LightDepGreenhouses Ebook

A Quick Guide to Getting Started with Light Deprivation Greenhouses
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Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
What is Light Deprivation? ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Photoperiod Control ................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Long Days or Long Nights?.................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Determining If a Plant is Photoperiodic .................................................................................................................................. 7
When Light Deprivation Isn’t Enough .......................................................................................................................................8
Methods for Light Deprivation .........................................................................................................................................................8
What are the Potential Benefits of Light Deprivation? ....................................................................................... 9
Flowering Control ......................................................................................................................................................................................9
Bud Formation ...........................................................................................................................................................................................10
Size and Height Development ......................................................................................................................................................10
Shortened Seasons .................................................................................................................................................................................10
Stronger Color .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Energy Savings ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Which Plants Benefit from Light Deprivation? ...................................................................................................... 12
Strawberries.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Chrysanthemums .................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Asters and Zinnias ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Poinsettias ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Christmas Cactus and Easter Lilies............................................................................................................................................. 14
Begonias .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Complete Light Control vs Use of Natural Light ................................................................................................... 15
Risks of Light Exposure ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Cost of Control ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Artificial Lighting....................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Broad Spectrum........................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Changing Demands ............................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Methods for Depriving Plants of Light ........................................................................................................................ 18
Tarps and Covers.......................................................................................................................................................................................18
Shade Cloth .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Solid Materials ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Internal Booths and Tents ................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Individual Covers .....................................................................................................................................................................................20
Choosing a Light Deprivation Cover Material for Greenhouses .................................................................. 21
Amount of Light Blocking ................................................................................................................................................................ 22
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Moisture and Air Circulation........................................................................................................................................................... 22

Heat Accumulation ............................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Woven vs Non-Woven.......................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Reinforcement .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Material Options....................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Automated vs Manual Controls for Light Deprivation Covers .................................................................... 25
Upfront and Ongoing Costs ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
Labor and Ergonomics........................................................................................................................................................................ 26
Power Supply .............................................................................................................................................................................................26
Suitable Cover Materials .................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Maintenance and Repairs ................................................................................................................................................................ 27
Converting Greenhouses for Light Deprivation.................................................................................................... 28
Structural Support..................................................................................................................................................................................28
Ease of Addition .......................................................................................................................................................................................29
Increasing Ventilation.......................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Setting Up Automation ...................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Specialty Accessories for the Light Deprivation Greenhouse ..................................................................... 31
Ventilation Upgrades ............................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Light Traps .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
End Wall Covers........................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Tarp Pulling Arms ................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Interior Curtains and Enclosures..................................................................................................................................................33
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Sources: ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
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Visit BTLLiners.com/ArmorCover to learn more.
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Introduction
W
hen growing in a greenhouse or other contained environment, providing
enough light for healthy plant growth is usually the main priority. Yet,
controlling the amount of light that reaches the plants and depriving them
of it can actually increase growth and give more control over the stages of
development. While light deprivation or manipulation as a greenhouse technique is
far from new, it’s not the most well documented or widely known method. Light
deprivation (or dep) greenhouses definitely require specific design considerations if
photoperiod control is needed for the entire structure at once. Even if you only plan
to build smaller light dep enclosures and tents within a larger greenhouse, it’s
important to choose the right materials and tailor the specific method to the plants
being grown. This basic guide on light deprivation in greenhouse production will help
you make decisions about adding this technology to your horticulture business.
through.
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What is Light Deprivation?
All plants respond to light, but some of them respond a little differently than others.
Plants, like tomatoes and cucumbers, start flowering and fruiting whenever they can
after reaching maturity, but other plants wait until certain signals are sent. The length
of exposure to light each day, known as the photoperiod, is one of the most important
triggers for desired plant behavior like flowering and fruiting.
Whether it’s called light deprivation, photoperiod manipulation, or photoperiodic
control, the technique for controlling plants through light exposure is basically the
same. Adjusting the length of time a plant is exposed to both light and dark can affect
it in multiple ways, many of which are essential to the greenhouse trade. Timing
bedding, and seasonal decorative plants, is practically impossible without the use of
light deprivation. It’s also valuable for much more. Explore the concept of light
deprivation and photoperiod control with this brief overview.
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Photoperiod Control
A photoperiod is simply the amount of daylight in any given 24-hour period. When
you manipulate the photoperiod, you’re basically changing the length of the daylight
period. This sends signals to the plants to tell them it’s a specific time of year. If you’re
growing a crop that only flowers or puts on vegetative growth during certain seasons,
you’ll likely need light deprivation to achieve true control. Without the ability to
manipulate the length of light exposure, most growers can only produce one to two
crops of any specific plant during a year. Photoperiod control can increase that to a
monthly cycle of blooming or harvest instead.
Long Days or Long Nights?

Of course, it’s possible to use photoperiod control in both directions. Extending day
length is primarily accomplished with artificial lighting, so light deprivation is generally
only useful for shortening day length instead. It’s actually the length of the night
period that matters the most to the plants and not the specific amount of light they
receive. This distinction means that light deprivation is generally a much more flexible
technique rather than just light supplementation. Shortening the length of a
photoperiod for a short time can trigger better results when long days are restored,
making it a useful technique whether used for long or short periods.
Determining If a Plant is Photoperiodic

There are dozens of tested species of plants with well-recorded responses to light
deprivation. Yet, you’re not limited to just raising mums or poinsettias after investing
in this kind of equipment. Almost any plant that has a photoperiodic response of some
kind may benefit from light deprivation. Most annuals have this kind of response,
along with many perennials. If a plant is listed in various research as being day neutral,
it’s unlikely to respond to any photoperiod manipulation. Short-day plants, in
particular, are likely to benefit from light deprivation, while long-day plants generally
need artificial lighting instead.
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When Light Deprivation Isn’t Enough

Unless a specific plant only needs a brief period of light deprivation to trigger
flowering or growth, you’ll likely need to combine this method with artificial lighting
as well. Many plants, like poinsettias, need artificial lighting first and then periods of
deprivation. Other bedding annuals and indoor tropicals may need the opposite
program. Setting up greenhouses to take advantage of both types of photoperiodic
manipulation may cost more, but it’s easier than trying to transfer large volumes of
plants between two different types of greenhouses.
Methods for Light Deprivation

Light deprivation occurs for plants that need it as the day length changes naturally
over the course of the year. If you need to control this process and make days seem
shorter at random times instead, blocking out the light is the main method. This can
be accomplished by:
• Covering the entire greenhouse with a layer of light blocking tarp, shade cloth,
or other materials
• Building smaller enclosures of the light-blocking cover inside the larger
greenhouses
• Masking plants individually with caps or covers
• Shutting off artificial lighting inside buildings that don’t admit any natural light.
Light deprivation isn’t useful for every greenhouse crop, but it is widely used for
annual bedding plants and seasonal decorations like poinsettias. Tricking plants into
thinking it’s a specific time of year is a valuable tool for triggering all sorts of desirable
behavior, like flowering. Even if you strictly grow crops that aren’t traditionally
manipulated with light deprivation, it’s worth experimenting with a small enclosure
just to see what’s possible. Check out our selection of greenhouse products here
at BTL Liners to find the total blackout cover or tarp that is right for you.
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What are the Potential Benefits of Light Deprivation?
If you’re spending a lot of money on premium greenhouse glazing in order to

maximize light transmission or minimize heat gain, you’re likely wondering why you’d
spend more just to cover it up. Light deprivation is mainly undertaken as a way to
manipulate and control plant growth. Plants don’t count the days but rather react in
development based on the conditions around them, including day length. Installing
light deprivation equipment, such as auto retracting covers, could provide a
combination of these benefits for your favorite greenhouse crop.
Flowering Control
The primary benefit of light deprivation is control over when and how long a plant
flowers. Growers first began experimenting with light deprivation and other
photoperiod controls in order to prepare bedding plants for specific seasons. Mums
were among the first plants to undergo informal greenhouse trials to see how they
react to light control.
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Poinsettias soon followed since they naturally change color right at or after the
holiday season. Controlling the flowering cycle is essential for annuals especially
because they begin to die-off and lose their luster a certain time after blooms begin.
If plants flower too early in the greenhouse, they’ll look unappealing to customers or
stop blooming by the time they’re planted. On the opposite end, plants that aren’t
blooming when they go to retail outlets are unlikely to attract the attention of
customers. Light deprivation is the grower’s main tool for manipulating flowering, so
it occurs at just the right time for peak marketing.
Bud Formation
In addition to flower development, many ornamental and cut flower growers need to
be concerned with bud formation control as well. Many plants, like St. John’s Wort,
Baby’s Breath, and even common roses, are grown more for their unopened buds
than their blooming flowers. In the cut flower industry, keeping plants at just the right
stage for bud harvest is a challenge, even with advanced hormone and fertilization
treatments. Light deprivation is essential, and is usually used in conjunction with short
periods of day extension, to help trick the plant into budding without flowering.
Size and Height Development

Aside from bud and flower development, another main use of light dep is to control
or manipulate plant size. Height development is particularly responsive to day length
because many perennials change their habit dramatically when they think they’ve
entered the second year of growth. Cycling a plant through an entire year’s worth of
day length changes can accelerate its growth and development, allowing you to
shorten the production time and cost for many plants. Instead of spending years in
the field or greenhouse, everything from shrubs to bedding plants can be accelerated
and ready to sell in just months.
Shortened Seasons
All of the benefits listed above are due to the ability to lengthen or shorten the natural
season. Season manipulation is the key benefit of both light deprivation and artificial
day extension. That’s why the two methods are commonly used together rather than
separately. In the Northern hemisphere, days are the longest on June 21st and the
shortest on December 21st.
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With the combination of light deprivation and artificial lighting, you could make it
seem like December one week and June the next. Of course, most plants respond
best to a more natural approach that mimics gradual changes. Some plants do need
sudden shifts between long and short day lengths, but it’s all easy to accomplish with
the right light deprivation covers from a company like BTL Liners.
Stronger Color
For poinsettias in particular, it’s not the plants blooming that is triggered with light
deprivation. Rather, it’s actually a color change, in existing top leaves known as bracts.
Other plants may flower just fine with normal seasonal light levels but produce less
than ideal color. Short periods of light deprivation can bring out stronger color from
many annual and perennial bedding plants alike. For example, Christmas cactus often
bloom much more colorfully when triggered with a full light deprivation period rather
than just gradual seasonal changes. With competition increasing annually in both the
bedding and cut flower markets, increased color intensity could be the difference
between success and failure.
Energy Savings
Aside from direct benefits to the greenhouse crops, some growers also choose light
deprivation techniques in order to save energy. This is less likely when relying only
on natural lighting since it’s free to use. If you’re using some or all artificial lighting,
light deprivation periods reduce energy costs immediately. They’re also useful for
controlling heat production when using inefficient lights; especially if you can vent air
out without letting light in. The same light deprivation covers used for photoperiod
control often double as thermal curtains, which have the potential to reduce total
energy costs by 60% or more.
Of course, there are many more potential benefits from light deprivation depending
on the plant or crop. Cutting-edge growers are constantly doing their own
experiments with light blocking covers from BTL Liners. Order some materials today
to build smaller tents or enclosures and you’ll know where to get the materials to
expand
Which Plants Benefit from Light Deprivation?
Some popular greenhouse crops have a long history of proven light deprivation
treatment, while others are completely unknown. It’s best to start with at least one
plant known to respond well to light dep before investing in a full-size greenhouse. If
you’re still experimenting with your current crops to see what benefits from this
technique, try a smaller tent or enclosure made from BTL Liners light-blocking cover.
Then, you can expand from these common plants grown in light dep greenhouses to
find new crops that flourish during longer nights.
Strawberries
Strawberries are one of the few edible greenhouse crops to benefit from light
deprivation. While many crops benefit from extended days through the use of artificial
lighting, few of them grow better or fruit faster when exposed to longer nights. Short
day strawberries need long nights to trigger fruiting, so they obviously benefit from
light deprivation and photoperiod manipulation.
It’s often possible to make these varieties fruit multiple times a year by heavily
manipulating the photoperiods. Of course, everbearing strawberry varieties also
respond similarly since they’re designed to fruit during multiple seasons anyway.
Everbearing strawberries can truly live up to their name when grown in a light dep
greenhouse with intensive management.
Chrysanthemums
Mums are some of the most light sensitive plants commonly sold as bedding annuals.
While they’re usually purchased in mid-to-late summer to refresh the landscape for
autumn, they also prefer not to bloom until nights are between 10.5 and 12 hours long.
In most parts of the Northern Hemisphere, this is later and colder than the plants will
survive outdoors. Growers work around these seasonal incompatibilities with the
power of light deprivation. By keeping the mums in the dark for longer periods, it’s
possible to get them budding and blooming as early as desired in the year. Since
millions of mums are sold each year, that translates into thousands of light deprivation
greenhouses to keep them all flowering on schedule.
Asters and Zinnias

When it comes to cut and bedding flowers, both asters and zinnias respond well to
light deprivation. As with chrysanthemums, the technique is primarily used for
triggering budding and flowering. Zinnias and dahlias can both grow too quickly in the
warm environment of a well-lit greenhouse, so these plants are often stunted slightly
with light deprivation to keep them compact until it’s time to bloom. Other types of
asters and cone flowers like echinacea are also triggered to bloom year-round for
harvesting to transform into herbal teas and other products.
Poinsettias
Poinsettias are commonly referred to as holiday or Christmas flowers, but they’re
technically just sporting brightly colored foliage. Yet, that foliage won’t change into
brilliant red, pink, white, or lime green until long nights begin signaling it’s the right
time of year. This leaves poinsettias naturally changing color a little too late to
appreciate in the winter. Light deprivation is the only way to commercially produce
poinsettias that match up with holiday demand, especially in the Southern
hemisphere. Poinsettias need complete blackout conditions for at least 12 to 14 hours
a day to trigger the color change, so a few mistakes in light deprivation cover could
result in extensive losses during the growing season.
Christmas Cactus and Easter Lilies

Most blooming succulents, including Christmas cactus and kalanchoe, require
extended periods of darkness to trigger flowering. On the other end, Easter lilies
bloom as days start to lengthen and may need supplemental light instead. Light
deprivation is required either way, whether it’s used for triggering the emergence of
flowers or keeping them from budding too early.
Begonias
Begonias are some of the most collected and valuable houseplants, and they’re
known for needing long nights to trigger their rare flowering habits. Flowering
begonias are much more attractive to consumers, but trying to coax a rex begonia to
bloom can seem impossible in a commercial greenhouse setting. Light deprivation is
essential to induce flowering from these sensitive plants, yet only the highest quality
covers will work since they’re so sensitive to fluctuations in temperature and humidity.
These are just a few of the dozens of plants commonly manipulated with light
deprivation. Cosmos, petunias, salvias, snapdragons, marigolds, and sunflowers are
other good options for controlling in this way. With further experimentation and
testing, new opportunities are sure to be found in the next few years. Start your own
tests on greenhouse crops by ordering reliable light deprivation materials from BTL
Liners.
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Complete Light Control vs Use of Natural Light
After deciding that light deprivation is necessary for a specific type of greenhouse
production, it’s necessary to choose between temporary and full-time light blocking.
Taking the plants indoors eliminates the need to drag light blocking tarps back and
forth, but complete light blocking has its disadvantages too. Trying to control the light
levels too stringently will lead to runaway costs without any extra benefit in harvests.
Decide between complete light control or the use of natural light by weighing the
benefits and costs of both methods.
Risks of Light Exposure

First, consider how sensitive the particular crop is to any amount of light exposure. If
even the smallest amount of exposure will interrupt flowering or throw off leaf
development, it’s best to stick with indoor growing only. Permanent structures with
solid walls and double enclosed entrances are the best way to control light as strictly
as possible.
However, most greenhouse crops can handle the occasional brief exposure to light
during a deprivation period without getting thrown off track. This means that solid
walls are overkill for most crops and light deprivation tarps are more than sufficient.
Cost of Control
Measure the ongoing costs of maintaining a very high level of light control versus
using a more relaxed system. The biggest related costs during both installation and
operation include:
• Construction of solid walls versus far more affordable tarps and covers
• Extra equipment for manipulating temporary covers or to supply lighting and
ventilation in fully enclosed buildings
• Energy expenses to either move covers back and forth or to power costly
artificial lighting
• Specialty greenhouse accessories like light blocking vents and doors that cost
far more than the standard models.
The more light the plants can handle during deprivation, the easier and less expensive
it is to use this technique. Check into the latest research on your chosen species and
you’re likely to find there’s a BTL Liners light deprivation cover that will meet your
needs.
Artificial Lighting
Once you’ve committed to a full building or other structure that completely blocks
out light, you’re also committing to the costs and hassles of artificial lighting. A lamp
failure can cost you an entire greenhouse worth of product, while the sun will reliably
rise even when there’s a power failure. Automatic retraction systems for light
deprivation covers almost always include manual controls, so a power failure won’t
leave your greenhouse in the dark. Artificial lighting requires regular maintenance and
increases energy costs significantly. Don’t forget to factor in the extra ventilation
needed to deal with the heat created by the lights as well.
Broad Spectrum
Aside from cost and heat accumulation, artificial lighting is also naturally limited in the
light spectrum it provides. The wide spectrum lighting provided by the sun, even
when there are clear materials blocking some of the rays, is simply better at
encouraging plant growth than artificial lighting.
However, it is now possible to find LED lights that at least claim to provide UV rays to
stimulate growth and trigger flowering. However, these lights still don’t tend to quite
compete with real light. Consider the extra cost and reduced performance before
deciding to completely block out the sun for good.
Changing Demands
Building a structure designed just for light deprivation limits your opportunities to
change and adapt later. In contrast, a clear glazed greenhouse covered with a
temporary light blocking tarp is changed in mere hours to adapt to any other use.
When markets change or you discover a new method for triggering optimal plant
growth, light deprivation covers allow you to adapt your existing structures as quickly
as possible. It’s also much easier and faster to add these covers to existing
greenhouses than to build new structures just for light dep.
Not only are light deprivation covers a smaller investment than new construction, but
they’re also more flexible and easier to repurpose in the future. Don’t be discouraged
by stories of low quality or unreliable light deprivation materials from other suppliers.
Stick with BTL Liners for light dep covers you can rely on for years to come.
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Methods for Depriving Plants of Light
While light deprivation is a general technique, widely used in horticulture, there’s

more than one way to actually apply it in the greenhouse. Rushing to order a cover
large enough to cover an entire greenhouse may be a mistake if you’re still
experimenting to see how your crops respond. On the other hand, trying to deal with
individual covers won’t work once you’re trying to manage a full harvest of plants.
Here are the basic options for light deprivation in the greenhouse, including methods
making good use of materials from BTL Liners.
Tarps and Covers

The most flexible and affordable materials for controlling light exposure is a tarp or
cover designed for black out use. Shade cloth may reduce the amount of light
entering the greenhouse, to control heat or growth rate, but it won’t replace actual
light dep materials. BTL Liners not only produces clear greenhouse covers with light
transmission rates but also covers with practically no transmission.
These covers are kept as lightweight as possible so they’re easy to drag back and
forth over the exterior of a greenhouse without tearing either material. Even if you
only plan to build smaller internal enclosures to do limited light dep, make sure to
use a durable black out tarp or cover material.
Shade Cloth
While shade cloth isn’t an actual light deprivation material, it’s still useful in controlling
the total rate of growth for many plants. It’s also commonly used in conjunction with
complete transmission blocking covers so that the sudden transition to brighter light
doesn’t shock or burn the plants. Hanging a layer of thin shade cloth that only blocks
10% or so of the total light helps transition plants that have grown used to spending a
lot of time in the dark. Shade cloth can also be used over layers of black out tarps to
help protect them from long-term UV damage.
Solid Materials
Building or re-purposing an entire building just to contain a light deprivation system
is expensive, but it’s the best option if complete light control is needed. Solid materials
like siding, drywall, and insulation ensure that even small cracks can’t let light in to
interrupt the photoperiod manipulation. However, most greenhouse growers can only
afford to build relatively small structures for light dep if relying on solid materials and
stick-framed construction techniques. Instead, almost all light deprivation
greenhouses are traditional, plastic glazed designs, that are covered temporarily or
permanently with a light blocking cover because they’re much more cost effective.
Internal Booths and Tents

For smaller scale experiments and crops that don’t fill up an entire greenhouse on
their own, internal booths, tents, and section covers work well. These limited size
enclosures are far more affordable than trying to cover an entire commercial scale
greenhouse at once with a premium light blocking cover product. You still need a
heavy duty, durable, light-proof cover to build these internal enclosures. Just
because they’re smaller than an entire light dep greenhouse doesn’t mean you can
settle for sub-par products. In fact, the extra wear and tear these small enclosures
tend to see means they typically need a more durable cover material than larger
tarps.
Individual Covers
The smallest scale, of light deprivation, is the use of an individual cover over a single
plant at a time. Obviously, this kind of treatment will only work for tests and
experiments and not for actual production scale. It’s a valuable tool for seeing how
individual species or cultivars respond to light deprivation in varying patterns and
periods. Plant pots and plastic bags are often repurposed for these kinds of
experiments, but you’ll get more accurate results and lose fewer plants by using real
cover materials. Cut and seal a few circular covers, from a light blocking tarp, to build
a set of inexpensive testing covers for homegrown light dep experiments in the
greenhouse.
Regardless of the amount of light deprivation cover you need, you’ll find the materials
you need at BTL Liners. Our light deprivation covers are designed to slide smoothly
over greenhouse glazing materials without damaging them. They provide
unparalleled light transmission blocking so you can achieve precise control over the
exact flowering and growth periods of any day sensitive crops.
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Choosing a Light Deprivation Cover Material for

Greenhouses
Regardless of whether you need to cover an entire purpose-built structure or just a

small enclosure inside a greenhouse, you’ll need a light deprivation cover you can
trust. If the material fails or breaks down in the middle of a cycle, the crop inside could
be damaged or lost entirely. Bedding plants, in particular, are very sensitive to
fluctuations in light levels from low quality covers that let more lumens through than
expected. Choose a cover material that truly controls light transmission and provides
years of reliable service with these tips and hints.
Amount of Light Blocking

Not all light dep covers and tarps are designed to actually block light completely.
Many are better categorized as deep shade cloths because they only block 70% to
80% of light transmission at most. 100% light transmission blocking is challenging to
achieve with a woven material, but non-woven materials can definitely provide this
kind of light control. These kinds of tarps are commonly referred to as total black out
light deprivation covers. This refers to a total control of light transmission for true night
extension rather than just growth control through irradiance limitation. If you need to
do more than just reduce the intensity of the light, make sure you’re buying a cover
designed for black out use.
Moisture and Air Circulation

Greenhouses already suffer from high moisture levels and sluggish air circulation, and
unfortunately adding a layer of light dep cover doesn’t help much. When building
small enclosures within a larger greenhouse, it’s particularly easy for the space to
become extremely humid and encourage plant diseases. Breathable light deprivation
covers are recommended for this kind of application. However, these woven and
porous materials can’t be used on the exterior of a full greenhouse because they’re
too absorbent and prone to tearing. Keep the breathable light-blocking covers for
interior use and stick to more durable materials when covering a section of the
exterior or a whole greenhouse at a time.
Heat Accumulation
Any time you enclose a greenhouse or a smaller section in a thick layer of dark
colored material, you’re sure to increase the heat. Since greenhouses already
accumulate a lot of heat, the extra thermal effect of a light dep cover can push the
envelope and damage sensitive plants. Using light deprivation covers in winter only
could help. Yet, that only works well in the Southern hemisphere since nights are
already long in the Northern hemisphere during that time of year. Look for materials
designed to minimize heat gain through the use of reflective or white outer surfaces,
venting slits, or texture to reduce heat absorption. Increasing ventilation may be all
you need to compensate for the extra heat.
Woven vs Non-Woven
Woven light deprivation covers are popular because they’re inexpensive to produce,
lightweight, and flexible for easy removal. However, the woven material is naturally
weak for the very purpose of light deprivation since each woven piece is prone to
moving to create gaps that let light through. Non-woven materials, made with
calendaring and other related techniques, are the only ones that can truly claim to
achieve 100% black out conditions. When photoperiod control is essential to
triggering flowering or a harvest, stick with the more durable and reliable non-woven
cover materials only.
Reinforcement
Regardless of the specific cover you choose for light deprivation, look for a material
that features a reinforced design. Reinforced greenhouse covers include a special
layer of scrim tape designed to keep the material from tearing, folding, or bunching
as you move it back and forth. Since most light deprivation covers are removed and
replaced repeatedly, over the course of a cycle, crack and tear resistance is essential
for these materials. Don’t settle for non-reinforced light deprivation covers when
reinforced products are available from BTL Liners.
Material Options
The single most important decision you’ll make when selecting a light deprivation
cover is its material. Some materials can handle daily exposure to intense sunlight
and constant movement back and forth, while others simply break down and crack
within a few months of use. Your options rated from best to worst include:
• Reinforced polyethylene (RPE), the material that offers the best combination of
UV resistance, wear and tear durability, and light transmission control. It’s a
non-woven material that can actually provide 100% total black out conditions,
and it’s going to last the longest in a challenging situation such as covering over
a greenhouse exterior.
• Low density polyethylene (LDPE), which isn’t as durable as RPE but at least has
the flexibility to withstand constant removal and replacement over the
greenhouse. It’s prone to UV damage over time, even when treated to resist
sun damage.
• High density polyethylene (HDPE), which is too stiff and hard to fold to easily
use as a light deprivation cover. The heaviness of this material also increases
the chance of damage as it’s dragged over a greenhouse multiple times a day.
However, it does offer slightly better UV resistance and longevity than some
other materials.
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a common material used for all sorts of flexible
polymer sheets. It’s weaker than any kind of polyethylene when it comes to UV
resistance, and PVC that’s treated for sun exposure may leech out chemicals
that interfere with plant growth. While this material is flexible, it’s weak against
wear and tear that comes with moving a light dep cover around all the time.
• Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM), a thick and stiff rubber material
that is simply too heavy to consider putting on top of a greenhouse. Even if the
structure can handle the extra weight, it’s too stiff to conform to a curved or
angled shape and provide useful light blocking. Leave the EPDM for other
purposes like roofing and stick to RPE when choosing a material for light dep
covers.
If all these considerations are a little overwhelming, BTL Liners is happy to help make
the process even easier. Simply call us to discuss your needs for a light deprivation
greenhouse and we’ll guide you to the right products. If you haven’t built the
greenhouse yet, we can provide both the light transmitting clear glazing cover and
light deprivation tarps to give you complete control over the day length inside the
structure.
through.
Automated vs Manual Controls for Light

Deprivation Covers
Even a small hoop house, designed to just cover the tops of the plants, is a challenge
to cover and uncover on a daily basis. The weight of a large light deprivation cover
quickly adds up, making manual removal and replacement more challenging than
you might expect. If you’ve never handled a light dep tarp by hand, make sure to get
an accurate weight estimate before planning to use either manual or automatic
controls. Automated removal systems take the hard work out of pulling the material
back and forth twice a day, but they still require sizing to the weight of the cover.
Narrow down your decision between the two methods of control for light deprivation
covers with these considerations.
Upfront and Ongoing Costs

Automated cover controls are definitely more expensive than manual removal
systems, both to install initially and for ongoing operation. The energy costs of running
motors to retract and extend the cover will add up over the years. However, don’t
forget to factor in labor costs when comparing the two methods. Even when using
effort-saving manual cranks and extension arms, it takes plenty of hard work from
multiple team members if there’s no automated system. Compare all of the hidden
maintenance and repair costs and you may find automated controls are more
affordable than you assumed.
Labor and Ergonomics

Speaking of labor, you may need to hire extra employees just to manage the daily
routine of retracting and extending the light dep cover if you choose manual controls.
Even when the extension arms are doing all the dragging and lifting work, you’ll need
at least two employees at a time to operate the equipment evenly. Don’t forget about
the impact on employees’ bodies when asking them to manually drag and fold heavy
light dep tarps and covers for weeks on end. Automated cover systems reduce
injuries and repetitive strain claims that increase your insurance costs and take your
valuable team members out of work at the height of the season.
Power Supply
Of course, some remote greenhouses may not have the power supply for either
automated or powered manual control arms. For these structures, dragging the tarps
back and forth by hand alone is the only option. It’s best not to add light deprivation
to an entire greenhouse unless there’s a steady and affordable power supply. This
allows you to choose from both manual and automated equipment without
limitations. Solar panels and generators can add power to remote sites where
standard utility connections aren’t available, expanding options for light deprivation
greenhouses in rural areas.
Suitable Cover Materials

Due to the extra stress and tension, automated light deprivation control systems tend
to require a more durable material than manual equipment. All powered control arms
will call for a reinforced or strong cover since the extra force easily tears thinner and
weaker materials. Of course, even carefully spreading tarps by hand can tear them if
they’re made from inferior materials. Don’t let the need for a strong cover keep you
from investing in automated control equipment. It’s worth the investment in a more
durable tarp anyway since it will last longer before developing rips or tears.
Maintenance and Repairs

Automated equipment will require more repairs and maintenance than manual arms
and lifts, but both require regular attention. Only committing to moving the tarps by
hand will eliminate these maintenance costs and chores. Yet they’re well worth the
reduction in extra labor costs, wear and tear on the tarps, and risks for employee
injuries. Consider how much you’re potentially saving as you weigh the extra costs
like routine equipment maintenance.
Make sure that any automated control equipment you choose for light deprivation
tarps includes manual overrides. This allows you to still remove the tarps to let light
in if the power goes out and leaves the automated system failing to work. Timers
make it easy to get perfect light dep periods, but they’re no substitute for human
verification that everything’s operating as designed. Find strong light deprivation
covers and tarps here at BTL Liners to use with automated and manual control
systems alike.
through.
Converting Greenhouses for Light Deprivation
Most greenhouse growers, that are interested in expanding into light deprivation,
already have at least one existing structure to convert. Conversions and retrofit
projects are generally much easier than trying to build new greenhouses from scratch
just for light deprivation. If the greenhouse is already designed to take advantage of
the light with high transmission glazing, it’s as simple as adding a layer of light control
material and a system for retracting it. Here are the answers to some of the most
common questions about converting standard greenhouses for light deprivation
treatment.
Structural Support
All metal framed greenhouses, and most wood designs, should easily handle the
weight of an extra layer of a plastic film without any modifications or reinforcements.
If the greenhouse is already close to its weight limit with the current glazing, extra
internal posts and supports can easily bolster the structure to bear the weight of
medium to light covers and tarps.
The heaviest black out tarps may need modifications of the majority of greenhouse
structures. If you’re unsure if your current greenhouse will need more support or not,
talk to an engineer for some quick calculations.
Ease of Addition
It’s surprisingly easy to add light deprivation equipment to an existing structure, so it’s
not necessary to design the greenhouse from scratch just to accommodate it. The
majority of both manual and automated control systems for deprivation tarps are
designed to fit over existing greenhouse structures with few to no modifications. The
tarps also slip easily over any size and shape of structure with a little custom
fabrication from BTL Liners. Waiting to expand into light deprivation can help a new
greenhouse operation get established before they take on a lot of debt. Don’t be
afraid to put off light dep systems for a few years since they’re a relatively easy
addition.
Increasing Ventilation
With an extra layer of material tucked around the exterior of the greenhouse, it’s no
wonder the structure is likely to heat up even further in the summer sun. The dark
interior traps heat even more efficiently than the clear glazing on the average
greenhouse. When retrofitting an existing greenhouse structure for light deprivation
use, you’ll definitely need to increase the ventilation. Frame in extra air movers to
handle both the excess heat and increased humidity as leaf transpiration increases in
the dark.
Setting Up Automation
If you’re going through the effort to add light deprivation to an existing greenhouse,
consider using some of the construction savings on automated equipment.
Automated control systems for these tarps and covers are worth the extra cost
because they help achieve exact photoperiods. It’s all too easy for manual retraction
processes to vary by half an hour to over an hour from day to day. This interferes with
the desired effects of the light dep, wasting the investment and the labor put into the
process. Make the most of the cover with timers that automatically switch between
retraction and covering so that growth continues exactly as desired.
Don’t give up on that old greenhouse frame or the unproductive design just because
it’s not currently in use. With some basic modifications, it’s likely a great choice for
conversion into a light deprivation greenhouse instead. While you’ll have to do a little
engineering and modification to add the light dep cover to the structure, it’s well
worth the cost for most growers interested in this technique. Find the tarp and cover
materials you need here at BTL Liners to get started on your retrofitting project today.
through.
Specialty Accessories for the Light

Deprivation Greenhouse
The light deprivation greenhouse begins with a large cover over the arch of the
structure to block out the majority of the light. But if you’re serious about using this
technique to trigger growth or flowering, it’s essential to get the matching accessories
that truly keep light out. Without matching equipment like light traps and end wall
covers, enough light will still get into the greenhouse that light dep is practically
impossible. These five light dep greenhouse accessories aren’t strictly required, but
they are recommended to get a better and more profitable growing experience.
Ventilation Upgrades
Ventilation is a concern in every greenhouse, but the light dep greenhouse is
particularly prone to developing both heat and humidity issues. The key to preventing
this is to upgrade the ventilation system while adding any covers or tarps to block out
light. If the greenhouse previously relied on passive ventilation alone, it’ll need a re-
design to rely on active ventilation instead.
Passive ventilation simply can’t be covered with light traps in the same way to ensure
actual darkness, making it a poor fit for the high humidity of the light dep greenhouse.
Light Traps
Light traps are special baffles installed around ventilation equipment like air movers
and fans. These baffles allow air to move through freely while still interrupting beams
of light that might reach your plants and interrupt their night extension. Light traps
work best on active ventilation systems since there’s no need for a large gap to stay
open to let air flow in and out. These kinds of designs are also available for doors and
other entryways so that workers going in and out won’t interrupt the photoperiod. If
you’re not going to invest in light controls for the entryways, make sure the
greenhouse doors stay locked during dark periods while it’s still bright outside.
End Wall Covers

Standard light deprivation covers are primarily designed to fit over the long end of a
curved or Gothic arch greenhouse. Yet the end walls in most greenhouses also need
their own covers if they’re covered in translucent glazing or lack a tight fit to the rest
of the structure. BTL Liners can happily supply the materials to create matching end
wall covers to fit any size and style of greenhouse. Don’t settle for covering end walls
with improvised materials like siding or sheet metal that costs far more than
affordable light deprivation material.
Tarp Pulling Arms

Whether you decide to go with an automated or manual tarp control system in the
end, make sure you invest in actual tarp pulling arms. Trying to move hundreds of
pounds of light dep cover completely by hand is a fool’s errand, even with a large
crew of people. As soon as you’re covering more than a hoop house that is a few feet
tall, invest in pulleys and arms that lift the cover over the building, so it moves freely.
This reduces wear and tear dramatically to keep the tarp intact as long as possible.
Each tiny crack and tear allows light through to interrupt the deprivation process, so
don’t risk damaging the cover just to save money on tarp pulling arms.
Interior Curtains and Enclosures

Unless you need to block off the entire greenhouse at once, and for the same
photoperiod, you’ll likely want some interior curtains to divide the space up. Interior
curtains made of clear materials obviously ruin the light dep effect, so make sure
they’re made of the same total black out material as the rest of the tarps. These
curtains and enclosures will have the same basic shape as end wall covers, but they’ll
need more temporary attachment options since they’re likely to be moved around
regularly to block off different areas.
With all five of these accessories, you’re sure to get much more use out of your new
light dep greenhouse. Find the materials to cover and enclose the greenhouse here
at BTL Liners to make the project move ahead smoothly.
through.
Conclusion
Light deprivation is a powerful technique for manipulating plant growth stages, so
they’re perfectly timed for consumer demand, regardless of the actual season.
However, creating a productive light dep greenhouse is not as simple as throwing any
old tarp over the greenhouse. You’ll need high quality light deprivation covers that
actually provide the total blackout conditions they promise. In addition to a cover,
automated control systems and light traps go a long way in keeping the photoperiods
perfect. Whether you’re dreaming of greenhouses full of colorful poinsettias or just
want to make your mums bloom all at once, you can find the light dep covers and
tarps you need here at BTL Liners. We also supply other greenhouse materials like
translucent high light transmission covers so you can build your entire business from
scratch with our help.
through.
Sources:
https://www.gro-techsystems.com/automated-light-deprivation/
https://www.greenhousemegastore.com/light-deprivation-greenhouses
https://weatherport.com/about-light-deprivation/
https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/fact-sheets/photoperiod-bedding-plants
https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/fact-sheets/photoperiod-control-systems-for-
greenhouse-crops
https://u.osu.edu/indoorberry/photoperiodic-lighting/
http://depts.washington.edu/propplnt/Chapters/Photo%20Manipulation.pdf
https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/sites/agscid7/files/horticulture/osu-nursery-greenhouse-and-
christmas-trees/onn080319.pdf
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0724YZBV2
https://www.canr.msu.edu/floriculture/resources/edibles
https://www.canr.msu.edu/floriculture/resources/light-management
https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ho/ho-253-w.pdf
https://www.growertalks.com/Article/?articleid=20668
https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/sites/agscid7/files/horticulture/osu-nursery-greenhouse-and-
christmas-trees/onn080319.pdf
http://depts.washington.edu/propplnt/Chapters/Photo%20Manipulation.pdf
https://www.greenhousegrower.com/technology/5-things-cannabis-growers-should-look-for-in-
a-light-deprivation-system/
https://www.gardenatoz.com/what's-up!/main-features-this-season/when-long-nights-spur-
bloom/
https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/HO/HO-249-W.pdf
https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/light_and_flowering_of_bedding_plants
https://www.bootstrapfarmer.com/blogs/building-a-greenhouse/light-deprivation-how-to-
implement-it-and-why-you-should
https://www.logees.com/shortdaybloomers

LightDepGreenhouses Ebook

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A Quick Guide to Getting Started with Light Deprivation Greenhouses

Thank you for downloading the BTL's Light Deprivation

Moisture and Air Circulation........................................................................................................................................................... 22

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What is Light Deprivation?

Long Days or Long Nights?

Determining If a Plant is Photoperiodic

When Light Deprivation Isn’t Enough

Methods for Light Deprivation

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What are the Potential Benefits of Light Deprivation?

If you’re spending a lot of money on premium greenhouse glazing in order to

Size and Height Development

Which Plants Benefit from Light Deprivation?

Asters and Zinnias

Christmas Cactus and Easter Lilies

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Complete Light Control vs Use of Natural Light

Risks of Light Exposure

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Methods for Depriving Plants of Light

While light deprivation is a general technique, widely used in horticulture, there’s

Tarps and Covers

Internal Booths and Tents

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Choosing a Light Deprivation Cover Material for

Regardless of whether you need to cover an entire purpose-built structure or just a

Amount of Light Blocking

Moisture and Air Circulation

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Automated vs Manual Controls for Light

Upfront and Ongoing Costs

Labor and Ergonomics

Suitable Cover Materials

Maintenance and Repairs

Visit BTLLiners.com/ArmorCover to learn more.

Converting Greenhouses for Light Deprivation

Visit BTLLiners.com/ArmorCover to learn more.

Specialty Accessories for the Light

End Wall Covers

Tarp Pulling Arms

Interior Curtains and Enclosures

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Visit BTLLiners.com/ArmorCover to learn more.

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