acute or chronic whole body
vibration could improve the performance of competitive or elite athletes.[30]

Cochrane reviews have concluded that there is insufficient evidence of effect of whole body vibration
training on functional performance of people with neurodegenerative disease,[31] or in disease-related
problems in people with fibromyalgia.[32]

Some research supports benefits for arthritis[33] and knee pain.[34]

Vibrating platform types

Vibrating platforms fall into different, distinct categories. The type of platform used is a moderator of the
effect and result of the training or therapy performed.[35] Main categories of machine types are:

1. High energy linear, found mostly in commercial vibration training studios and gyms. The
vibration direction is lineal/upward
2. Premium speed pivotal, (teeter-totter movement) used for physiotherapy work at lower
speeds and exercise workouts at "premium" speed, up to 30 Hz. Both commercial and home
units are available.
 3. Medium energy lineal, the majority of lineal platforms produced. These are usually made of
plastic; some have 3-D vibration which is low quality.
4. Low speed pivotal units.
5. Low magnitude mechanical stimulation. They are platforms that use energy levels less than
1 g and typically move in the z-axis.

Other machine types are low energy/low amplitude lineal and low energy/high amplitude lineal.

Concerning the z-movements, two main types of system can be distinguished:[35][36][37]

Side alternating (pivotal) systems, operating like a see-saw and hence mimicking the human
gait where one foot is always moving upwards and the other one downwards, and
Linear systems where the whole platform is mainly doing the same motion, respectively:
both feet are moved upwards or downwards at the same time.

Systems with side alternation usually have a larger amplitude of oscillation and a frequency range of about
5 Hz to 40 Hz. Linear/upright systems have lower amplitudes but higher frequencies in the range of 20 Hz
to 50 Hz. Despite the larger amplitudes of side-alternating systems, the vibration (acceleration) transmitted
to the head is significantly smaller than in non-side-alternating systems (Abercromby et al. 2007[38]) while
at the same time muscle activation even at identical vibration parameters are increased in pivotal
systems.[39] However, standing with both heels on one side of a side-alternating machine facing side-ways
results in significant acceleration transmitted to the head and center of gravity of the upper body. At least
one such whole body vibration owner's manual suggest this variation calling it "Stand-a-side Pose". At the
outer edge of the plate the amplitude is typically about 10 mm, which is more than the 3 mm maximum of a
linear vibrator and not practical. The amplitude and impact  can be reduced by centering, e.g., a gardener's
knee pad, ~ 16"x 8" x 3/4", on the plate and standing with the heels toward the outer edge of the pad.
While this is useful it does not replace a machine whose entire plate moves up and down in a linear fashion
allowing for a variety of positions and activities.

Mechanical stimulation generates acceleration forces acting on the body. These forces cause the muscles to
lengthen, and this signal is received by the muscle spindle, a small organ in the muscle. This spindle
transmits the signal through the central nervous system to the muscles involved (Abercromby et al.
2007,[38] Burkhardt 2006[40]).

Power Plate is a brand of vibrating platform consisting of a vibrating base, which may vibrate up and down
approximately 1 to 2 millimetres (39 to 79 thou) (1/16") 25 to 50 times per second.[41] The machine is large
enough to accommodate a person in deep squat. Traditional exercises such as squats and push-ups can be
done on the vibrating base.[42]

LifetimeVibe is a brand of vibration machine with a platform and a vertical column with handles and
controls at arm-level. This machine registers 42 decibels of sound, about as quiet as a human whisper.
Made in the USA of cherry wood and power coated steel, it simulates a walking motion, using see-saw
oscillations from 0-10mm, with a frequency of 0 to 15.5  Hz. Simple controls are mounted on a vertical
column with 12 different programs and a manual mode with a rotating knob to adjust frequency.

Rather than accelerating instantly with a jolt to the body, this machine starts and stops gradually to adjust to
the chosen frequency. This smooth motion feels comfortable and natural, like walking, and is especially
helpful for seniors and for those with health challenges. Athletes and people of all ages also use the
machine for athletic performance, recovery and muscle and joint strength.[43]
Galileo (in the US up until 2014 also available as Vibraflex) is a brand of vibration training platforms used
as exercise equipment as well as for therapeutic use. It consists of a vibration platform which vibrates
sinusoidal side alternating like a see-saw. Depending on the device size it oscillates with an amplitude of up
to 6  mm (equivalent to a peak to peak distance of 12  mm) and a frequency of 5  Hz to 40  Hz (5 to 40
repetitions per second). Galileo is manufactured in Germany by the German company Novotec Medical
GmbH. Since 2004 Galileo is also available as a medical device.

The base plate of Galileo vibration training devices is moving like a see-saw. This side alternating motion is
supposed to mimic human gait in order to utilize nearly physiological motion patterns close to the side
alternating human gait. The side alternation causes the hip to tilt which requires the contra lateral muscles of
the back to be activated – while one leg is lifted the other drops.[44] Compared to vertically vibrating
devices the side alternating motion results in very low acceleration acting on the centre of gravity of the
upper body and the head.[45][38][46] But see the Stand-a-side Pose described above which does result in
significant acceleration.

Juvent's Micro-Impact Platform is a platform in the low magnitude mechanical stimulation category. It uses
energy levels less than 1g (0.3g - 0.4g) and operates in a safe range of frequency between 32 Hz - 37 Hz. It
also moves the user only 0.05mm in the Z-axis. The platform uses resonance to gain efficient transmission
of energy through the user. It meets or exceeds ISO (Int'l Organization for Standardization) and OSHA
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards for human exposure to vibration. It has been
used in numerous clinical trials (VIBE Study, St.Jude Hospital for Children) and is registered with the
FDA.

Belts

A vibrating belt machine (also Mueller belt machine, belt massager, or jiggler machine) is an exercise
machine that uses a vibrating belt, to be used around the waist or buttocks.

See also
Hand-arm vibration
Noise, vibration, and harshness

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Further reading
Rauch F, Sievanen H, Boonen S, Cardinale M, Degens H, Felsenberg D, Roth J, Schoenau
E, Verschueren S, Rittweger J (September 2010). "Reporting whole-body vibration
intervention studies: recommendations of the International Society of Musculoskeletal and
 Neuronal Interactions". Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions. 10 (3): 193–8.
PMID 20811143 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20811143).
ISO 2631-1:1997. Mechanical shock and vibration: Evaluation of human exposure to whole-
body vibration — Part 1: General requirements (https://www.iso.org/standard/7612.html).
Geneva: International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 1997.

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