HOR125: PLANTATION AND

INDUSTRIAL CROPS PRODUCTION

Prof. Mobarak D. Hadji Amin, RA, DSA

Chapter 1. Introduction to Agriculture
and Crop Production

Prof. Mobarak D. Hadji Amin, RA, DSA

 Outline
 Definition of Agriculture
 Overview on Philippine Agriculture
 Brief History & Development of Agriculture
 Some Fields and Branches of Agriculture
 Uses & Contributions of Agricultural Crops &
Animals to Man
 Nature & Functions of Agriculture
 Importance of Agriculture in the National Economy
 Factors affecting the Development of Philippine
Agriculture
 Crop Production
 References
What is Agriculture?
-is a science, art, and industry that deals with the
study of plants and animals that are useful to man.
-derived from the two Latin words “agri” (fields) and
“cultura” (cultivation)

 it is a science because it has a systematic way of doing

things. Activities in Agriculture are done in a systematic
procedure (step-by-step).

 it is an art because it applies the knowledge and skills

gained from studying science.

 It is an industry because it can provide job opportunity

to many people. It is also a business because it can
manufacture or generate income or money to people. .
OVERVIEW ON ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN
THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Agriculture occupies a very important
place in the economic life of our country. It is
the backbone of our economic system.
Agriculture has been the major source of
livelihood in the country. Philippines is primarily
an agricultural country. The fortunes of the
economy are, even now, dependent on the
course of agricultural production.
 The Philippines is an Agricultural country
with a land of 30 million hectares, 47% of which
is agricultural land.

The Philippine Agriculture involves about

37 percent of Filipino workers, and it contributes
an average 20 percent to the Gross Domestic
Product. This output comes mainly from
agribusiness, which in turn accounts for about
70 percent of the total agricultural output.
Source: Cielito F. Habito, Ph.D.
 Characterizing the role of Agriculture in
economic development and identifying ways this
role can be enhanced and has been classical themes
in development economics (Mellor, 1966).
More specifically, for countries want to
industrialize, Agriculture is commonly the main
source of resources that can be captured for
investment in the emerging activities. Hence,
successful industrialization requires a solution to
the problems associated with the generation,
transfer, and use of an Agricultural resource surplus.
 There are some differences with regards to the
purposes and ways of producing crops and animals
during ancient time and as of this present generation.
During ancient era, farmers were producing crops and
animals in natural way (organic method) mainly for
family consumption or subsistence. They were not
using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In this way,
they can conserve the environment and protect human
and animal health.
But at present time, many farmers are producing
crops and animals through conventional way (chemical
method) for market purposes to gain profit. This
approach is using more toxic chemicals that can destroy
our soils, water system, air, and pollute our
environment, and even bring hazards to human and
animal health.
 According to World Health Organization
(WHO), many of the human sicknesses and
diseases are caused by the kind and quality of
food we in-take in addition to the exposure of
our body to different hazards and
contaminants. Most of the food we eat
everyday were treated and grown with
chemical pesticides. We must be aware and
wise enough to the food we ate for us to be
healthy and live a longer life.
Brief History and Development of Agriculture

Primitive man was not an Agriculturist. He

was a hunter and gatherer of food. When food
was exhausted in one area, he moved to another
area. Agriculture arose when man began to take
control of the growing of plants by rearranging
them for his benefits. He discovered perhaps by
accident that certain plants, chiefly herbaceous
annuals such as wheat, rice, barley, rye, and peas
could be grown far from their natural habitat.
Brief History and Development of Agriculture

He discovered that some plants possess

seeds and these seeds could produce new plants.
This was the beginning of crop domestication and
the birth of agriculture. Thus, when man began
stirring the soil with sticks and growing,
harvesting, and storing the seeds, it was possible
for him to give up his wandering life and settle in
one place. In this way, villages and small
settlements arose-a primitive urban existence.
Brief History and Development of Agriculture

Agriculture, therefore, made urban life

possible. People lived together and so called
civilization evolved. With supply of food, shelter,
and clothing not only assumed but also rather
easily obtained, man had the leisure to develop
the arts and industries identified by civilization
(Abellanosa and Pava, 1987).
Origin of Agriculture

Precisely where the first plants were

cultivated is unknown. The first production of
food by crop cultivation and actual domestication
dates back 7,000 to 10,000 years ago to the
Neolithic age.
Four Great Rivers where Agriculture was started

1. Indus river –India

2. Tigris river –China
3. Euphrates river –Iraq
4. Nile river -Egypt
Some Fields and Branches of Agriculture
1. Crop Science
2. Animal Science
3. Forestry
4. Aquaculture
5. Agricultural Engineering
6. Agricultural Business Management
7. Agricultural Extension
8. Agricultural Education
Importance and Uses of Agricultural Crops and
Animals to Man

1.Food
2.Feed
3.Beverages
4.Drugs and Medicines
5.Oil
6.Fiber
Importance and Uses of Agricultural Crops and
Animals to Man
7.Sugar
8.Fossil Fuel
9.Wood Products
10.Latex Products
11.Tanning Materials
12.Dyes and Pigments
13.Smoking and Chewing
Materials
Nature and Functions of Agriculture

Agriculture sector serves as the major

source of income and employment of our
country. Agriculture, as we all know, is the
primary occupation of the rural people in our
country. It supplies all our basic necessities as a
human and increases the employment rate of
one’s country. Also, it has something to do with
the production, exportation and other related
things. Indeed the role of agriculture in
economic development is beyond compare.
Nature and Functions of Agriculture

Agricultural progress is a strategic element

in the process of economic development of a
country. It has already made a significant
contribution to the economic prosperity of
advanced countries and its role in the economic
advancement of developing countries is of vital
importance.
 Nature and Functions of Agriculture

Indicators of Development

Source: (Camarines and Penaflor, 2017)

The Importance of Agriculture in the
National Economy

1. Contribution to National Income

It is correctly observed that, the leading
industrialized countries of today were once
predominantly agricultural while the
developing economies still have the
dominance of agriculture and it largely
contributes to the national income.
Growth Rate of Agriculture GDP
GDP from Agriculture in Philippines decreased to
147497 PHP Million in the second quarter of 2019 from
158623 PHP Million in the first quarter of 2019. GDP
From Agriculture in Philippines averaged 142294 PHP
Million from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of
182717.24 PHP Million in the fourth quarter of 2018 and
a record low of 114778.44 PHP Million in the second
quarter of 2009.
 Growth Rate of Agriculture GDP
Philippines GDP Last Previous Highest Lowest Unit

GDP Growth Rate 1.40 0.60 3.40 -2.30 percent [+]

GDP Annual Growth Rate 5.50 5.60 12.40 -11.10 percent [+]

GDP 330.91 313.62 330.91 4.40 USD Billion [+]

GDP Constant Prices 2483615.37 2257007.26 2494033.36 487413.68 PHP Million [+]

Gross National Product 2872412.32 2831541.89 2872412.32 944320.00 PHP Million [+]

Gross Fixed Capital Formation 650874.92 707316.26 744263.22 163357.69 PHP Million [+]

GDP per capita 3022.00 2884.40 3022.00 1059.50 USD [+]

GDP per capita PPP 7942.50 7580.80 7942.50 3800.10 USD [+]

GDP From Agriculture 147497.00 158623.00 182717.24 114778.44 PHP Million [+]

GDP From Construction 264202.00 204045.00 270746.77 85502.67 PHP Million [+]

GDP From Manufacturing 547022.00 554839.47 599810.14 252377.26 PHP Million [+]

GDP From Mining 32944.00 22384.00 32944.00 10394.10 PHP Million [+]

GDP From Public Administration 119397.00 91987.01 119397.00 43289.41 PHP Million [+]

GDP From Services 1479208.00 1299086.00 1479208.00 675416.60 PHP Million [+]

GDP From Transport 84765.58 76553.45 84765.58 34827.71 PHP Million [+]

GDP From Utilities 80208.00 67138.00 82773.94 42117.43 PHP Million [+

Source: Trading Economics (June 2019)

The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

2. Source of Food Supply

Agriculture is the basic source of food
supply of all the countries of the world—whether
underdeveloped, developing or even developed.
Due to heavy pressure of population in
underdeveloped and developing countries and its
rapid increase, the demand for food is increasing
at a fast rate.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

If agriculture fails to meet the rising

demand of food products, it is found to affect
adversely the growth rate of the economy.
Raising supply of food by agricultural sector
has, therefore, great importance for
economic growth of a country.
Agricultural output contracted by 1.27 percent in
the second quarter of 2019.
This was attributed to the decline in crops
production. Increases, however, were recorded for
livestock, poultry and fisheries. At current prices,
the value of agricultural production amounted
to PhP 424.6 billion. This was 5.20 percent lower
than the previous year’s level. In the first six (6)
months of 2019, agricultural output went down
by 0.24 percent.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

3. Pre-Requisite for Raw Material

Agricultural advancement is necessary
for improving the supply of raw materials
for the agro-based industries especially in
developing countries. The shortage of
agricultural goods has its impact upon on
industrial production and a consequent
increase in the general price level.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

It will impede the growth of the

country’s economy. The flour mills, rice
shellers, oil & dal mills, bread, meat, milk
products sugar factories, wineries, jute mills,
textile mills and numerous other industries
are based on agricultural products.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

4. Shift of Manpower
Initially, agriculture absorbs a large
quantity of labour force. In Philippines still
about 37% labour is absorbed in this sector.
Source: Cielito F. Habito, Ph.D.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

5. Creation of Infrastructure
The development of agriculture
requires roads, market yards, storage,
transportation railways, postal services and
many others for an infrastructure creating
demand for industrial products and the
development of commercial sector.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

6. Helpful in Phasing out Economic Depression

During depression, industrial
production can be stopped or reduced but
agricultural production continues as it
produces basic necessities of life. Thus, it
continues to create effective demand even
during adverse conditions of the economy.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

7. Source of Foreign Exchange for the Country

Most of the developing countries of the
world are exporters of primary products. These
products contribute 60 to 70 per cent of their
total export earnings. Thus, the capacity to
import capital goods and machinery for
industrial development depends crucially on
the export earning of the agriculture sector.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

8. Contribution to Capital Formation

Underdeveloped and developing countries
need huge amount of capital for its economic
development. In the initial stages of economic
development, it is agriculture that constitutes a
significant source of capital formation.
The Importance of Agriculture in The
National Economy

Agriculture sector provides funds for capital

formation in many ways as:
a) agricultural taxation,
b) export of agricultural products,
c) collection of agricultural products at low
prices by the government and selling it at
higher prices. This method is adopted by Russia
and China
Factors Affecting the Development of
Philippine Agriculture
1. Conversion of agricultural land to residential
subdivision, golf courses, & etc.
2. Lack of capital
3. Insufficient knowledge & information
4. Climate change & global warming
5. Less support from the Government
Crop Production
–is the cultivation of crops that are utilized
by man for any purpose, or simply the
management of useful plants.
According to Abellanosa and Pava (1987),
Agricultural production will always be an
important industry because crops are essential
to the existence of man. It has been stated that
a man who goes without food for 24 hours will
quarrel; and one who is denied for 48 hours will
steal; and one who is without food for 72 hours
will fight.
Two Divisions of Crop Production:
1. Agronomy –is the science which deals with field
crop production and management.
–It is derived from the Greek words
“Agros” (field) and “Nomos” (to manage).

2. Horticulture –is the science which deals with the

study of fruits (Pomology), vegetables (Olericulture),
ornamentals (Floriculture), nursery management
and landscape gardening.
–It is derived from the two Latin words
“Hortos” (garden) and “cultura” (cultivation).
Some Techniques in Increasing Crop Productivity:

1. Increasing the potential yield of the crops

(genetically)
2. Increasing the area to be cultivated
3. Using multiple cropping system
4. Using post-harvest technology
Nevertheless, these should be combined
with excellent or appropriate practices and
management to increase production.
REFERENCES

Abellanosa, A.L. and H.M. Pava, 1987. Introduction to Crop Science.

CMU, Musuan, Bukidnon.

Bairoch, paul.1973.Agriculture and the Industrial Revolution, 1700-

1914, in Carlos M. Cipolla , (ed.), The Fontana Economic
History of Europe: The Industrial Revolution, London:
Collins/Fontana

Mellor, John. 1966. The Economic of Agricultural Development. Ithaca,

New York: Cornell University

Hayami, Yujiro, and Vernon Ruttan 1985. Agricultural Development: An

International Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press

Johnston, Bruce, and Peter Kilby. 1975. Agriculture and Structural

Transformation. Oxford University

Jorgenson, Dale. 1961. Development of a Dual Economy. Economic

Journal 71:309- 34