Wed Ob 23 — leche te — Te Compas of cobeyories 5 pals ardl Aomab py. @ Cabepiee DAs | A cttyoy is 0 collection of buts + br each par f objets, a calluhin d reghisms Mor(A,B) , and an epoaken calltd comyoitim of maphns, Mer (A,B) x Mee (BC) —> MorlA,c) ¢ tf, 9 rh gf 1) euty objet A bre am rlanky earphisrn —idy € Marl A) st VEC twlA,B), Feil, = tdgof =F, 2) empuitin ic ainciohve + (Pog\eh = f4(geh) hack: idy is Waiqre (iF Gy 18 an idakly mncthitn ten &= eq tidy = ity) Ex, ') cwery f sets, tac(A,B) = oll mops AOB 2) Bite din! wiche spate /R , 3) 98, genp hemomectiins 4) Bip spatto, corKneme mape. Dds | Fe Mecla,B) ic an ismecphiter if FgeMrlB A) db gol = id, md fogzidy (the inverce itmuephism) Chak: «the inven fF Et vith, is onigea sid, is om igmuplms Fite 3 P3953 Sy ins = gf ins lor map. > Tre abomaghisms of A. AulA) = Sismrsepe'ims ASA3 & MoclA,A), fem a geup. Ge: 1) Li Sets, A Rak ach nih n cleruh =» AWA) = (lijedon A+ A} % , 2) Ve ndin! veche pace/R => AHV) & GL) saveblle men mabices Cain: Jf A = Ben AMMA) = AMR) srmaphe a2 gemps. . (be itmaghin derls om the chia of im. PEtMLA,2) A grove is he sane Wing aoa colepry wih a ving objet whee oll racphiions are tsonnse ph fons (aire gary GC, comidir cob wth a singe objed , Mile) = G, Compo shia 2 pada in G) Calm Excavle + |Def: Ja amed ifm eatiog in Chih oll me gthne one fsmurphiins ® The dhe with a gmp is Ve cact olays melgly feo cLenole , mead the obeihs fe match, Upwetor, wher Comyntibion ic defiud it dete lave the same prprtion ao milleahim in mn grup: asroualivdy (Cag)eh = Fo(g-A)) idarbly (ford, = dy of F) inveaeo (IPs. Fo hl: iby ££: ily) Exomles + sebe ol bijeckona = gpl a) Hemoghions + bop spatse of hence rcoephiioas, Fanchors ty aby. Popelegy, we ell otteciahe be bop: spre X om aylrac objech A) (a feb, a amp). We cat the aurponed of Kus Abd) b ben Bache fon He cory dp Spices be cnsbu- caleyry so that VRS KY cofinwrwe tally & morghison ACE): Alx) ACY) Bae] CD caberica, A Rucke FC D ig an avigneed + to each abit Kin C, ae objet FO) in dD + to cath rarthisen FE thr (4), 0 ta nephidtn FOG) € Mor, (Fad, FC) sh) FG) = egg 2) F(g0f) = ae Fe). 4) Kegdhd Fader tabing 2 gmp, & Bema. fhe indedying set 2) om Wehr spaua, giter = wh ya VF. WH» Hom(V,W) IE Rp Way! ie Bear, em ndaced mp Homl,t) © Holy) a +> fea 3) ka Goes Xs free group geebed by K Eg. F(fa,b})= La b> bee gmy oy poe gers = A of Gaile Leeds in aby abt Uhre ruliptcahan ic comncalershion (& simplteahion ad's ala=4, 5 eg: oe) (a? ba) = abatba . (FC fa) = fo he zhez).Hemel = nobon of conbinenas ABrmahon, peranchnd by X= bo,'} @ DY | Bg: XY tee mins maps. A heohey behite, Pad g is a cohmen rap Fi xT Y ste Flu )=FO) Wex (He “bine” veutable in ba honeys) Fee= gle) IP his ecitts, Var sy Pad g ae honopic ak uak Fxg. JE £ ic hamshpic te 9 comtand map, Wve Say it is nulthamehpic. LW vat fe shedy pals in trp Socco, ie Fs Lop] 2X cotnmn, bel=x, Fx, The olote mon if hemtny is mt vey whl fy pas if ve dovt Re he end punks Kok x (ge Hl) A Leber kon of howuhey of pas only considers hemehpite whch heey Be end poh in place dd Te pahs fg: IX fm. xe h x, we Gal) hornebpic it 3 coin, F: Tet — 9X st. Feo)= 6) Fz Gls) Chomuhpy) amd FOOL) = %,, FL) = 2% (Re ed pois: so Veelo/!} 4 Fing ig «ph bem xy bx) Shhh F is a pak huwwhpy , and we lnk fxg Lepooas | = od oe epurlaue Lakme > fs, 3 bethpic pabs bh nok bumshpic to Fea sg clearly FX EP Ccomtat homing F(x, t) = $4) oF Fxg wih bonshpy Flot), Ken te atcese hob Glxt)= Fl, l-€) gite ge. + Airens aeg vik omibiy Flt) thy thy cnedenahen of Ie i geho —» Glx,t) ——_ He X< Lon} 9 ¥ kad by Mee = § PG, 24) Hf teloa) CU, %-1) if tele 3 These two Fornnlen ogee at det (Fle) = ghd = Gli, 8) 0 His welded cmd covbinwne (cf "pathy lemme” Thy, 83) md ge a howwhpy Fxh, © Ste caw Gf pol remap, cam check the abare conbuckine prstve the etqudrtnads FOE) xo & FOX, so yi pay hombpito Qq We date Ire (path) mbps eqiveliu chur f F by LFJ.iF TE Bey ae pals in RE Coe Bor any conse se PR) = © Fram x fo KV cam dt Bine Doe Shavight Line homokopy FEL) = (+E) EG) + t9(s) ft ES Fe enh #, this cons Me) bof) ys x 1 Haight Cre seyntat fe conde Fx, ! 40% shraig ny Me ke eG divas | 2) inthe parchecd plane X= {68} Lt Lg be pales bom Cit) b (40) StF chags in The ryper half plane {(x,s) |y 20} £ Laver 41 t— g¢o Dan Bae it v0 hectiny Ldwern Ly in K (ve pre tis rigerrly Leber) Now we pve Ihab honchyy cde oP pas bon a enbesory , i» Cat a gerprid The heey oprahon is conyosihie (concdenakor) of pak dg. | Fic a ph fa xb y md g ise ph bn yh, defn 2 pak faq bem x tee by rimig Mm Sat £ ther ‘ { é g (hie a faut. (p = [f@ & cé(4d] 2 ‘3 \(s) g(s-l) sella HS Tht pale is vulsdefiud on pabrhemelopy Layo, as dng cu Fil) = 90): 4 , el PaO! amd 3 gf her ma a, eg : ~fFlat) J teing homihps (Fe Ys4)= (oe =, Sp we cam dhe 2 Crle [1 z [Fe 3] (SEM esneming ed por rabih, * east 900) harm: | His opener is ascociahe, omd has idintly inverco @ ht palebenaitepy Latte Bm a sropeid wih objeck = polar of X amd Mor le,g) = Lhemwhey lem f ps bm xh yf (emply ules x anky we in Ihe Same palh-comushl conpmuat of X!) + Tle gren x6X comider the covtnd par ep, LK, exls)sx Ys, €U idle} + Tovee given a pak bm x by debin the ctvew path E(s)=Fli-5) fin yh x.