DAYALBAGH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE

AGRA,UP-282005

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
SESSION:- 2021-22
REPORT ON PRACTICAL TRAINING AT DEI,AGRA

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL JITENDRA KUMAR

ENGG. 2001987
2nd YEAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank the almighty God for listening my prayers and
giving me strength to complete the dissertation work.
I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to Dr.
Ashok Yadav , my guides and mentors, without the wise counsel and able
guidance, it impossible to complete the dissertation in this manner.
I am also grateful to Ideal Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra for extending all
facilities and cooperation to me for carrying out this work. I shall be failing in my
duty if I don't acknowledge the support received from Dayalbagh Educational
Institute, Agra, in order to complete my work.
I must also express my deep regards and thanks to my parents for supporting and
boosting my morale so that I can overcome my hard times. I also want to thanks
my senior & my friend who helped me a lot in order to complete my report file
work.
I finally pray that Almighty fulfills the aspirations of all the people who have been
a part of this journey and those who will be a part of future journey.

Name: Jitendra kumar Signature

Roll no:2001987
 Abstract
The students got the insight of things related to agriculture such as they
experienced live crop demonstrations, protected cultivation of flowers and
vegetables, display of exotic vegetables, fruits & cut-flowers, sale of seeds of high
yielding variety, different types of farm machines and interface of the farmers
with agro-industries personnel.
The main objective behind taking students to the visit was to go beyond
academics. It gave students a practical perspective on the internal working of
Agriculture. It provided us an opportunity to learn practically through interaction.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project report entitled “REPORT FILE ON PRACTICAL
TRAINING AT DEI, AGRA". which is being submitted by Jitendra kumar in partial
fulfillment for the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in department of Agricultural Engineering of Dayalbagh Educational
Institute, Agra. He has worked under the guidance of Name of Faculty (Asst. Prof.,
Department of Mechanical Engineering) and has fulfilled the requirement for the
submission of the project.
The matter presented in this dissertation has not been submitted by me
anywhere for the award of any other degree of this or any other Institute.

Jitendra kumar
 DAIRY CAMPUS
Smart Dairy plant

In the entire Northern India, DEI is privileged to have the first students’ run mini
dairy plant with FASSAI License, HACCP certification, and commercial permit from
US Department of Agriculture for the import of flavored milk and butter from DEI.
This Dairy plant has been setup for providing inhouse training to the students.
Using this facility, students make a variety of nutritional value-added dairy
products which not only cater to the needs of the local community and DEI on
non-commercial basis, but also gives them practical exposure to entrepreneurship
in Dairy Sector. The Dairy plant receives pure organic cow milk from Dayalbagh
Gaushala which is utilized for the regular production of a variety of dairy products
including Flavored Milk, Shrikhand, Kalakand, Basundhi, Misti Dahi, Salted butter,
Probiotic Yoghurt, chocolates, etc. The products are being made under hygienic
conditions and have good nutritional value. They are free from artificial flavors,
artificial colors, and preservatives. Only natural ingredients are used for flavoring,
and they also have less fat (1.5%) and less sugar (3%) so that they can be
consumed on regular basis. These products are regularly being exported to the
USA and other countries on non-commercial basis to provide exposure to the
students on export procedures. Recently, automatic bottle filling and crown
capping machine, automatic bottle washing machine and automatic whey
separation machine have been introduced in this Dairy Plant with an intend to
evolve this as a Smart Dairy Plant. Many more efforts are in pipeline to transform
this into a state-of-the-art Smart Dairy Plant
 Solar Agriculture farm
It is proposed to install 200 kWp Solar Power Plant on elevated structures so that
it facilitates solar as well as agricultural farming (Fig.4). The proposed setup will
host a set of 20 towers, each accommodating 50 transparent solar modules at a
height of 16’, in an agriculture land to enable multiple land use, viz., for
agriculture as well as for solar energy farming. Such a strategy increases the
overall land yield which now includes agricultural yield and solar yield and
provides a stable source of income for the farmer. A full-scale prototype of the
structure was developed in Faculty of Engineering, DEI, in January 2016 and is
working satisfactorily since then. The solar power generated would be used for
electrical loads in the Dairy complex and nearby places viz., Gowshala, X-Ray
center, dairy workshop, irrigation load in Dairy, ICNC TALL, Crèche, Prem
Vidyalaya, DEI Girls Hostel, DEI Food Processing Lab etc.
 Farm machinery
Farm machinery, mechanical devices, including tractors and implements, used
in farming to save labor. Farm machines include a great variety of devices with a
wide range of complexity. Example:- tractors, harrow, cultivators, planer,
thresher, potato digger, scraper etc.

Tractor
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive
effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or
machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.

Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill

Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill is highly efficient and extensively used for sowing a wide
variety of crops like maize, wheat , pea, mustard, etc. It provides fast and
precision seeding in agriculture land. Our low maintenance Seed Cum Fertilizer
Drill Machine is easy to operate and handle.
Potato Planter
Potato planter is a tractor attachment that is used for planting or sowing potato
seed. Previously, manual planters have completed sowing potatoes, which was
slow and challenging for farmers. But in developed India, the potato sowing
process became comfortable with advanced potato planters. The farming
potato planter makes the sowing of potatoes fast and effortless along with this
it saves labor. 

Potato Harvester
Potato harvesters are machines that harvest potatoes. They work by lifting the
potatoes from the bed using a share. Soil and crop are transferred onto a series of
webs where the loose soil is sieved out. The potatoes are moved towards the
back of the harvester on to a separation unit and then (on manned machines) to a
picking table where people pick out the stones, clods, and haulms (stems or
stalks) by hand. The potatoes then go on to a side elevator and into a trailer or a
potato box.

Single Disk Harrow

Single-action disc harrows are disc harrows with disc gangs that break the soil in
only one direction. They’re used by farmers in smaller lots as the cutting width
range from 4 feet to 20 feet — narrow compared to others. Because of how
uniform their discs operate; their cuts create soil ridges and furrows. They are
used for tighter segments that need fine controls. Single-action disc harrows are
usually accompanied by manual pulling or other close-up soil management.
Double Disc Harrow
The double-action disc harrow are disc harrows with two or more rows of disc
gangs. The front gangs break the soil in one direction, while the rear gangs break

the soil in the opposite direction. This makes for a much finer, homogenous cut .

Unlike the single-action disc harrow, the double-action disc harrow does not
leave any pattern as it violently scrambles the ground beneath it. They make for
superior leveling instruments. Due to the larger nature of the double-action disc
harrow, they are more recommended for fields that cover a larger area.
Cultivator
A cultivator is an agricultural equipment used for secondary tillage. One sense of
the name refers to frames with teeth (also called shanks) that pierce the soil as
they are dragged through it nearly. Similarly sized rotary tillers combine the
functions of harrow and cultivator into one multipurpose machine.

Rotavator
Rotavator is a versatile tractor implement to perform different soil functions such
as mixing, pulverization, puddling & leveling at the same time. Rotavator is very
useful for removing the past crop residues from the field and preparing the soil
for the next crop. It breaks up the hardpan layers of the soil and makes it levelled
for sowing. Its strong frame assembly helps the implement to work in different
types of soil without any wear and tear. It loosens and aerates soil up to 7 inches
deep.
 VERMICOMPOSTING
Vermicomposting is a method of preparing the enriched compost with the use of
earthworms. It is one of the easiest method to recycle agricultural wastes and to
produce quality compost.

Red earthworms(Eisenia fetida) is preferred because of its high multiplication

rate and thereby converts the organic matter into vermicompost within 45-50
days. Since it is a surface feeder it converts organic materials into vermicompost
from top.

Methods of Vermicomposting
 Bed method:- Composting is done on the pucca/ kachcha floor by making
bed (6x2x2 feet size) off organic mixture. This method is easy to maintain
and to practice.
 Pit method:- Composting is done in the cemented pits of size(5x5x3
feet).The unit is covered with thatch grass or any other locally available
 materials. This method is not preferred due to poor aeration, water
logging at bottom, and more cost of production.

How to prepare Vermicompost:-

 Make a tank of cement or one can just make a pit in your backyard or
farm.
 Spread some earthworms, especially the species that are not deep soil
dwellers instead they remain on top of the soil. Spread them at the
base.
 Now put some soil in the tank and make it full by half.
 The base material needed should comprise of cow dung , Goat and
sheep dung, Organic sludge, Tree leaves, Crop residues, saw dust,
Sugarcane trash, Weeds, Coir waste, Slurry from the biogas
plant, Poultry droppings, Vegetable wastes, Provide moisture to the soil.
 Add all the organic matter or organic waste of your household and farm
avoiding meat and dairy products. Spread them evenly.
 As earthworm feed on the decomposed matter so leaves the tank for 3-
4 days for decomposition of the organic material.
 Beds should be turned once after 30 days for better aeration and
proper decomposition
 Compost gets ready after 45-50 days
 The finished product is 3/4th of the raw material used.
Advantages of Vermicomposting
 Vermicomposting is rich in all essential plant nutrients.
 Provides excellent effect on overall plant growth, encourages the
growth of new leaves and improvement the quality and shell life of the
produce.

 Vermicomposting is free flowing, easy to apply, handle and store and

does not have bad odor.

 It improves the soil structure, texture, aeration, and water holding

capacity and prevents soil erosion.

 Vermicomposting is rich in beneficial micro flora such as a fixer. P-

solubilizers, cellulose decomposing micro-flora etc. in addition to
improve soil environment.

 Vermicompost contains earthworm cocoons and increases the

population and activity of earthworm in the soil.

 It neutralizes the soil protection.

 It prevents nutrient losses and increases the use efficiency of chemical
fertilizers.

 Vermicompost is free from pathogens, toxic elements, weed seeds etc.

 Vermicomposting minimizes the incidence of pest and diseases.
 It enhances the decomposition of organic matter in soil.
 It contains valuable vitamins, enzymes and hormones like auxins,
gibberellins.
 Biogas Plant
Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide,
produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal
waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. It is a renewable
energy source.

How does it work?

 Organic input materials such as foodstuff remnants, fats or sludge can be fed
into the biogas plant as substrate.
 Renewable resources such as corn, beets or grass serve as feed both for animals
such as cows and pigs as well as for the microorganisms in the biogas plant.
 Manure and dung are also fed into the biogas plant.
 In the fermenter, heated to approx. 38-40 °C, the substrate is decomposed by
the microorganisms under exclusion of light and oxygen. The final product of
this fermentation process is biogas with methane as the main ingredient. But
aggressive hydrogen sulphide is also contained in the biogas. A fermenter made
of stainless steel has the clear advantage that it withstands the attacks of the
hydrogen sulphide and is usable for decades. Furthermore, a stainless steel
fermenter provides the opportunity to operation the biogas plant also in the
thermophile temperature range (up to 56 °C).
 Once the substrate has been fermented, it is transported to the fermentation
residues end storage tank and can be retrieved from there for further utilization.

 The residues can be utilized as high quality fertilizer. The advantage: Biogas
manure has a lower viscosity and therefore penetrates into the ground more
 quickly. Furthermore, the fermentation residue quite often has a higher
fertilizer value and is less intense to the olfactory senses.
 But drying it and subsequently using it as dry fertilizer is also an option.
 The biogas generated is stored in the roof of the tank and from there it
 is burned in the combined heat and power plant (CHP) to generate electricity
and heat.
 The electric power is fed directly into the power grid.
 The heat generated can be utilized to heat building or to dry wood or harvest
products.
 Processing of biogas
 Gas supply to the national grid or gas filling stations.

Mixing Tank:- The

feed material (dung)is collected in the mixing tank. Sufficient water is added and
the material thoroughly mixed till a
homogenous slurry is formed.
Digester Tank:-Digester tank, also known as an anaerobic digester or a form of
anaerobic digestion system, is a type of storage equipment that utilizes the
awesome natural process of anaerobic digestion.

Gas holder Tank:-The gas holder is normally an airproof steel container that, by
floating like a ball on the fermentation mix, cuts off air to the digester and collects
the gas generated.

Advantages Of Biogas
 It is a renewable source of energy:- The only time when biogas will be
depleted is when the production of any kind of waste is stopped. Also it is a
free source of energy.
 Non-polluting:- Biogas is considered to being nonpolluting in nature. The
resources are conserved by not consuming any further fuel since the
 production of biogas does not require any oxygen. It also reduces
deforestation and any sort of indoor air pollution.
 It reduces landfills:- There is a decrease in soil and water pollution since it
uses up the waste in landfills and in dumps as well.
 There is use of cheaper technology:- The technology to utilize biogas is
getting better and hence the applications for biogas are also increasing.
Biogas can be used for the purpose of heating as well as producing
electricity. One type of biogas, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), is also used
as fuel in vehicles, this is done by compressing it.
 A large number of jobs are obtained:- Due to the biogas plant setups, a
major number of work opportunities get created for thousands of people.
For the people in the rural areas, these jobs turn out to be a blessing.
 There is very little capital investment:- The setup of a biogas plant requires
little capital investment and is also easy when set up in a small scale. The
waste material that is produced in farms by their livestock can be used to
produce biogas in a farm itself and farmers can make themselves self
sufficient.

Mulching
The process of covering the open surface of the ground by a layer of some
external material is called mulching & the material used for covering is called as
‘Mulch.’ Mulching is usually practiced when cultivating commercially important
crops, fruit trees, vegetables, flowers, nursery saplings, etc. It is beneficial in yard
gardening, containers & raised beds of home gardens.
Advantages of mulching:-

 Mulching helps to retain soil moisture, so less amount of water is required

during irrigation. Mulch directly conserves water.
 It traps surface water of the soil that would otherwise get evaporated
quickly.
 Mulching helps to regulate soil temperature, which is beneficial for proper
root growth.
  Mulching also protects soil from erosion, heavy winds, intense sunlight &
overall weathering.
 It is well known that overall yield is sometimes doubled when mulching is
done on vegetable, flower or fruiting crops.
 Mulching arrests the growth of harmful weeds by not allowing their seeds
to germinate. Therefore the biggest problem of weeds is resolved.
 Due to the absence of weeds, main crops are less likely to get infected by
pests & diseases.
 If mulch is organic, such as decaying leaves, bark, or compost; it adds to the
overall humus content of soil & enriches the soil with the steady supply of
nutrients.
 Due to mulching, soil micro-flora is activated & beneficial micro-organisms
start growing in the soil.
 In landscape gardening, the overall visual appeal of that area is improved
due to ornamental mulching.

R.S.S. GAUSHALA

RSS Gaushala in collaboration with DEI has embarked on a noble mission to

transform R. S. S. Gaushala into a state-of-the-art Gaushala with the use of RFID,
ICT tools, Management Software, Sensors and modern practices for precise
management of Nutrition, Health and breeding of the cattle.
Smart Gaushala:- RSS Gaushala in collaboration with DEI has embarked on a
noble mission to transform R. S. S. Gaushala into a state-of-the-art Gaushala with
the use of RFID, ICT tools, Management Software, Sensors and modern practices
for precise management of Nutrition, Health and breeding of the cattle.

Smart cooling system

A Smart Cooling System has been implemented in RSS Gaushala to tackle the heat
stress in cows/cattle. The design and implementation of this system is based on
misting and high speed air circulation. The sensors in the system measure
temperature and humidity and based on these measurements the controller
operates the misting and air circulation system to maintain the THI index in a
range which is comfortable to the cattle. This system has helped in dealing with
the heat stress in cattle and has also resulted in substantial increase in milk yield.

Feeding the young Calf:- For the first few months of life, bottle calves must be
either artificially
reared by humans on
milk replacer diets or
grafted onto nurse
animals. These young
calves are not yet mature ruminants, so they need a milk-based diet. A calf needs
to consume approximately 8 percent of its birth weight in milk or milk replacer
each day. Offer bottles twice daily in two equal feedings. Follow feeding directions
on product labels. As the calf grows, keep the amount of milk replacer constant,
but also offer calf starter feeds and good quality hay as its appetite increases.
Make clean water available for the calf, as well.

(JATROPHA)
 Riverbank Filtration Plant
Riverbank Filtration (RBF) is a technology that operates by pumping out water
from borewells drilled along the banks of a river. During the pumping process,
river water infiltrates into and passes through the riverbed sediments. As the raw
surface water travels towards the RBF well, dissolved and suspended
contaminants, as well as pathogens are potentially removed or significantly
reduced in numbers resulting from a combination of the physical, chemical and
biological processes.

How does it work?

In an RBF system, water is withdrawn from one or more wells near a river or lake.
Wells may either be vertical or horizontal and typically, RBF wells are drilled
within a few hundred meters of a surface water body so that when the well is
pumped, surface water is drawn through the underlying sediments. By pumping
an RBF well, the groundwater potential is lowered and river water (together with
groundwater) is induced to flow through the porous riverbed sediments. Several
studies carried out by researchers say that bacterial removal efficiencies are
almost up to 99.82%. A TERI study revealed that heavy metal concentrations were
significantly reduced, such as zinc (82%), copper (51%), lead (75%), chromium
(94%), and cadmium (75%). In general, the degree of pollutant removal depends
largely on the properties of the materials through which the flow takes place.
There is evidence that much of the contaminant removal occurs at the interface
between the river and the sediments. This zone is known as the colmation zone or
schmutzdecke and is characterized by high microbial activity and small grain size.
It is thought that periodic scouring during flood events regenerates the treatment
activity of the colmation layer. Due to these auto-regenerative natural treatment
processes, properly engineered RBF systems can maintain essentially unlimited
treatment durations.

KHASRA 359, SHANTINAGAR

Layout plan :-

Poly house:- Polyhouse is a type of greenhouse where specialized polythene

sheet is used as a covering material under which the crops can be grown in
partially or fully controlled climatic conditions.

Poly House Specifications:-

Drip Irrigation and fogger system:-The system is provided with pressurized
drip irrigation system with Filter, Valve, Fertilizer pump, Air valve, Pressure relief
valve, Pressure gauge, Head unit assembly with PVC fitting & Water tanks.

Fans:- The fan blades and frame are to be made of non-corrosive materials like
aluminum / stainless steel. The uniform distribution of water on pad is to be
maintained.
Cooling Pad:- Cellulose cooling pad with appropriate size efficient to cool the
polyhouses.

Electrical control panel:- Consisting of MCB, switches, RYB Indicator, panel,

Voltmeter, MS body duly painted etc. (for fan and pad). Al the electrical gadgets
and appliance used must meet BIS standards.
Water tank:- Multi layered plastic water tank for cooling pad.
Climate control system:-
(a) Fan pad system:-
Numbers of fan depends upon size of Fan-fad house, and it should be capable of
exhausting air volume in one minute.
Exhaust Fans – 50"however it depends upon size of fan-pad house with louvers,
1.5 HP – 3 phase ISI standard electric motor.
Cellulose cooling pads of 1.8 meter with 100 mm / 150 mm thickness covering the
area properly, PVC water distribution system, screen / disc filter, valve, and
pumps, etc.
Control panel with manual operation, temp and humidity sensors.
The necessary digital controller with sensory device & accessories of standard
quality as per requirement should be provided to operate the fan & pad system
for controlling temperature& humidity inside the Green house.
(b) Fogging system:-
In consist of four-way anti-leak fogger 28 of flow rate (working pressure should be
mentioned at which we will be able to get required particle size, fogger spacing
along the lateral and lateral spacing) and particle size 80-100 micron, 16 mm
lateral class-3, PVC pipe 6 kg / cm2, valves, filter, pump, panel with volt meter,
MCB, relay, temp and humidity sensor etc. complete application rate 3 mm/hr.

Poly House farming:- Growing crops under the controlled environment

such as temperature, humidity, and fertilizers with the help of
automated systems are called Poly house cultivation.
List of plant foAr poly house farming:-

Sr.no. Plant name

1 Broccoli
2 Capsicum
3 lettuce
4 Arugula(Rocket Salad)
5 Celery
6 Parsley
7 Baby corn
8 Squash
9 English cucumber
10 Cherry Tomatoes
11 Coriander (Seasonal)
12 Carrot purple
13 Muskmelon (Seasonal)
14 Brinjal (Seasonal)
15 Cabbage purple
16 Asparagus
17. Aromatic plants
a. Palmarosa
b. Lemon grass
c. Lavender
d. Mint
e. Khas
f. Rose
g. Tulsi
 GYMNASSIUM

WEEDS:-Weeds are unwanted plants which are growing where they are not
wanted. In other words, weed is plant , which grows in numerous quantities and
depress the other plants having greater important nutritional values.

Weeds in Gymnassium
Chenopodium:- Chenopodium is a genus of
numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous
 flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which
occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in
the family Amaranthaceae.
Pedalium Murex:- Pedalium Murex commonly
known as Large Caltrops and Gokhru (India) is a
shrub found in the Southern part, Deccan region
of India and in some parts of Ceylon. Different
parts of the plant are used to treat various
ailments like, cough, cold and as an antiseptic.

Boerhavia Diffusa:- Boerhaavia diffusa is a

species of flowering plant in the four o'clock
family which is commonly known
as punarnava (meaning that which rejuvenates or
renews the body in Ayurveda), red
spiderling, spreading hogweed, or tarvine. It is
taken in herbal medicine for pain relief and other
uses. The leaves of Boerhaavia  diffusa are often
used as a green vegetable in many parts of India.
Calotropis procera:- Calotropis procera is a
species of flowering plant in the
family Apocynaceae that is native to North
Africa, tropical Africa, Western Asia, South Asia,
and Indochina. The green fruits contain a toxic
milky sap that is extremely bitter and turns into a
gluey coating which is resistant to soap.

Cordia Dichotoma:- Cordia dichotoma is a

species of flowering tree in the borage family,
Cordia dichotoma is a small to moderate-sized
deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading
crown. The stem bark is greyish brown, smooth or
longitudinally wrinkled. Flowers are short-stalked,
bisexual, white in colour which open only at night.
The fruit is a yellow or pinkish-yellow shining
globose which turns black on ripening and the pulp
gets viscid.