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V. Babadzhan, D.M.
Professor of Medicine,
Kharkov State Medical University
Department of Internal Medicine 2,
Clinical Immunology and Allergology
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Ischemia refers to a lack of oxygen due to inadequate
perfusion, which results from an imbalance between oxygen
supply and demand.
•Graft atherosclerosis
•Postcardiac transplant CAD
•Restenosis
•Chlamydia pneumoniae
•Helicobacter pylori
•Herpes simplex virus
The relationship between pulsatile flow and luminal
stenosis is complex, but were shown that when a stenosis
reduces the cross-sectional area by approximately 75
percent, a full range of increases in flow to meet increased
myocardial demand is not possible.
When the luminal area is reduced by more than
approximately 80 percent, blood flow at rest may be
reduced, and further minor decreases in the stenotic
orifice can reduce coronary flow dramatically and cause
myocardial ischemia.
Vulnerable Versus Stable
Atherosclerotic Plaques
Vulnerable Plaque
Lipid • Thin fibrous cap
Lumen Core • Inflammatory cell infiltrates:
Fibrous Cap
proteolytic activity
• Lipid-rich plaque
Stable Plaque
• Thick fibrous cap
LumenLipid
Core
• Smooth muscle cells:
more extracellular matrix
Fibrous Cap
• Lipid-poor plaque
• Eccentric,
lipid-rich
• Fragile
fibrous cap
• Prior luminal
obstruction <
Constantinides P. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:37G-40G.
50%
Segmental atherosclerotic narrowing of epicardial
coronary arteries is caused by the formation of a plaque, which
is subject to fissuring, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. Any of
these events can temporarily worsen the obstruction, reduce
coronary blood flow, and cause clinical manifestations of
myocardial ischemia.
Severe coronary narrowing and myocardial ischemia are
frequently accompanied by the development of collateral
vessels, especially when the narrowing develops gradually.
EFFECTS OF ISCHEMIA
The relatively poor perfusion of the subendocardium
causes ischemia of this portion of the wall.
Ischemia of large portions of the ventricle wilt cause transient
left ventricular failure, mitral regurgitaton can complicate this
event.
Transient ischemia is associated with angina pectoris.
Prolonged ischemia can lead to myocardial necrosis and scarring
with or without the clinical picture of acute myocardial infarction.
Electrical instability as a result of myocardial ischemia, may lead
to ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and sudden death
from ischemic heart disease as a result of ischemia-induced
ventricular tachyarrhythmia.
Patients can present with cardiomegaly and heart failure
secondary to ischemic damage of the left ventricular myocardium
that caused to the development of heart failure (ischemic
cardiomyopathy).
Clinical syndromes (conditions) of
Ischemic heart disease and
myocardial ischemia presentation: