10

ARTIGO ORIGINAL
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the population in the
neighborhoods South of the city of Anápolis, Goiás State, Brazil

Debborah Gonçalves Bezerra1 ; Roberta Rosa de Souza1 ; Eva Aparecida Prado do Couto1 ; Vitor Ribeiro
Novaes1 ; Moisana Borges Ribeiro1 ; Charlys Gonçalves de Souza1 ; Géssica A. Rodrigues1 ; Cintia C.
Melo1 ; Emival Pinheiro Agra Júnior1 ; Iriamar Costa Fernandes1 ; Elton Fialho dos Reis1 ; Giuliana M. Vila
Verde1 ; Josana de Castro Peixoto1 ; Mirley Luciene dos Santos1 ; Joelma Abadia Marciano de Paula1*
1
Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Anápolis, GO, Brasil. *To whom
correspondence may be addressed: joelma.paula@ueg.br

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to identify the major medicinal plants and their primary
uses in an urban community encompassing the South neighborhoods of Anápolis, Goiás State,
Brazil. Structured interviews were applied to 352 residents of both genders, randomly selected.
The informant consensus factor (ICF), relative importance (RI) and percentage of the corrected
Agreement related to the Main Uses (cAMU) were calculated. A total of 120 species belonging to
45 families were recorded. Based on the ICF calculation, the nervous (0.88), respiratory (0.82)
and digestive (0.81) systems were identified as the most important body systems treated by
medicinal plants. For species with cAMU values above 20%, the majority of the “main uses”
and “parts of the plant” cited by the interviewees coincided with those recognized by official
Brazilian literature. The three species with the highest RI were Plantago L. (1.6), Aloe vera (L.)
Burm. f. (1.4), and Vernonia polyanthes (Spreng.) Less. (1.3).
Keywords: cAMU, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, urban communities.

RESUMO: Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais utilizadas pela população

de bairros da região sul da cidade de Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi
identificar as principais plantas medicinais e seus usos primários em uma comunidade urbana
que abrange os bairros situados ao sul da cidade de Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. Para tanto, foram
aplicadas entrevistas estruturadas a 352 residentes de ambos os sexos, randomicamente
selecionados. Foram calculados o Fator de Consenso do Informante (FCI), a Importância
Relativa (IR) e a Concordância do Uso Principal corrigida (CUPc). Foram registradas 120
espécies vegetais pertencentes a 45 famílias. Com base no cálculo do FCI, os sistemas nervoso
(0,88), respiratório (0,82) e digestivo (0,81) foram identificados como os sistemas corporais
mais importantes tratados com plantas medicinais pelos moradores da região sul de Anápolis.
Para as espécies com valores de CUPc maior que 20%, a maioria dos “usos principais” e “das
partes das plantas” citadas pelos entrevistados coincidiram com aqueles reconhecidos por
literaturas brasileiras oficiais. As três espécies com maiores valores de IR foram Plantago L.
(1.6), Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (1.4), Vernonia polyanthes (Spreng.) Less. (1.3).
Palavras-chave: CUPc, etnobotânica, plantas medicinais, comunidades urbanas.

INTRODUCTION
The Alma-Ata Conference, which was
convened by the World Health Organization
(WHO), in 1978, was a remarkable event for
the consolidation of knowledge on the use of
medicinal plants by different populations of the
world with regard to the diversity of cultural values.
Thereafter, the WHO began to encourage the
use of phytotherapy, especially in developing
countries, as a complementary health practice to
reduce the harmful and exclusionary impacts of the
expensive healthcare systems created over time
in these countries (WHO, 1978; Leite, 2009). In
addition, the publication of the document entitled
“Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005” by the
WHO reaffirmed their commitment to encouraging
the Member States to formulate and implement
public policies for the rational and integrated use of
traditional and complementary/alternative medicine
in national healthcare systems and develop scientific
studies that might provide insights into the safety,

Recebido para publicação em 18/03/2016

Aceito para publicação em 02/02/2021 10.1590/1983-084X/
©️ 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais. 20_02_002
This is an open access article
Data de publicação em 17/08/2021 under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Sociedade Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais

Revista 2021
Brasileira de © I Revista
Plantas Brasileira
Medicinais (2018)de20:10-27.
Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
 11
efficacy and quality of such medicinal practices
(WHO, 2002).
In the near future, Brazil will be moving to
make the use of medicinal plants and phytotherapics
in its public health services a reality and to a
legalized therapeutic use (Di Stasi, 2007), which
is consistent with the prerogatives of the WHO.
This movement has been accomplished because
of the approval of the National Policy on Integrative
and Complementary Practices in the Unified
Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS)
by Ministério da Saúde (2006) and publication of
Federal Decree number 5,813 of June 22th, 2006,
which approves the National Policy on Medicinal
Plants and Phytotherapics (Política Nacional de
Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos - PNPMF) (Brazil,
2006).
The general aim of the PNPMF is to
guarantee the Brazilian population safe access and
rational use of medicinal plants and phytotherapics,
promoting the sustainable use of biodiversity, the
development of the supply chain and of the national
industry (Brazil, 2006).One of the PNPMF guidelines
covers the promotion and recognition of popular
practices that utilize medicinal plants and homemade
remedies to encourage the creation of partnerships
between government and social movements
intended to ensure the safe and sustainable use of
medicinal plants, identification and implementation
of validation/recognition mechanisms that value
different systems of knowledge, promotion of
actions that preserve the intangible cultural heritage
associated with medicinal plants, and support of
community initiatives intended to organize and
recognize traditional and popular knowledge (Brazil,
2006).
In this context, the need for studies capable
of rapidly advancing a theory of the relationship
between people and natural resources is evident
(Albuquerque & Lucena, 2008), especially for
ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies.
Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological
studies are important because they allow for the
recovery and preservation of knowledge on medicinal
plants with the intention of selecting plants for use
in pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical
studies (Di Stasi, 2005). A basic scientific body of
knowledge essential to the production of the majority
of the drugs available on the market, which is the
foundation of modern medicine, was created based
on popular empirical knowledge and knowledge
originated from traditional communities (Di Stasi,
2005).
Ethnobotanical studies can also support
research on the sustainable use of biodiversity
resources by valuing and using the empirical
knowledge of human societies based on definition
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
of management systems, which encourages the
generation of scientific and technological knowledge
aimed at the sustainable use of natural resources
(Rai et al., 2011).
In order to reduce subjectivity in the
presentation of information on medicinal plants in
ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies
and to offer more objective parameters for decision-
making, the techniques usually used in these studies,
such as free listing and semi-structured interviews,
and quantitative ethnobotany have gained popularity
(Albuquerque & Hanazaki, 2006).
Phillips (1996) defines quantitative
ethnobotany as the use of statistical techniques
to analyze data on the use of plants. For example,
the use of quantitative ethnobotany enables such
techniques as the assessment of the importance of
plants for a particular ethnic group or community,
comparison of the uses and/or plant communities
among different populations, comparison of the
importance of the different types of plants for a
community and establishment and comparison of
the relative importance of the species and families
of medicinal plants, among others (Phillips & Gentry,
1993).
Several ethnobotanical surveys have been
conducted in traditional and/or urban communities
of the Goiás state (Vila Verde et al., 2003; Souza
& Felfili, 2006; Silva, 2007; Carneiro, 2009;
Massarotto, 2009; Viu et al., 2010; Martins, 2012;
Soares et al., 2013; Zucchi et al., 2013). However,
few of these studies have made use of specific
quantitative tools in data analysis. Worth mentioning
the work of Silva (2007) and Silva & Proença (2008)
on the ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal
plants used by rural and urban communities in the
city of Ouro Verde de Goiás, where they elected
native species of the Cerrado biome with potential
for pharmacological studies based on corrected
popular use concordance (cAMU) and evaluated if
botanical knowledge and the reason for cultivating
medicinal plants on backyards of those housing
could be affected by age, gender, education, place
of birth and rural/urban setting of the informant. Viu
& Viu (2011) established use-values reported (RU),
using consensus (UCs) and diversity of use (DUs)
to indicate the species of greatest importance for
ethnoveterinary in the city of Jataí-GO. A survey of
medicinal plants used by Itamaraty neighborhood
community in the city of Anápolis-GO, revealed that
Asteraceae and Lamiaceae are the botanical families
most often cited as medicinal by that community,
however, the analyzes had been merely descriptive
(Sousa et al., 2010).
Using qualitative and quantitative analyses,
the aim of the present study was to list the primary
medicinal plants and their main uses in an urban
 12
community that encompasses the neighborhoods
surrounding the Henrique Santillo Campus of the
State University of Goiás (Universidade Estadual de
Goiás - UEG), which is South of the city of Anápolis,
Goiás State, Brazil.
METHODS
Study site
The city of Anápolis in the state of Goiás,
Brazil, has an estimated population of 324,303
inhabitants (IBGE 2010). It is located 53 km far from
the capital city of Goiânia and contains the third
largest population in the state of Goiás. In addition,
it is the second largest city in terms of tax revenue
and second largest city of the state of Goiás, and
it composes part the most developed region of the
Brazilian Midwest, the Goiânia-Anápolis-Brasília
axis. Anápolis has a humid subtropical climate,
and two distinct seasons: the dry season, which
coincides with the cold period, and the rainy season,
which coincides with the warm period (Municipality
of Anápolis, 2013). The vegetation cover in the city
is almost completely altered by human action, which
has been replacing forests for decades with cultivated
areas for cereals, such as rice and corn, coffee and
pasture areas to feed cattle. Anápolis is located in
an area of ecological tension with contact between
the Cerrado and forest region. The Cerrado, which is
predominantly on the East, encompasses two basic
vegetation types: the savanna-like Cerrado and open
savanna (referred in Brazil as “campo cerrado”). The
city has only 22% of its original vegetation cover, with
humans occupying approximately 78% of the area
(Morais et al., 2010).
For this study, a sample containing the
urban and adult population of the Arco Verde, Setor
Sul and Vila Esperança neighborhoods was studied.
These neighborhoods integrate the Southern region
of Anápolis where the UEG’s Henrique Santillo
Campus is located.
Sampling of informants and methodology
In the period comprising August to
December 2012 the interviewers, accompanied by
neighborhood community health workers, visited
homes scheduled by the community public health
workers to coincide with their routine visits and
to provide broad and random sample of each
neighborhood, totalizing 352 residents interviewed,
including individuals of both genders people older
than 18 years. Interviews were conducted using
a semi-structured questionnaire containing topics
related to personal information (age, gender, place
of birth, educational level and family income), and
also the information about the medicinal plants used,
including their origin, common name, part of plant
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
used, indications, methods of preparation, use of
other plants in the preparation, usage time of the
preparation, dosage, and source of knowledge on
the medicinal plants.
During the interviews, when possible,
botanical material was collected for the preparation
of vouchers, which were deposited in the herbarium
of the UEG (HUEG), Henrique Santillo Campus,
Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil. The botanical names of other
species mentioned were determined by researching
botanical databases, such as The International Plant
Names Index and Tropicos®. The research project
was approved by the Human Research Ethics
Committee of the Clinics Hospital/UFG (number
184/2011).
Quantitative analysis
The socioeconomic information and
information on the use of medicinal plants by
the interviewees were consolidated into Excel
spreadsheets to calculate the percentages. To
compare the proportions of native/introduce species
with the greatest cAMU values the Chi-square test
was employed.
For recognizing the body systems that were
more important among the interviewees, to highlight
the importance of the plants cited by the interviewees
in relation to their versatility or the number of their
pharmacological indications; and to indicate the most
widespread and accepted uses of a given species
and to show whether there is agreement among the
members of the studied population regarding that
use, we have calculated, respectively, the informant
consensus factor (ICF), relative importance (RI) and
percentage of the corrected Agreement related to the
Main Uses (cAMU), as described next.
Informant consensus factor (ICF): to support
the identification of the body systems of greater
importance that were indicated in the interviews,
the pathologies cited by the interviewees were
defined based on the International Classification of
Diseases (ICD) of the World Health Organization
(International Statistical Classification of Diseases
and Related Health Problems, WHO, 2016). For each
health condition, a unique category was assigned
with a corresponding code. Such categories can
include a set of similar pathologies.
After categorizing the diseases according to
the ICD, the ICF was calculated using the technique
described by Trotter & Logan (1986) to identify the
body systems that were more important among
the interviewees. The ICF is based on the level of
consistency among the answers of the interviewees
that were collected through individual interviews,
and it allows an analysis of the relative importance
of each use. It is calculated as follows:
ICF = (NUR-NT)/(NUR-1)
 13
Where NUR is the sum of the use-reports
by each informant in a given category and NT is
the number of taxa indicated in that category. The
maximum value of the ICF is 1, which indicates a
complete consensus among informants regarding the
plants indicated for a given category (Albuquerque
et al., 2005).
Relative Importance (RI): the RI value was
also calculated as described by Bennett & Prance
(2000) to highlight the importance of the plants cited
by the interviewees in relation to their versatility or
the number of their pharmacological indications.
The following formula was used to calculate the RI:
RI= NBS + NP
Where NBS corresponds to the number
of body systems, which is obtained by dividing the
number of body systems treated by a given species
(NBSS) by the total number of body systems treated
by the most versatile species (NBSVS) (Albuquerque
et al., 2005).
Thus, the NBS can be calculated as follows:
NBS = NBSS/NBSVS
Where NP is the number of properties,
which is obtained by dividing the number of
properties attributed to a particular species (NPS)
by the number of properties attributed to the most
versatile species (NPVS) (Albuquerque et al., 2005).
Thus, the NP can be calculated as follows:
NP = NPS/NPVS
Agreement related to the Main Uses (AMU):
the fidelity level of the uses of medicinal plants
mentioned by the interviewees for each species
was obtained following the method proposed by
Friedman et al. (1986) and modified by Amorozo
& Gély (1988). To estimate the fidelity level, the
percentage of AMU for the species was calculated
according to the formulas described below:
AMU = Fid/Fs × 100
Where Fid is the frequency of indication
of a specific disease for the species and Fs is the
frequency of citation of the corresponding species.
The correction factor (CF) can be calculated
according to the following formula:
CF = Ni/Nsp
Where Ni is the number of informants for a
given species and Nsp is the number of informants
who cited the most cited species.
Thus, the corrected Agreement
related to the Main Uses (cAMU) can be calculated
as follows:
cAMU = AMU × CF
Species with cAMU greater than 50% have
a considerable principal use agreement.
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
RESULTS
Socioeconomic information
Based on the age group, interviewees
older than 51 years (64.4%) were more likely to
use medicinal plants to relieve symptoms or to treat
a disease. The results also showed that 64.7%
of the interviewees used medicinal plants, and
81.6% of these interviewees were female. This
can be explained because usually the female are
responsible for making the medicinal preparations,
especially among elderly whose practice of herbal
medicine as self-medication is common (Cascae et
al., 2008).
Among the interviewees, 59% have a
monthly family income between R$ 1001.00 and R$
3000.00 (US$ 385.6 – US$ 1155.00, US dollar rate
according to Central Bank of Brazil on January, 2015)
and 37% between the minimum wage (R$ 788.00)
and R$ 1000.00 (US$ 303.00 – US$ 385.00, US
dollar rate according to Central Bank of Brazil on
January, 2015).
Use of medicinal plants
The interviewees cited approximately
120 species used medicinally (Table 1). The most
cited plant families were Fabaceae, Asteraceae
and Lamiaceae. The subsequent families also
cited were: Malvaceae, Bignoniaceae, Myrtaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae,
Apocynaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae and Rutaceae.
The following are the species most cited by
the interviewees: bilberry (“boldo” in Brazil) – 9.71%
(Vernonia condensata Baker and Plectranthus
barbatus Andrews); mint – 9.10% (Mentha spp.);
lemongrass (“capim santo” in Brazil) – 7.48%
(Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf); epazote (“erva
de Santa Maria” in Brazil) – 5.26% (Chenopodium
ambrosioides L.); bushy matgrass (“erva cidreira” in
Brazil) – 4.45% (Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britt.
& P. Wilson); aloe vera (“babosa” in Brazil) – 4.04%
(Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.); rosemary (“alecrim” in
Brazil) – 3.64% (Rosmarinus officinalis L.); cotton –
3.44% (Gossypium hirsutum L.); pennyroyal (“poejo”
in Brazil) – 3.34% (Mentha pulegium L.); elderberry
(“sabugueiro” in Brazil) – 3.34% (Sambucus nigra
L.); hoary plantain (“tranchagem” in Brazil) – 2.22%
(Plantago L.); and tree sedum (“bálsamo” in Brazil)
– 2.12% (Sedum dendroideum DC.).
The informant consensus factor (ICF)
calculation identified the most important body
systems cited in the interviews as: nervous system
disorders (0.88), respiratory system disorders (0.82)
and digestive system disorders (0.81).
The RI of the species cited by respondents
ranged from 0.2 to 1.6. The species with the highest
RI values (Table 1) were hoary plantain (1.6 -
Plantago L.); aloe vera (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. –
 14

1.4); “assa-peixe” (Vernonia polyanthes (Spreng.)
Less. – 1.3); mint (Mentha x piperita L. – 1.3);
Spanish thyme (“hortelã gordo” in Brazil) (Coleus
amboinicus Lour. - 1.2); rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis L. – 1.2); lavender (Lavandula officinalis
Chaix - 1.1);  Barbados cherry (“acerola” in Brazil)
(Malpighia glabra L. – 1.1); anamu (“guiné” In Brazil)
(Petiveria alliacea L. – 1.1); yerba mate (“erva mate”
in Brazil) (Ilex L. – 1.0); and camphor (Cinnamomum
camphora (L.) J. Presl. – 1.0).
The species with the highest percentage of
cAMU are shown in Table 2 with their origins and
major uses.

TABLE 1. Plants (local Brazilian names, botany family, and scientific name) referred with therapeutics properties
according to dwellers from the “Arco Verde”, “Setor Sul” and “Vila Esperança” neighborhoods, city of Anápolis,
Goiás State, Brazil followed by preparation form, part used, medicinal use, International Classification of
Diseases (ICD), relative importance (RI), and voucher number in the herbarium of the UEG (HUEG).
Local
Preparation Voucher
Brazilian Family Scientific name Part used Medicinal use ICD RI
form number
names
Decoction
Persea americana Kidney problems, diuretic, and XI, XII,
Abacate Lauraceae and Seed and leaf 0.5 -
Mill. anti-lithiatic XIV
maceration
Juice
Ananas comosus
Abacaxi Bromeliaceae and food Rind fruit Kidney problems XI 0.2 -
(L.) Merr.
supplement
Distilled
Abóbora Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita L. and food Seed Anthelminthic I 0.2 -
supplement
Infusion
Root Quinsy, pharyngitis, and I, VIII,
Açafrão Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. and food 0.5 -
Leaf antibiotic XVI
supplement
Juice and Fruit
Acerola Malpighiaceae Malpighia glabra L. Flu VIII 1.1 -
infusion Leaf
Flu, loss of hair, heart I, VII,
problems, stress, cold, VIII,
Leaf,
indigestion, fatigue, IX,
Rosmarinus Infusion and branches,
Alecrim Lamiaceae antihypertensive, insect X, XI, 1.2 10.063
officinalis L. maceration and entire
repellent, sedative, XII,
plant
somniferous, analgesic, XIV,
anguish, and tachycardia XV
Postpartum convalescence,
headache, runny nose, uterine
VII,
problems, flu, expectorant,
Alevante Lamiaceae Mentha spp. Infusion and Leaf VIII, XI, 0.5 -
rheumatic inflammations, nasal
maceration XIV
decongestant, joint disorders,
arthritis, and sinusitis
Alface Asteraceae Lactuca sativa L. Infusion Root Antihypertensive IX 0.5 -
Flu, febrifuge, bronchitis, IV, VII,
Infusion and Leaf and
Alfavaca Lamiaceae Ocimum L. anemia, stimulant, sedative, VIII, XI, 0.7 10.066
maceration entire plant
and antihypertensive XIV
Alfavacão Lamiaceae Ocimum spp. Infusion Leaf Swelling and flu VIII, IX 0.4 -
Lavandula Infusion and
Alfazema Lamiaceae Leaf Stress and flu VII, VIII 1.1 -
officinalis Chaix maceration
Antiseptic, analgesic, healing,
Infusion, uterine infection, postoperative I, IX, X,
Gossypium decoction, Leaf and period, skin disorders, earache, XI, XII,
Algodão Malvaceae 0.9 10.052
hirsutum L. and flower antibiotic, swelling, blood XIV,
maceration cleanser, bruises, and digestive XVI
disorders
Alho Amaryllidaceae Allium L. Infusion Bulb Flu VIII 0.3 -

...continua

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.

 15

TABLE 1. Continuação
Local
Preparation Voucher
Brazilian Family Scientific name Part used Medicinal use ICD RI
form number
names
Antihypertensive and
Amora Rosaceae Rubus fruticosus L. Leaf III, IX 0.4 -
Infusion menopause
Justicia pectoralis Infusion and Headache, analgesic,
Anador Acanthaceae Leaf XI, XIV 0.6 10.059
Jacq. maceration febrifuge, and flu
Infusion, Analgesic, swelling, stress,
Leaf, branch,
Lychnophora decoction, blood circulation, wounds, body
Arnica Asteraceae and entire VII, IX 0.5 10.062
pinaster Mart. maceration pain, anti-inflammatory, muscle
plant
and distilled pain, and muscle relaxant
Schinus
Infusion and
Aroeira Anacardiaceae terebinthifolius Bark Anti-rheumatic XIII 0.4 -
maceration
Raddi
Headache, irritation, menstrual
problems, digestive disorders, I, VI,
Infusion and Leaf and
Arruda Rutaceae Ruta graveolens L. anti-inflammatory, flu, VIII, X, 0.9 10.058
maceration branch
anthelminthic, fungal infections, XI, XIV
and uterine inflammations
Digestive disorders, headache,
Artemisia vulgaris Infusion and Leaf and colic, delayed menstruation, X, XI,
Artemísia Asteraceae 0.8 10.056
L. maceration flower gynecological disorders, and XIV
liver disorders
Anemia, bronchitis, pneumonia,
Vernonia Infusion,
febrifuge, flu, expectorant, IV, VIII,
Assa peixe Asteraceae polyanthes maceration, Leaf 1.3 -
asthma, bruises, and blood XIV
(Spreng.) Less. and syrup
cleanser
Infusion, Digestive disorders, infections
I, II,
maceration, in general, purgative, cancer,
VI, X,
Aloe vera (L.) poultice, healing, anti-haemorrhoidal,
Babosa Xanthorrhoeaceae Mucilage XI, XII, 1.4 -
Burm. f. juice, bruises, burns,
XIV,
and food anti-helminthic, gastric ulcer,
XVI
supplement and scalp disorders
Infusion, Earache, digestive disorders,
maceration, eyes irritations, gastritis, gastric V, VI,
Sedum
Bálsamo Crassulaceae poultice, Leaf ulcer, X, XII, 0.6 -
dendroideum DC.
and food external ulcers, herpes, XIV
supplement mycoses, and skin disorders
Bananeira Musaceae Musa L. Syrup Inflorescence Bronchitis and pneumonia VII 0.4 -
Healing, external infections,
Stryphnodendron
Infusion and wounds, external antiseptic,
Barbatimão Fabaceae adstringens (Mart.) Leaf and bark I, XII 0.3 -
bath astringent, and anti-
Coville
inflammatory
Solanum Infusion and Gastric ulcer, gastritis, and
Batatinha Solanaceae Tuber X 0.2 -
tuberosum L. maceration digestive disorders
Bate Caixa Palicourea rigida Infusion and
Rubiaceae Leaf Blood cleanser IX 0.2 -
do Cerrado Kunth decoction
Atropa belladonna Infusion and
Beladona Solanaceae Leaf Erysipelas XII 0.5 -
L. decoction
Digestive disorders, liver
disorders, detoxification, III, IX,
Vernonia Infusion and
Boldo Asteraceae Leaf headache, consequences of X, XI, 0.7 10.057
condensata Baker decoction
excessive alcohol drinking, and XIV
vomit
Café Rubiaceae Coffea L. Infusion Fruit Diabetes III 0.3 -

...continua

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.

 16

TABLE 1. Continuação
Local
Preparation Voucher
Brazilian Family Scientific name Part used Medicinal use ICD RI
form number
names
Infusion,
Anacardium humile juice, Fruit, nut, and
Caju Anacardiaceae Diabetes and rheumatism X, XIII 0.3 10.055
A.St.-Hil. and food root
supplement
Stress, colic, analgesic,
Matricaria Infusion and Flower and sedative, antihypertensive, VII, XI,
Camomila Asteraceae 0.8 -
chamomilla L. decoction leaf hypnotic, XIV
tranquilizer, and digestive
Cana de Costus spicatus Leaf and Renal disorders and urinary
Costaceae Infusion XI 0.6 -
Macaco (Jacq.) Sw. stalk antiseptic
Renal disorders, rheumatism, VII,
Cinnamomum Maceration Leaf, stalk, menstrual problems, digestive VIII, X,
Canela Lauraceae 0.9 -
zeylanicum Breyn. and infusion and bark disorders, flu, headache, XI, XIII,
stress, and to keep alertness XIV
Cinnamomum
Maceration Healing, anti-inflammatory, XII,
Canfora Lauraceae camphora (L.) J. Leaf 1.0 -
and infusion and flu XVI
Presl.
VII,
Maceration, Sedative, digestive, VIII, IX,
Cymbopogon
Capim santo Poaceae infusion and Entire plant antihypertensive, nausea, X, XI, 0.9 10.073
citratus (DC.) Stapf
decoction fatigue, febrifuge, and flu XIV,
XV
Baccharis Maceration, Weight loss, rheumatism,
Entire plant III, X,
Carqueja Asteraceae articulata (Lam.) infusion, and diabetes, digestive disorders, 0.5 -
and leaf XI, XIV
Pers. decoction purgative, and headache

Infusion and
Cebola Amaryllidaceae Allium cepa L. Leaf Flu VIII 0.2 -
decoction

Infusion, food
Sechium edule
Chuchu Cucurbitaceae supplement, Leaf and fruit Antihypertensive IX 0.2 -
(Jacq.) Sw.
and juice
Coriandrum Maceration III, VII,
Coentro Apiaceae Leaf and root Weight loss, hypnotic, and colic 0.4 -
sativum L. and infusion XI
Crescentia cujete
Coité Bignoniaceae Infusion Leaf Diabetes III 0.3 -
L.
Maceration,
Symphytum External antiseptic, anemia,
Confrei Boraginaceae infusion, and Leaf I, IV 0.3 -
officinale L. healing
decoction
Infusion and
Congonha Rubiaceae Rudgea Salisb. Leaf Heart disorders IX 0.2 -
maceration
Conta de Infusion and
Poaceae Coix lacryma L. Leaf Renal disorders XI 0.2 -
lágrima maceration
Copaiba Poultice
Healing, contusions, to treat
Copaíba Fabaceae langsdorffii (Desf.) and food Oil resin XII 0.3 -
navel baby
Kuntze supplement
Eugenia Maceration,
Cravo Myrtaceae caryophyllata infusion and Flower Anti-tussive, flu and halitosis VIII, X 0.2 -
Thunb. decoction
Maceration,
Dente de Taraxacum
Asteraceae infusion and Leaf Febrifuge XIV 0.2 10.067
leão officinale L.
decoction
Palicourea Maceration, Renal disorders, renal
Leaf and
Douradinha Rubiaceae coriacea (Cham.) infusion and antiseptic, and to treat bladder XI 0.5 -
stalk
K. Schum. decoction prey
...continua

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.

 17

TABLE 1. Continuação
Local
Preparation Voucher
Brazilian Family Scientific name Part used Medicinal use ICD RI
form number
names
Maceration,
Lippia alba (Mill.) VII,
syrup, Leaf and Sedative, digestive, and
Erva cidreira Verbenaceae N.E.Br. ex Britton VIII, IX, 0.8 10.054
infusion, and stalk antihypertensive
&P.Wilson XIV
decoction
VII,
Flu, sedative, headache, heart
Foeniculum Decoction Leaf and VIII, X,
Erva doce Apiaceae disorders, colic, hypertension, 0.6 10.068
vulgare Mill. and infusion seed XI,
and digestive disorders
XIV
Casearia sylvestris
Erva lagarto Salicaceae Syrup Leaf Bronchitis and pneumonia XIII 0.2 -
Sw.
IX,
Maceration Cholesterol and digestive
Erva mate Aquifoliaceae Leaf X 1.0 -
Ilex L. and infusion disorders

I, VII,
Louse, healing, swelling, anti-
Infusion, VIII,
Erva de Chenopodium helminthic, digestive disorders,
Amaranthaceae maceration, Leaf and root IX, X, 1.0 10.069
Santa Maria ambrosioides L. anti-inflammatory, flu, and body
and poultice XI, XII,
pains
XVI
Espinheira Maytenus ilicifolia
Celastraceae Infusion Leaf Digestive disorders X 0.2 -
Santa Mart. ex Reissek
Eucalyptus
Eucalipto Myrtaceae Infusion Leaf Flu VIII 0.2 -
globulus Labill.
Maceration,
Cassia occidentalis Postoperative disorders, I, VIII,
Fedegoso Fabaceae infusion, and Root 0.4 -
hort. Ex Steud antimicrobial, and flu XVI
decoction
Feijão Andu Cajanus cajan (L.)
Fabaceae Maceration Bronchitis VIII 0.3 -
Druce Leaf
Fumaria officinalis Infusion and
Fumo Papaveraceae Leaf Antimicrobial and healing I 0.5 -
L. poultice
Infusion,
decoction,
Zingiber officinale Flu, anemia, febrifuge, and I, VIII,
Gengibre Zingiberaceae maceration, Root 0.6 -
Roscoe antitussive XIV
and food
supplement
Infusion,
decoction, Anti-diarrheal, general malaise,
Goiabeira Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Leaf X, XIV 0.7 -
and and antispasmodic
maceration
Infusion, food
Expectorant, bronchodilator,
Mikania glomerata supplement, VIII, X,
Guaco Asteraceae Leaf and root digesti­ve, febrifuge, flu, 0.4 -
Spreng. and e XIV
bronchitis, and liver disorders
maceration
Petiveria alliacea Anti-inflammatory and
Guiné Phytolaccaceae Infusion Leaf VIII 1.1 -
L. antitussive
Flu, febrifuge, anti-helminthic,
digestive disorders, sedative, I, III,
for vomit, antispasmodic, anti- VII,
Infusion,
Mentha x piperita cholesterolemic, antitussive, VIII,
Hortelã Lamiaceae decoction, Leaf 1.3 10.071
L. asthma, for bronchitis, IX, X,
and syrup
hypertension, weight loss, XI, XII,
dandruff, antiseptic, and XIV
headache
Hortelã Coleus amboinicus Febrifuge, flu, expectorant, and XIII,
Lamiaceae Infusion Leaf 1.2 10.064
Gordo Lour. bronchitis XIV
...continua

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.

 18

TABLE 1. Continuação
Local
Preparation Voucher
Brazilian Family Scientific name Part used Medicinal use ICD RI
form number
names
Pilocarpus Digestive disorders due
Jaborandi Rutaceae microphyllus Stapf Infusion Leaf nervousness and hair loss XII 0.2 10.053
ex Wardleworth
Hymenaea
Infusion and
Jatobá Fabaceae stigonocarpa Mart. Leaf and root Expectorant and flu VIII 0.2 -
decoction
ex Hayne.
Solanum
Jurubeba Solanaceae Distilled Fruit Liver disorders X 0.2 -
paniculatum Pis.
Citrus sinensis (L.) Leaf, juice,
Laranjeira Rutaceae Infusion Flu VIII 0.2 -
Osbeck and fruit skin
Synadenium grantii
Leiterinha Euphorbiaceae Juice Latex Throat infection and cancer I, II 0.4 -
Hook.f.
Citrus limettioides Distilled,
Lima de III, VIII,
Rutaceae Tanaka infusion, and Fruit Sinusitis and capillary hydration 0.6 -
Bico XII
decoction
Citrus aurantifolia Flu, pneumonia, anti-diarrheal
Limão Rutaceae Infusion Fruit VIII, X 0.4 -
(Christm.) Swingle and bronchitis
Solanum
Infusion and Leaf and Renal and abdominal pain and
Lobeira Solanaceae lycocarpum A.St.- X, XI 0.6 -
maceration flower anti-cholesterolemic
Hil.
Artemisia Digestive disorders, menstrual
Infusion and
Losna Asteraceae verlotorum Leaf cramps, anti-diarrheal, and X, XI 0.3 -
maceration
Lamotte bladder problems
Malva do Infusion and
Malvaceae Malva L. Leaf Flu and tuberculosis VIII 0.2 -
Reino maceration
Brosimum
Distilled and Dermatitis and skin problems, I, IX,
Mamacadela Moraceae gaudichaudii Bark and root 0.4 -
infusion blood disorders, and antiseptic XII
Trécul
Infusion,
maceration, Leaf, flower,
Digestive, cancer,
Mamão Caricaceae Carica papaya L. distilled, seed, and I, II, XI 0.4 -
anthelminthic, and purgative
and food fruit
supplement
Antispasmodic, to treat navel
Ricinus communis Infusion and baby, expectorant, flu, to treat
Mamona Euphorbiaceae Leaf and oil XI, XII 0.3 -
L. poultice wounds, purgative, and hair
loss
Manihot esculenta
Mandioca Euphorbiaceae Infusion Leaf Skin problems in babies XII 0.2 -
Crant
Mangifera indica VIII,
Manga Anacardiaceae Infusion Leaf Body pains and flu 0.5 -
Wall. XIV
Hancornia Flu, antispasmodic and renal
Mangaba Apocynaceae Infusion Bark XI, VIII 0.6 -
speciosa Gomes conditions
Ocimum basilicum Infusion and
Manjericão Lamiaceae Leaf Flu and nutrition III, VIII 0.4 -
L. maceration
Passiflora Infusion and Sedative, antihypertensive,
Maracujá Passifloraceae Leaf and fruit VII, IX 0.9 -
incarnata L. juice hypnotic, and anxiolytic
Anti-inflammatory,
Infusion, antimicrobial, intestinal
Achyrocline I, X, XI,
decoction, Leaf and infections, antidiarrheal,
Marcelinha Asteraceae satureioides (Lam.) XIV, 0.6 -
and flower digestive disorders,
DC XVI
maceration antispasmodic, r headache,
and febrifuge

...continua

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.

 19

TABLE 1. Continuação
Local
Preparation Voucher
Brazilian Family Scientific name Part used Medicinal use ICD RI
form number
names
Citrullus lanatus Infusion and
Melancia Cucurbitaceae Seed Vomit X 0.5 -
(Thunb.) Mansf. maceration
Digestive disorders, anti-
Ageratum Infusion and X, XI,
Mentrasto Asteraceae Leaf diarrheal, antispasmodic, flu, 0.4 -
conyzoides L. maceration XVI
and postoperative conditions
Milho Poaceae Zea mays L. Infusion Stiletto Measles and chickenpox I 0.6 -
Maceration,
food To lose weight, cancer, II, III,
Noni Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia L. supplement, Fruit digestive and intestinal IX, X, 0.8 10.060
juice, and disorders, and spine pain XI, XIII
syrup
Achillea millefolium Maceration VIII,
Novalgina Asteraceae Leaf Spine pain and flu 0.3 -
L. and infusion XIV
Noz Myristica bicuhyba
Myristicaceae Infusion Seed Flu and flatus X, XIV 0.3 10.051
moscada Schott ex Spreng.
Origanum vulgare
Orégano Lamiaceae Infusion Leaf Menstrual cramps XI 0.2 -
L.
Arrabidaea chica
Pariri Bignoniaceae Infusion Entire plant Febrifuge XIV 0.2 -
(Bonpl.) B. Verl.
Pata de Bauhinia forficata
Fabaceae Infusion Leaf Diabetes III 0.2 -
Vaca Link
Camarea affinis A. Distilled and General infections and
Perdiz Malpighiaceae Root I, XI 0.6 -
St.-Hil. infusion infections in the uterus
Infusion and Leaf and Hepatitis, icterus, and digestive
Picão Asteraceae Bidens pilosa L. I, VII, X 0.8 -
decoction seed disorders
Infusion, Expectorant, febrifuge, flu,
Mentha pulegium VIII, X,
Poejo Lamiaceae decoction, Leaf antispasmodic, headache, and 0.6 -
L. XI, XIV
and syrup antitussive
Quebra Phyllanthus niruri Biliary and renal calculi, and
Phyllanthaceae Infusion Leaf XI 0.5 -
pedra L. renal infection
Punica granatum Sore throat, flu, cicatrizing, and I, VIII,
Romã Lythraceae Infusion Fruit rind 0.5 -
L. antiseptic XII
Leonotis (Pers.)
Rubim Lamiaceae Maceration Leaf Indigestion X 0.2 -
R. Br.
Rheum palmatum Food
Ruibarbo Polygonaceae Bark Anemia and blood conditions IV, IX 0.7 -
L. supplement
Flu, anti-tussive, pneumonia,
asthma, bronchitis, febrifuge,
I, VIII,
measles and chickenpox,
Infusion and Leaf and XI, XIII, 0.6 10.070
Sabugueiro Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra L. antispasmodic, diseases
syrup flower XIV
originated from cold weather,
cicatrizing, and purgative
Petroselinum
Salsa Apiaceae petroselinum (L.) Infusion Root Anti-allergic XII 0.2 -
H. Karst.
Maceration,
Sangra Croton urucurana
Euphorbiaceae infusion, and Bast Antiseptic and gastritis I, X 0.3 -
d’água Baill.
decoction
Chamaesyce hirta Leaf and
Santa Luzia Euphorbiaceae Infusion Mouth infections XII 0.2 -
(L.) Millsp. flower
Maceration,
São Momordica
Cucurbitaceae infusion, and Leaf Indigestion X 0.3 -
Caetano charantia L.
decoction

...continua

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.

 20

TABLE 1. Continuação
Local
Preparation Voucher
Brazilian Family Scientific name Part used Medicinal use ICD RI
form number
names
Pterodon
Throat pain, flu and VIII,
Sucupira Fabaceae pubescens Distilled Seed 0.5 -
rheumatism XIII
(Benth.) Benth.
Xanthosoma
Food
Taioba Araceae sagittifolium K. Leaf Anemia IV 0.3 -
supplement
Koch
Alternanthera I, VIII,
Cold, sore throat, infection and
Terramicina Amaranthaceae brasiliana (L.) Infusion Leaf XIV, 0.8 10.061
general inflammation
Kuntze XVI
Anti-inflammatory, vaginal
I, III,
discharge, antispasmodic,
VII,
Maceration, sore throat, rheumatism,
Leaf and VIII,
Tranchagem Plantaginaceae Plantago L. infusion and arthritis, uterus infection, mouth 1.6 10.065
entire plant XI, XII,
decoction disorders, to lose weight,
XIII,
infections in general, and pains
XVI
in general
Amburana Maceration Seed and Digestive disorders and VIII, X,
Umburana Fabaceae 0.5 -
Schwacke & Taub. and infusion fruit respiratory infections XIV
Maceration,
food
Expectorant, bronchitis, VIII,
supplement, Seed and 0.5 -
Urucum Bixaceae Bixa orellana L. pneumonia, and anti- XVI
and fruit
inflammatory
decoction
Sebastiania
Skin and blood disorders and I, IX,
Velamino Euphorbiaceae glandulosa (Sw.) Distilled Root 0.4 -
infections in general XII
Müll. Arg.
Decongestant, sinusitis, flu,
Infusion and VIII,
Vick Lamiaceae Mentha arvensis L. Leaf antitussive, and respiratory 0.5 -
maceration XIV
diseases in general

The parts of the plants most used in
medicinal preparations by the interviewed population
were the leaves (80.4%). Other plant parts, like
fruits and roots, were cited by less than 10% of the
interviewees.
The most frequently used forms of
homemade preparations reported by the interviewees
were infusion (60.2%), maceration (24.3%),
decoction (3.8%), poultice (3.6%), distillate (3.5%),
dietary supplement (2.7%), juice (1.4%) and soaking
(0.5%).
According to the interviewees, their
knowledge of medicinal plants was acquired from
family (87.7%), friends (5.7%), television (4.4%) and
books (0.4%).
DISCUSSION
Socioeconomic information
Studies done by Lima et al. (2012)
demonstrated that the use of medicinal plants is
fully incorporated into everyday practice, bringing a
meaning of permanence and uniqueness constructed
from the family relationships, in a transmission of
knowledge by their ancestors, especially mothers
and grandmothers. Schardong et al. (2000) and
Ceolim et al. (2011) say that the transmission of
knowledge that occurs between generations make
the elderly, true guardians of herbal medicine.
According to Social Policy Center of
the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (CPS 2015), the
neighborhoods in the South of the city of Anápolis,
Goiás State, Brazil, can be categorized as an urban
community that belongs to the classes C, D, and
E. In communities with such social indicators, the
deficiency in the healthcare infrastructure offered
by the city may strongly influence the knowledge
and use of medicinal plants. Alternative systems
based on popular traditions have been developed in
situations where poor medical treatment is available,
leading individuals to take increasing amounts of
control over their health, especially in diagnosing
and treating diseases with homemade remedies
prepared with native species or their substitutes
cultivated in their yards. Similar results were found
in the study by Soares et al. (2009) in Gurinhém,

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.

 21

TABLE 2. Plant species used as medicinal and cited by dwellers from the “Arco Verde”, “Setor Sul”, and “Vila
Esperança” neighborhoods, city of Anápolis, Goiás State, Brazil with major percentage of the corrected Agreement
related to the Main Uses (cAMU) followed by the origin, main use, used part, and uses recognized by official
publications of the Brazilian Ministry of Health.
Part of the
Medicinal Part of the Uses recognized
Main uses assigned plant indicated
Plant Origin plant used by cAMU by official Reference
by interviewed by official
Species interviewed publications
publications
Digestive disorders,
liver disorders,
Vernonia
detoxification, Anvisa (2010)
condensata Native Pain and
headache, Leaf 90.6 Leaf Anvisa (2011)
Baker dyspepsia
consequences of
excessive alcohol
drinking, and vomit
Flu, febrifuge, anti-
helminthic, digestive
disorders, sedative,
Mentha x vomit, antispasmodic,
Introduced Leaf 52.1 Colic, flatulence, Anvisa (2010)
piperita L. anti-cholesterolemic,
liver diseases, Leaf and Anvisa (2011)
antitussive,
antispasmodic, flowering tops Anvisa (2014)
asthma, bronchitis,
expectorant
hypertension, weight
loss, dandruff,
antiseptic, and
headache
Intestinal and
uterine cramps
Cymbopogon Sedative, digestive,
Introduced Entire plant 50.0 (antispasmodic), Anvisa (2010)
citratus (DC) antihypertensive,
mild forms of Leaf Anvisa (2011)
Stapf. nausea, fatigue,
anxiety and
febrifuge, and flu
insomnia, as soft
calming
Mild forms of
anxiety and
Lippia alba
insomnia, as
(Mill.) N. E.
Native Sedative, digestive, and 32.3 soft calming, Anvisa (2010)
Br. ex Britton Leaf and stalk
antihypertensive abdominal Aerial parts Anvisa (2011)
& P. Wilson
cramps, digestive
disorders,
flatulence, and
expectorant

Flu, antitussive,
pneumonia,
asthma, bronchitis,
Sambucus
Native febrifuge, measles 25.0
nigra L. Leaf and flower For flu and cold, Anvisa (2010)
and chickenpox,
diaphoretic, Anvisa (2011)
antispasmodic, Flower
mucolytic/ Anvisa (2014)
diseases originated
expectorant
from cold weather,
cicatrizing, and
purgative

...continua

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.


TABLE 2. Continuação
Medicinal
Main uses assigned
Plant Origin
by interviewed
Species
Mentha Introduced Expectorant, febrifuge,
pulegium L. flu, antispasmodic,
headache, for pain in
general, and antitussive
Louse, healing,
Chenopodium
Native swelling, anthelminthic,
ambrosioides
digestive disorders,
L.
anti-inflammatory, flu,
and body pains
Paraíba, Brazil, where most of the interviewees were
female and had a family income between 1 and 2
times the minimum wage.
Use of medicinal plants
Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were
the most cited plant families. These plant families
are characterized by a high number of species rich
in special metabolites called essential oils. Essential
oils are responsible for a broad therapeutic spectrum
for both the digestive and respiratory systems,
including antibacterial and antifungal activity,
stimulation of gastric secretions, bronchodilator
action, etc. Among the most frequently cited diseases
in the present study are digestive and respiratory
disorders, which will be discussed. In studies
conducted in the Atlantic Forest (city of Itacaré, Bahia
State, Brazil), the authors found that the plants used
medicinally are not randomly selected, and the plant
families with bioactive compounds tend to be well
represented in the popular pharmacopoeia (Pasa et
al., 2005; Pinto et al., 2006). In studies conducted by
Bennett & Prance (2000) and Leite & Oliveira (2012)
in the communities of Marambaia and Camboinha
in Northern South America, and Porteirinha, Minas
Gerais, Brazil, respectively, the families Lamiaceae
and Asteraceae were also the most cited. The authors
attributed this finding to the tropical and temperate
climate that is predominant in the region and also
to the dominance of introduced medicinal plants.
According to Conde et al. (2014), which found similar
results in ethnobotanical survey done in the vicinity
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
22
Part of the
Part of the Uses recognized
plant indicated
plant used by cAMU by official Reference
by official
interviewed publications
publications
Respiratory
conditions as
Leaf 23.9 an expectorant,
appetite stimulant,
Aerial parts Anvisa (2010)
digestive disorders,
gastrointestinal
spasms, gallstones
and cholecystitis
Leaf and root 21.9
- - -
of the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of
Juiz de Fora, Brazil, these results also demonstrate
the strong influence of European culture in the use
of medicinal plants, since several species of these
families referred by respondents are introduced
(Table 2). The greatest richness found in the families
Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae can also be
explained by the number of species and their wide
distribution. According to Souza & Lorenzi (2008),
the family Fabaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution,
is one of the largest families of Angiosperms and
is one of the most important plant species from an
economic point of view; this family also has a great
diversity in the Cerrado whereas Asteraceae is the
largest Eudicot family, and several species are used
medicinally.
Several the species cited in this study also
appear as the most cited in other studies conducted
in different Brazilian regions. For example, mint
(Mentha spp) appeared among the most cited
species in studies performed in the Southern and
Southeastern regions of Brazil by Albertasse et al.
(2010), Giraldi & Hanazaki (2010), Merétika et al.
(2010), and Zank & Hanazaki (2012), and in the
Atlantic Forest from Northeastern Brazil by Almeida
et al. (2012). In Pinto et al. (2006), a work carried
out in the Northeast of Brazil, the most cited plants
were Chenopodium ambrosioides and Lippia alba.
In ethnobotanical surveys carried out in urban
communities of the Goiás State, the profile of most
cited species is similar to the present study (Vila
Verde et al., 2003; Souza & Felfili, 2006; Sousa et
 23
al., 2010; Soares et al., 2013; Zucchi et al., 2013).
Such findings can be attributed by the fact of the
most medicinal plants used in the study area are
exotic herbs that usually grow in anthropogenic
areas. These species are often abundant in easily
accessible places and rich in bioactive compounds,
and as a result they are widely represented in tropical
medicinal floras.
The most important body systems cited
in the interviews were nervous system disorders,
respiratory system disorders, and digestive
system disorders. However, previous studies have
demonstrated that the largest number of species
was indicated for disorders of the digestive and
respiratory systems (Amorozo & Gély, 1998;
Amorozo, 2002; Pasa et al., 2005; Souza & Felfili,
2006; Cabral & Maciel, 2011; Leite & Oliveira,
2012). In contrast, a study conducted by Bieski et
al. (2012) in NSACD, a local community of Poconé
municipality, Mato Grosso State, Central West
of Brazil, the highest frequencies in decreasing
magnitude were indications for the treatment of
pain and inflammation, kidney disease, and wound
healing. In part, these data can be explained by
the characteristics of the informants (elderly, rural
activity, low level of education, and poor sanitation
at home) exposing them more often to infectious
diseases and injuries of external causes, unlike the
respondents of the present work, whose homes have
access to public basic sanitation with predominately
urban activities.
Higher ICF values for the nervous,
respiratory and digestive systems are worrying
and may indicate a risky practice of self-medication
with medicinal plants by the interviewed population.
In 2009, the pathological conditions related to
the three body systems emphasized in this study
were among the 10 leading causes of death in
Brazil according to the document Health Brazil
2010 (Ministério da Saúde, 2011). Conversely, it is
important to emphasize that several of the diseases
mentioned by the interviewees are considered
low-severity condition in that they are self-limiting
diseases of benign evolution that can be treated
without medical supervision (Anvisa, 2010), which
has lead this population to a greater search for
knowledge regarding the medicinal plants that can
relieve signs and symptoms before medical care is
sought. Therefore, a need for dialogue between the
academic/scientific sector and local communities
is needed to promote the safe and effective use of
medicinal plants.
The calculation of RI allows for an assessment
of the versatility or number of pharmacological
indications of a plant within a population, indicating
its importance even if it is not one of the most cited.
Among the plants mentioned by the interviewees
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
(Table 1), the hoary plantain (Plantago L.) had the
highest RI value (1.6) and was cited by 2.22% of
the interviewees. However, the most cited plant was
“boldo” (Vernonia condensata Baker) with 9.71%
of the citations and a RI value of 0.7. This means
that, despite being widely cited, “boldo” has a low
pharmacological versatility for these residents and
only reaches five body systems, whereas the hoary
plantain covers eight body systems.
On the other hand, we need to carefully
verify the species with low RI values. According
to Albuquerque & Lucena (2008) and Bieski et al.
(2012), they cannot be considered plants of lower
pharmacological potential or importance, since they
may be species of recent introduction in the culture
of the community under study but they might have
been validated by the customary use in other social
groups.
The RI values were also performed by
Almeida et al. (2012) and Bieski et al. (2012) in
ethnobotanical surveys carried out in the Atlantic
Forest from Northeasten Brazil and Pantanal Region
(Mato Grosso, Brazil), respectively. Almeida et al.
(2012) found the highest RI values for Schinus
terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardium occidentale L.,
Hymenaea martiana Hayne, and Mentha x piperita
L., whereas for Bieski et al. (2012) the highest
RI values were found for Himatanthus obovatus
(Müll. Arg.) Woodson, Hibiscus sabdariffa L, and
Solidago microglossa DC. These results revealed
important differences compared to the current study,
displaying that regional particularities can exert a
strong influence on the importance and versatility of
a particular plant species in a community.
The cAMU indicates the most widespread
and accepted uses of a given species by the
interviewed population and shows whether there
is agreement among the members of the studied
population regarding that use.
In a study conducted in the city of Porto
Alegre (Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul),
Vendruscolo & Mentz (2006) found different results
compared to the present work. In their study, the
following plants had cAMU values above 24%:
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Citrus
aurantium L., Cunila microcephala Benth., Eugenia
uniflora L. and Psidium guajava L. Botrel et al. (2006)
recorded the cAMU to native medicinal plants used
by the local population in the Ingaí municipality,
Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and found Ilex cerasifolia
Reisseck and Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. with
integral values of cAMU (100%). A research by
Silva & Proença (2008), performed in Ouro Verde
de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil, a city located at
32 km from Anápolis, only two species, Vernonia
condensata and Mentha pulegium, among seven
species with cAMU higher 50% were coincident
 24
with the present work. These results demonstrate
the importance of ethnobotanical surveys for the
promotion of a broader understanding of cultural
differences in perceptions, uses and administration
of homemade remedies.
Higher percentages of cAMU are associated
with a greater number of informants who cited the
main use for a given species. This implies that
there is greater acceptance or relative confidence
related to the proposed efficacy, which is most likely
a result of the mentioned uses being well known
and/or practiced by the interviewees. Moreover, the
cAMU can provide the basis for further studies of
the species with potential therapeutic use for certain
diseases (Amorozo & Gély, 1988).
In the present study, the majority of
the species with cAMU values above 20% are
cited in the Phytotherapics Form of the Brazilian
Pharmacopoeia (Anvisa, 2011) and also in Appendix
I of the Collegiate Board Resolution – (Resolução de
Diretoria Colegiada – RDC) No. 10 of March 9, 2010,
of the National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência
Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA) (Anvisa,
2010), which are shown in Table 2.
In addition, two species shown in Table 2,
Mentha x piperita and Sambucus nigra, are part of
the ANVISA list of phytomedicines with simplified
registration and traditional phytotherapeutic products
with simplified registration (Anvisa, 2014).
Table 2 shows that the majority of the
“main uses” and “parts of the plant” cited by the
interviewees for species with cAMU values above
20% coincide with the “uses” and “parts of the plant”
recognized by the official literature. However, the
fact that interviewees confer additional properties
to plants beyond those recognized scientifically
and also use toxic parts of certain plants, such
as the leaves of Sambucus nigra, which are rich
in cyanogenic heterosides, and leaves and roots
of Chenopodium ambrosioides, which are rich in
ascaridole (Matos, 2007), in preparations for internal
use, is noteworthy. When ingested, cyanogenic
heterosides can be converted to cyanohydrin and
consequently release cyanide into the bloodstream,
which causes severe intoxication that may lead
to death (Matos et al., 2011). Ascaridole is an
active constituent that exhibits nematicidal activity,
especially against Ascaris lumbricoides, which is
why the plant C. ambrosioides was widely used as
an anti-helmintic in the 1950s. However, its internal
use was discouraged due to the recognition of
ascaridole toxicity after a recorded death from an
overdose of the essential oil of C. ambrosioides
(Matos, 2007). These findings reinforce the need
for continuous dialogue between the scientific
knowledge sources and local communities in order
to allow that scientifically validated information is
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
transmitted, the safe use of medicinal plants is
ensured and users are not subject to unnecessary
risks.
Significant differences were found in the
origins of the species with the greatest cAMU
values cited by the interviewees (χ2 = 8.829; p
= 0.011) (Table 2), which occurred because of
the substantial number of introduced species,
evidencing there was an evident influence of exotic
species in this community. However, it should be
noted that during the interviews, the informants often
stated that “these plants were easily found in the
past but some of them no longer exist here today.”
This statement indicates that native species are
vulnerable, and their populations have been reduced
or even extirpated in the natural environment. This
fact can be attributed to the growing process of
urbanization, erosion and anthropogenic activities.
Although they acknowledged that several plants
have disappeared, the interviewees did not appear
to be concerned about the management of such
natural resources. Amorozo (2002) found similar
data in the city of Santo Antônio do Leverger (Mato
Grosso State, Brazil). On the other hand, according
to Albuquerque (2006), native plants appear to be
the most valuable resource for the local population
in the municipality of Alagoinha, located in agreste
region in the Pernambuco State, Brazil, especially
the woody species. In this case, the relationship
between the local community and environment
seems to contribute to the preservation of native
species, due to the value representing the local
folk medicine, since there will be interest of this
community in keeping such species available.
The predominant use of the leaves in
medicinal preparations has been also registered
by Pasa et al. (2005) in a rural community of the
Conceição-Açu, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso state, Brazil.
Pinto et al. (2006) also cited the predominant use
of leaves in rural communities in the Atlantic Forest.
According to Soares et al. (2009), leaves were mostly
used by a sample of the population of the Gurinhém
municipality, Paraíba state, Brazil whereas Merétika
et al. (2010) obtained similar results with three
artisanal fishing communities in Itapoá, Southern
Brazil, and Sousa et al. (2010) mentioned that
leaves were the most widely cited plant parts by
respondents of Itamaraty neighborhood, Anápolis
city, Goiás state, Brazil. These observations from
different Brazilian regions and from one region similar
to the present work may indicate that the leaves are
the most commonly used part because, in general,
they have easy accessibility and availability in the
environment year-round, while fruits, for example,
are more susceptible to seasonal variations. The
use of roots can be small in the cited regions due to
possible inadequate management, which results in
 25
a reduction of the availability or even the eradication
of plant species.
The data of this study indicate that the oral
route is the most common mode of administration
of homemade preparations, and such preparations
are mainly in the form of teas, in accordance with
what was also found by the works referred to in
the above paragraph. The form of preparation and
administration of homemade remedies can greatly
influence on treatment effectiveness.
Studies by Marinho et al. (2011) conducted
in a Caatinga area of the city of São José de
Espinharas (Paraíba state, Brazil) also reported
that parents (85%) were the largest source of
information on medicinal plants in that region. The
use of plant resources is strongly ingrained in the
popular culture, and it has always been transferred
from parents to children over the course of human
existence. This mode of transfer can lead to a loss
of such knowledge if there is no interest in retaining
this type of information, especially among young
people. This also indicates the small influence of
media such as television and the internet at the
search of information about medicinal plants by the
interviewees.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study can be a reference for
future pharmacological studies of plant species
because it indicates that certain species have a
promising potential to provide relief or cure the
symptoms of the cited diseases.
The cAMU provided an indication of the
most widespread and accepted uses of the species
by the interviewees. The acceptance of a specific
use by a population implies a greater confidence in
the relative efficacy of the proposed use because it
is most likely used or known by many informants.
In addition, the dissemination of these uses within a
community does not appear to be recent, indicating
that the species has been used for certain symptoms
or diseases for some time. These findings were
corroborated by citations of the species with the
greatest cAMU found in the present study in the
legal references of the Brazilian Ministry of Health,
which demonstrated that the use of medicinal plants
and phytomedicines may become safe and legal
in the near future. Certain misleading practices
involving the use of toxic parts of plants and the
assignment of properties that are not scientifically
supported indicate the need for effective dialogue
among specialist healthcare professionals and local
communities to clarify the proper use and risks of
medicinal plants.
The selection of medicinal plants and
their main uses obtained from the analysis of
this population will be used as a starting point to
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
implement a medicinal plant garden at the UEG to
meet the needs of this community. The data collected
will also subsidize the elaboration of manuals
containing scientific information on the plants, and
these manuals will be available not only for the
studied population but for the general community.
In addition, the manuals will provide information on
the selection of plants with pharmacological potential
for future scientific investigations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the interviewed
community and community health workers of the
Municipal Healthcare Department of the city of
Anápolis, Goiás State, Brazil for their kindness and
receptivity.
REFERENCES
ALBERTASSE, P.D.; THOMAZ, L.D.; ANDRADE, M.A.
Medicinal plants and their uses in Barra do Jucu
community, Vila Velha Municipality, Espírito Santo State,
Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, v.12,
p.250-260, 2010.
ALBUQUERQUE, U.P. Re-examining hypotheses
concerning the use and knowledge of medicinal plants: a
study in the Caatinga vegetation of NE Brazil. Journal of
Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, v.2, p.1-10, 2006.
ALBUQUERQUE, U.P.; HANAZAKI, N. As pesquisas
etnodirigidas na descoberta de novos fármacos
de interesse médico e farmacêutico: fragilidades e
perspectivas. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia,
v.16, p.678-689, 2006.
ALBUQUERQUE, U.P.; ALMEIDA, C.F.C.B.R.; MARINS,
J.F.A. Tópicos em conservação, etnobotânica e
etnofarmacologia de plantas medicinais e mágicas.
Recife: Editora Livro Rápido, 2005. 286p.
ALBUQUERQUE, U.P.; LUCENA, R.F.P. Métodos e
técnicas na pesquisa etnobotânica. 2. ed. Recife:
Livro Rápido/NUPEEA, 2008. 323p.
ALMEIDA, C.F.C.B.R.; RAMOS, M.A.; SILVA, R.R.V.;
MELO, J.G.; MEDEIROS, M.F.T.; ARAÚJO, T.A.S.;
ALMEIDA, A.L.S.; AMORIM, E.L.C.; ALVES, R.R.N.;
ALBUQUERQUE, U.P. Intracultural variation in the
knowledge of medicinal plants in an urban-rural
community in the Atlantic Forest from Northeastern
Brazil. Evidence-Based Complementary and
Alternative Medicine, v.2012, p.1-15, 2012.
AMOROZO, M.C.M. Uso e diversidade de plantas
medicinais em Santo Antônio do Leverger, MT, Brasil.
Acta Botânica Brasílica, v.16, p.189-203, 2002.
AMOROZO, M.C.M.; GÉLY, A.L. Uso de plantas
medicinais por caboclos do Baixo Amazonas. Boletim
do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi: Botânica, v.4,
p.47-131, 1988.
ANVISA. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária.
Resolução-RDC n. 10 de 9 de março de 2010. Dispõe
sobre a notificação de drogas vegetais junto à Agência
Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) e dá outras
providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 2010.
ANVISA. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária.
 26
Formulário de Fitoterápicos da Farmacopeia
Brasileira. Brasília: Anvisa, 2011. 126p.
ANVISA. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária.
Instrução Normativa n. 2 de 13 de maio de 2014.
Publica a “Lista de medicamentos fitoterápicos de
registro simplificado” e a “Lista de produtos tradicionais
fitoterápicos de registro simplificado”. Diário Oficial da
União, Brasília, 2014.
BENNETT, B.C.; PRANCE, G.T. Introduced plants in the
indigenous pharmacopoeia of Northern South America.
Economic Botany, v.54, p.90-102, 2000.
BIESK, I.G.C.; SANTOS, F.R.; OLIVEIRA, R.M.;
ESPINOSA, M.M.; MACEDO, M.; ALBUQUERQUE,
U.P.; MARTINS, D.T.O. Ethnopharmacolgy of medicinal
plants of the Pantanal Region (Mato Grosso, Brazil).
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, v.2012, p.1-36, 2012.
BOTREL, R.T.; RODRIGUES, L.A.; GOMES, L.J.;
CARVALHO, D.A.; FONTES, M.A.L. Uso da vegetação
nativa pela população local do município de Ingaí, MG,
Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasílica, v.20, p.143-156, 2006.
BRAZIL. Decreto n. 5813, de 22 de junho de 2006. Aprova
a Política Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos
e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, 119,
23 de junho de 2006.
CABRAL, G. A. L.; MACIEL, J. R. Levantamento
etnobotânico da coleção de plantas medicinais do
Jardim Botânico de Recife, PE. Natureza Online, v.9,
p.146-151, 2011.
CARNEIRO, M. R. B. A flora medicinal no Centro Oeste
do Brasil: um estudo de caso com abordagem
etnobotânica em Campo Limpo de Goiás. 2009.
242p. Dissertação (Mestrado - Sociedade, Tecnologia
e Meio Ambiente) - Centro Universitário de Anápolis-
UniEvangélica, Anápolis.
CASCAES, E.A.; FALCHETTI, M.L.; GALATO, D. Perfil da
automedicação em idosos participantes de grupos da
terceira idade de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. Arquivos
Catarinenses de Medicina, v.37, p.63-69, 2008.
CEOLIM, T.; HECK, R.M.; BARBIERI, R.L.; SCHWARTZ,
E.; MUNIZ, R.M.; PILLON, C.N. Medicinal plants:
knowledge transmission in families of ecological farmers
in southern Rio Grande do Sul. Revista da Escola de
Enfermagem da USP, v.45, p.47-54, 2011.
CONDE, B.E.; ROGERIO, I.T.S.; SIQUEIRA, AM.;
FERREIRA, M.Q.; CHEDIER, L.M.; PIMENTA, D.S..
Ethnopharmacology in the vicinity of the Botanical
Garden of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
Ethnobotany Research & Applications, v.12, p.91-
111, 2014.
CPS. Centro de Políticas Sociais. Fundação Getúlio
Vargas. Available in: http://cps.fgv.br/node/3999.
Accessed 26 January, 2015.
DI STASI, L.C. Plantas medicinais: verdades e
mentiras: o que os usuários e os profissionais de
saúde precisam saber. São Paulo: UNESP, 2007.
133p.
DI STASI, L.C. An integrated approach to identification and
conservation of medicinal plants in the tropical forest – a
Brazilian experience. Plant Genetic Resources, v.3,
p.199-205, 2005.
FRIEDMAN, J.; YANIV, Z.; DAFNI, A.; PALEWITCH, D.
A preliminary classification of the healing potential
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis
of an ethnopharmacological field survey among
Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, v.16, p.275-287, 1986.
GIRALDI, M.; HANAZAKI, N. Use and traditional
knowledge of medicinal plants at Sertão do Ribeirão,
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Acta
Botânica Brasílica, v. 24, p.395-406, 2010.
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
Resultados do censo de 2010 divulgados no
Diário Oficial da União em 04.11.2010. Available in:
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/
censo2010/resultados_dou/GO2010.pdf. Accessed: 20
de jan. de 2013.
LEITE, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, G.L. Plantas medicinais cultivadas
e utilizadas na Associação Casa de Ervas Barranco da
Esperança e Vida (ACEBEV), Porteirinha, MG. Revista
Fitos, v.7, p.26-36, 2012.
LEITE, J.P.V. Fitoterapia: bases científicas e tecnológicas.
São Paulo: Atheneu, 2009. 328p.
LIMA, S.C.S.; ARRUDA, G.O.; RENOVATO, R.D.;
ALVARENGA, M.R.M. Representações e usos das
plantas medicinais por homens idosos. Revista Latino-
Americana de Enfermagem, v.20, p.[08 screens], 2012.
MARINHO, M.G.V.; SILVA, C.C.; ANDRADE, L.H.C.
Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais
em área de caatinga no município de São José de
Espinharas, Paraíba, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de
Plantas Medicinais, v.13, p.170-182, 2011.
MARTINS, R.C. A família Arecaceae (Palmae) no
estado de Goiás: florística e etnobotânica. 2012.
297p. Tese (Doutorado - Botânica) - Universidade de
Brasília, Brasília.
MASSAROTTO, N.P. Diversidade e uso de plantas
medicinais por comunidades quilombolas Kalunga
e urbanas, no nordeste do estado de Goiás,
Brasil. 2009.127p. Mestrado (Engenharia Florestal) -
Universidade de Brasília. Brasília.
MATOS, F.J.; LORENZI, H.; SANTOS, L.F.L.; MATOS,
M.E.O.; SILVA, M.G.V.; SOUSA, M.P. Plantas Tóxicas:
estudo da fitotoxicologia química de plantas brasileiras.
São Paulo: Instituto Plantarum, 2011. 256p.
MATOS, F.J.A. Plantas Medicinais: guia de seleção e
emprego de plantas usadas em fitoterapia no nordeste
do Brasil. 3th. ed. Fortaleza: UFC Edições, 2007. 365p.
MERÉTIKA, A.H.C.; PERONI, N.; HANAZAKI, N. Local
knowledge of medicinal plants in three artisanal fishing
communities (Itapoá, Southern Brazil), according
to gender, age, and urbanization. Acta Botânica
Brasílica, v.24, p.386-394, 2010.
MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde.
Departamento de Atenção Básica. Política Nacional
de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares no SUS.
Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2006. 92p.
MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Secretaria de Vigilância em
Saúde. Departamento de Análise de Situação em
Saúde. Saúde Brasil 2010: uma análise da situação
de saúde e de evidências selecionadas de impacto
de ações de vigilância em saúde. Brasília: Ministério
da Saúde, 2011. 372p.
MORAIS, R.P.; NASCIMENTO, A.S.; BORBA, O.F. A
vegetação do Cerrado em perspectiva: a situação do
município de Anápolis. Revista Educação & Mudança,
 27
v.24, p.2-3, 2010.
MUNICIPALITY OF ANÁPOLIS. Available in: http://www.
anapolis.go.gov.br/portal/anapolis. Accessed 20 de
jan. 2013.
OLIVEIRA, G. L.; OLIVEIRA, A.F.M.; ANDRADE, L.H.C.
Plantas medicinais utilizadas na comunidade urbana de
Muribeca, Nordeste do Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasílica,
v.24, p.571-577, 2010.
PASA, M.C.; SOARES, J.J.; NETO, G.G. Estudo
etnobotânico na comunidade de Conceição-Açu (alto
da bacia do rio Aricá Açu, MT, Brasil). Acta Botânica
Brasílica, v.19, p.195-207, 2005.
PHILLIPS, O.; GENTRY, A.H. The useful plants of
Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypotheses tests with a
new quantitative technique. Economic Botany, v.47,
p.15-32, 1993.
PHILLIPS, O.L. Some quantitative methods for analyzing
ethnobotanical knowledge. In: ALEXIADES, M.N.(Ed.).
Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research:
a field manual. New York: The New York Botanical
Garden, 1996. p.171-198.
PINTO, E.P.P.; AMOROZO, M.C.M.; FURLAN, A.
Conhecimento popular sobre plantas medicinais em
comunidades rurais de Mata Atlântica – Itacaré, BA,
Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasílica, v.20, p.751-762, 2006.
RAI, M.; ACHARYA, D.; RIOS, J.L. (Ed.). Ethnomedicinal
Plants - Revitalizing of Traditional Knowledge on
Herbs. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011. 518p.
SCHARDONG, R.M.F.; CERVI, A.C. Estudos etnobotânicos
das plantas de uso medicinal e místico na comunidade
de São Benedito, Bairro São Francisco, Campo Grande,
MS, Brasil. Acta Biológica Paranaense, v.29, p.187-
217, 2000.
SILVA, C.S.P. As plantas medicinais no município de
Ouro Verde de Goiás, GO, Brasil: uma abordagem
etnobotânica. 2007.153p. Dissertação (Mestrado –
Botânica) - Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.
SILVA, C.S.P.; PROENÇA, C.E.B. Uso e disponibilidade
de recursos medicinais no município de Ouro Verde
de Goiás, Go, Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasílica, v.22,
p.481-492, 2008.
S O A R E S , M . A . A . ; B R A G A , J . R . P. ; M O U R Ã O ,
A.E.B.; PARENTE, K.M.S.; PARENTE FILHO, E.G.
Levantamento etnobotânico das plantas medicinais
utilizadas pela população do município de Gurinhém
– Paraíba. Revista Homem, Espaço e Tempo, v.3,
p.36-47, 2009.
SOARES, N.P.; NERES, A.C.; ABREU, T.; PFRIMER, G.A.;
NISHIJO, H.; AVERSI-FERREIRA, T.A. Medicinal plants
used by the population of Goianápolis, Goiás State,
Brazil. Acta Scientiarum, Biological Sciences, v.35,
p.263-271, 2013.
SOUSA, M.J.M.; MORAL, F.F.; NASCIMENTO, G.N.L.;
SOARES, N.P.; AVERSI-FERREIRA, T.A. Medicinal
plants used by Itamaraty Community nearby Anápolis,
Goiás State, Brazil. Acta Scientiarum, Health
Sciences, v.32, p.177-184, 2010.
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (2018) 20:10-27.
SOUZA, C.D.; FELFILI, J.M. Uso de plantas medicinais
na região de Alto Paraíso de Goiás, GO, Brasil. Acta
Botânica Brasílica, v.20, p.135-142, 2006.
SOUZA, V.C.; LORENZI, H. Botânica Sistemática –
Guia ilustrado para a identificação das famílias de
Fanerógamas nativas e exóticas no Brasil, baseado
em APG II. Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum, 2008.
704p.
TROTTER, R.T.; LOGAN, M.H. Informant consensus:
a new approach for identifying potentially effective
medicinal plants. In: ETKIN, N.L. (Ed.). Plants in
indigenous medicine and diet: biobehavioral
approachs. New York: Redgrave Publishing C, 1986.
p.91-112.
VENDRUSCOLO, G.S.; MENTZ, L.A. Estudo da
concordância das citações de uso e importância das
espécies e famílias utilizadas pela comunidade do bairro
Ponta Grossa, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Acta Botânica
Brasílica, v.20, p.367-382, 2006.
VILA VERDE, G.M.; PAULA, J.R.; CARNEIRO, D.M.
Levantamento etnobotânico das plantas medicinais
do Cerrado utilizadas pela população de Mossâmedes
(GO). Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, v.13,
p.64-66, 2003.
VIU, A.F.M.; VIU, M.A.O. Cerrado e etnoveterinária: o
que se sabe em Jataí-GO? Revista Brasileira de
Agroecologia, v.6, p.49-61, 2011.
VIU, A.F.M.; VIU, M.A.O.; CAMPOS, L.Z.O. Etnobotânica:
uma questão de gênero? Revista Brasileira de
Agroecologia, v.5, p.138-147, 2010.
WHO. World Health Organization. Primary health care:
report of the International Conference on Primary Health
Care. Alma-Ata, URSS, 6-12 September 1978. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 1978. 79p.
WHO. World Health Organization. International Statistical
Classification of Diseases and Related Health
Problems, Tenth Revision – ICD-10. 5th. ed. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2016. 3v.
WHO. World Health Organization. Monographs on
selected medicinal plants. 2v. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2002. 357p.
ZANK, S.; HANAZAKI, N. Exploring the links between
ethnobotany, local therapeutic practices, and protected
areas in Santa Catarina Coastline, Brazil. Evidence-
Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,
v.2012, p.1-15, 2012.
ZUCCHI, M.R.; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, V.F.; GUSSONI,
M.A.; SILVA, M.B.; SILVA, F.C.; MARQUES, N.E..
Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais na
cidade de Ipameri – GO. Revista Brasileira de Plantas
Medicinais, v.15, p.273-279, 2013.