ENGINEERING | Tits eta ee } (Diploma & Non-Diploma Streams)and Right hand Limits (8); 1.9. C ‘ofa Function (12) sch putea 9 ws —B Results (19); 2.1. Introduction 19);2.2. Differential Coefficient (19); 2.3. Standard 2.4, Differential coericiet of 00); 25. Differential Coefficient of sinx (21); 2.6 Differential Coefficient of cos x (21); 2.7. Differential Coefficient oftanx (22);2.8. 9. Differential Coefficient of sec x (22); 2.10. Differential Coefficient of cot x (22); 2. “ Differential Coefficient of cosec x (23); 2.11. Differential Coefficient of g* 3}; 2.12. Differential Coefficient of log,x(23); 2.13. Differential Coefficient of sin"'x (23); 2.14. Differential Coefficient of cos x 24), 2.15. Differential Coefficient of tan-'x (24); 2.16, Differential Coefficient of cot 1x (24); 2.17. Differential Coefficient of sec"'x (24); 2.18. Differential Coeffi- cient of cosec"'x (25); 2.19. Differential Coefficient of Constant (25); 2.20. Dif- ferential Coefficient of the Product (25); 2.21. Differential Coefficient of the sum (26); 2.22. Differential Coefficient of the Product (29); 2:23.Differential Coeffi- cient of the Quotient (29); 2.24. Differential Coefficient of a Function of a Func- tion (30); 2.25. Logarithmic Differentiation (32); 2.26. Differentiation of Implicit Function (34); 2.7. Parametric Equations (34); 2.28. Derivatives of Hyperbolic Function (35); 2.29. trigonometrical Substitution (37); 2.30. Successive Differ- entiation (39); 2.31. Calculation of nth Derivatives (41); 2.32. nth Derivative of (ax + bY (41); 2.33 nth derivative of e* (41); 2.3¢ 1th Derivative of sin (ax + 6) (41);2.35 nth Derivative of e* sin (bx + c) (42); 2.36 nth Derivative of Rational Functions (43); 2.37. Leibnitz’s Theorem (47). TANGENTS AND NORMALS 3.1. Tangents and Normals (54); 3.2. Angle of Intersection of two Curves (59); 33. Length of Tangent, Subtangent, Normal and Subnormal (62); 3.4, Polar Co- ordinates (66); 3.5. Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent, Subnormal in Polar Gortaes (67); 3.6. Angle of Intersection of two Curves in Polar Co-ordinates MAXIMA AND MINIMA 4.1. Increasing and Decreasing Functions (73); 4.2. Maxima ini cl ); 4.2. and Mi ; 4.3. Point of Inflexion (75); 4.4. Applications in Problems (78). nae EXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS 5.1. Maclaurin’s Series (89); 5.2. Standard Expansi Standard .2. Sta ‘pansions (89); 5.3. B; Haye @ A By Diseceaiton apd Integration (94); 55. Use of Substi }; 5.6. By Complex : it’s e 58. Taylor's Theorem (100). Moers 8) 57 By Leite’ Tires), o) 54—72 73 — 88 89— 10510. INDETERMINATE FORMS: 6.1. Indeterminate Forms (106); Foxn = (107); 6.4. The Indetermin 6.2. L Hospital Rule (106); 6.3, The Indeterminate yate Form 0 oo (107); 6.5. The Indeterminate 0 2 Ferm 20 (107);6.6. The Inderminate Form (107),6.7. Form (111);6.8. Form (0x2 (111);69.Form © (112),6.10. Form o° (113);6.11; Form o0°(114); 6.12. Form j> (115). ey ‘ 7.1, Definition (117); 7.2. To Find Asymptote Parallel to the x-axis (117);7.3. Deter- mination of Oblique Asymptotes (118). RADIUSOFCURVATURE. 8.1. Curvature (128); 82. Radius of Curvature for Cartesian Equations (128); Radius of Curvature for Polar Equations (134); 8.4. Radius of Curvature for Pedal Equations (138); 8.5. Circle of Curvature (139); 8.6, Centre of Curvature (140); 8.1. Chord of Curvature (142). GENERAL THEOREMS 9.1. Rolle’s Theorem (146); 9.2. Lagrange’s Mean-value Theorem (148); 9.3. Remainder (152). PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 10.1. Introduction (156); 10.2. Limit (156); 10.3. Partial Derivatives (158); 10.4. Partial Derivatives of Higher orders (161); 10.5. Which Variable is to be Treated as Constant (168); 10.6. Homogeneous Function (171); 10.7. Euler's Theorem on. Homogeneous Functions (172). TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION 11.1. Introduction (184); 11.2. Total Differential Coefficient (184); 11.3, Impor= tant Deductions (197); 11.4. Typical Cases (203), 11.5. Geometrical Interpreta- vg tion of Gy 206); 11.6. Tangent Plane to a Surface (206). APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS so ee (210); 12.2. Jacobians (218); 12.3. Properties of laco- of letice ria’: Jacobian of Implicit Functions (228); 12.5 Partial Derivatives 236 aT tions by Jacobian (232); 12.6. Tylor’ Series of two Variables Goa ik ale for f. (, y) to be Maximum or Minimum (244); 12.8. ngrangs of Undetermined Multipliers (249). CO-ORDINATES AND DIRECTION COSINES 15.1. Inttoduction (258); 13.2, Origin (258); 13.3, Spherical co-ordinates (258); Diane dericl Co-ordinates (259); 135. Postion ofthe Point (260); 13.6 don O64) 199, Daeg ants 261): 13.7. Ratio Formula (262); 13.8, Tetrahe- n (264); 19.9. Direction Cosines of a Line (265); 13.10. A Usehil Relation (265); 13.11 Relation between Direction Cosines (266); 13.12. Direction Ratios n7—127 128 —145 146 —155 156 —183 184 —209 210—25715. 16. ; Normal. (284); 14,7. Angle between two ] Perpendis -of two Planes (285); 14.9.Anglebe- tween Plane and a Line (285); 14.10. Plane Through three Points (286); 14.11. Length of Perpendicular froma Point to. Plane (294); 14.12. Projection of an area (297); 14.13. Area ofa Triangle (297). STRAIGHT LINE 301 — 342 15.1. Line (301); 15.2. Equation ofa Straight Line (General Form) (301); 15.3. Sym- metrical Form (301); 15.4. To Convert General Equation of line to Symmetrical Form (311); 15.5. Angle between a Line and a Plane (316); 15.6. Conditions for a Line to Lie ina Plane (317); 15.7. Coplanar Lines (321); 15.8. Line of Greatest Slope inaPlane (327); 15.9. Skew Lines (329); 15.10. The shortest Distance between two Lines (330); 15.111. Magnitude and the Equation of shortest Distance (330); 15.12. Length of Perpendicular from a Point to a Line (336); 15.13. Intersection of three Planes (338). SPHERE 343 — 367 16.1. Definition (343); 16.2. The Equation of a Sphere whose Centre and Radius are given (343); 16.3. General Equation (343); 16.4. The Sphere through four Points (344); 16.5. Extremities of the Diameter are given (348); 16.6. Plane Section of a Sphere is a Circle (349); 16.7. Intersection of two Spheres (349); 16.8. Equation of a Circle (349); 16.9, Sphere through a given circle (350); 16.10. The Equation ofany sphere through the Intersection of two Spheres (350); 16.11. Intersection of a Sphere and a Line (357); 16,12. The Equation of the Tangent Plane (358); 16.13. Condition of Tangency (358); 16.14. Angle of Intersection of two Spheres (365); 16.15. Condition of Orthogonality of two Spheres (365). CYLINDER 368 — 375 17.1. Definitions (368); 17.2. The Equation of a Right Circular Cylinder (368); 17.3. Equation of the Cylinder (370); 17.4, Enveloping Cylinder (374). CONE 376 —391 18.1, Cone (376); 18.2. Equation of a Cone (376); 18.3. Right Circular Cone (378); 18.4, Equation of the Right Circular Cone (378); 18.5. Cone with Vertex at Origin G82); 18.6. Enveloping Cone (384); 18.7. Equation of the Enveloping Cone (384); 18.8. Tangent Plane (386). MATRICES 392— 491 19.1. Definition (392); 19.2. Various Types of Matrices (392); 19.3. Addition of Matrices (395); 19.4. Properties of Matrix Addition (397); Subtraction of Matrices (397); 19.6. Scalar Multiple of a Matrix (397); 19.7. Multiplication (398); 19.8. (ABY ~B“A’ (398); 19.9, Properties of Matrix Multiplication (398); 19.10. Adjoint of a Square Matrix (408); 19.11. Property of Adjoint Matrix (409); 19.12.21. 22. 23. (viii) Inverse ofa Matrix . 19,13. Solution of Simultancous Linear Equations (413); ‘om ee (416); 19.15. Elementary Matrices (417); 19.16. 19.14. Elementary Transformations ‘Theorem (417); 19.17. To compute the Inverse of a Matrix from Elementary Ma~ trices (Gauss Jordan Method) (418); 19.18. Normal Form (423); 19.19. Rank of a Matrix (426); 19,20, Solution of Simultaneous Equations (429); 19.21. Types of Linear Equations (432); 19.22, Consistency of a of Linear Equations (433); 19.23. Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors (441); 19.24. Partition- ing of Matrices (444); 19.25. Characteristic Roots or Eigen ‘Values (449); 19.26. Cayley Hamilton Theorem (453); 19.27. Characteristic Vectors or Eigen Vectors (459); 19.28. Properties of Eigen Vectors (460); 19.29. Non-symmetric Matrices with Non-repeated Eigen Values (460); 19.30. Non-symmetrie Matrix with Re- peated Eigen Values (462); 19.31. Symmetric Matrices with Non-repeated Eigen ‘Values (466); 19.32. Symmetric Matrices with Repeated Eigen Values (467); 19.33. Diagonalisation of a Matrix (470); 19.34. Powers of a Matrix (47); 19.35. Sylvester's Theorem (478); 19.36. Quadratic Form Enpressed in Matrices (480); 19.37. Linear Transformation of Quadratic Form (481); 19.38. Differentiation and Integration of Matrices (487). VECTORALGEBRA. 492 — 525 20.1. Vectors (492); 20.2. Addition of Vectors (492); 20.3. Properties of Addition of Vectors (492); 20.4, Subtraction of Vectors (493); 20.5. Multiplication of Vectors by a Number (493); 20.6. Rectangular Resolution of a Vector (493); 20.7. Position Vector of a Point (497); 20.8. Ratio Formula (497); 20.9. Products of two Vectors (501); 20.10. Scalar or Dot Product (501); 20.11. Useful Results (501); 20.12. Distributive Law (501); 20.13, Work done as a Scalar Product (506); 20.14, Vector Product or Cross Product (507); 20.15. Vector Product Expressed as a Determinant (509); 20.16. Area of Parallelogram (511); 20.17. Moment of a Force (512); 20.18. Angular Velocity (513); 20.19, Scalar Triple Product (516); 20.20. Geometrical Interpretation (516); 20.21. Coplanarity Questions (518); 20.22. Vector Product of Three Vectors (519); 20.23. Scalar Product of Four Vectos (520); 20.24. Vector Product of Four Vectors (521); 20.25. Vector Equation of the Straight Line Passing Through a given Point and Parallel to a given Vector (523); 20.26. Vector Equation of the Straight Line Passing through two Points (523); 20.27. Condition of Three Points to be Collinear (523); 20.28. Vector Equation of the Plane through the origin. and Parallel to two given Vectors (524); 20.29. Vector Equation of the Plane (524); 20.30. Vector Equation of the Plane passing through given points whose position Vectors are cr, B, y (524), INTEGRATION 21.1. Introduction (526);21.2. Definition (526); 21.3. Constant of Integration (526); 21.4. Hyperbolic Functions (527); 21.5. Standard Results (527); 21.6. Integral of the Product of Constant and a Function (528); 21.7. Integral of the Algebraic sum ofa Number of Functions (528); INTEGRATIONBY THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 22.1. Method of Substitution (533); 22.2. Standard Formulae (537); 22.3. Standard Results (538); 22.4. Definite Integrals (539), INTEGRATION BY PARTS 23.1. Integration by Parts (543). 526 — 532 533 — 542 543 — $4927. 25.1. Remarc tess lx? + bx +.¢ (561); 25.2. Integral of the Form pe+g J dar? t+ cae (563); 25.3, imepral o the Form J Lepr 254. Integral ofthe Form | (Px+q) fax? +bx +e de (567); 25.5. Integral ofthe 1 Form har (568). INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 572 — 580 26.1. Integral of the Form i Genz (572); 26.2. Integral of the Form f ae 7 foatieete a 516 a+beos? x (276); 26.3. Integral of the Form Gsinztdcosx OP REDUCTION FORMULAE 581 — 597 27.1. Introduction (581); 27.2. Reduction Formula for fisint x dr (581); 27.3. Evaluate ie in” xdx (581); 27.4, A Reduction formula for Jun'xa (583); 21.5. Reduction Formula for f see” x ds (585); 27.6. P Method (586); 27.7, Con- nect fain” xcos" rd with frit xcos™® rade (387); 37,8, . Inn { cos" xsin we de(589); 27.9, Evaluate F cos"-? win nx a (590). DEFINITE INTEGAL 598 — 616 28.1 Introduction (598); 28.2, Theorems on Definite Integrals (598); 28.3. Rule= [Lyte 9,04, i ; “ r Polar Equations (639); 30.5. Conversion of Castesian Co- copa Mateos CIE out Area of Curves for ite Bate Polar Co-ordinates (642); 30.6. Simpson’s Rule (644), 30.7. Value 3 32. 35. 36. ‘of Definite Integral by Simpson's Rule (648); 30.8. Definition (653); 30.9. The Root Mean Square Value (656). VOLUME 31.1. Volume (660); 31.2. Volume of the Solid (660). LENGTH 32.1, Rectification (671); 32.2. Length of are (671); 32.3. Equations in Polar Co-ordinates (676). SURFACE AREA 33.1. The Surface Area (678); 33.2. Polar Equations (683). ‘THEOREM OF PAPPUS OR GULDIN 34.1. Theorem for Volume (686); 34.2. Volume of the Solid (690); 34.3. Theorem cof Pappus or Guldin for Surface (691). MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 35.1. Double Integration (694); 35.2. Evaluation of Double Integral (694); 35.3. ‘Change of Order of Integration (703), 35.4. Application of the Double Integrals (207); 35.5. Area in Polar Co-ordinates (708); 35.6. Centre of Gravity (711); 35.7. Triple Integration (715); 35.8. Change to ‘Spherical Co-ordinates (720); 35.9. ‘Volume = Sffe dy dz (722); 35.10, Surface Area (730); 35-11. Calculation of ‘Mass (734); 35.12. Centre of Gravity (735); 35.13. Moment of Inertia of a solid (736); 35.14. Centre of Pressure (739). DEFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 36.1. Definition (742); 36.2. Order and Degree of a Differential [s;uation (742); 36.3. Formation of Differential Equations (742); 36.4, Solution ofa Differential Equation (744); 36.5. Differential Equation of the first order and first degree (744); 30.6. Variable Separable (745); 36.7. Homogeneous Differential Equations (748); 36.8. Equations Reducible to Homogeneous Form (750); 36.9. Linear Differential ‘Equations | (752); 36.10. Equations Reducible ‘to the Linear Form (755); 36.11. Exact Differential Equation (759); 36.12. Equations Reducible to the Exact Equations (762); 36.13. Applications of Differential Equations (764); 36.14. Equations of First order and Higher Degree (775); 36.15 Introduction (777); 36.16. Complete solution = Complementary Function + Particular Integral (778); 36.17. Method of Finding the Complementary Function (779); 36.18. Rules o find Particular Integrals (781): 1 Tht 1 36.19. ta < Fey (81): 36.0. a =[f(DI" X" (784); 36.21. 671 —677 678 — 685 694—741 742 — 8084. (792); 36.25. Homogeneous Linear Equations (794); 36.26. Method of Variations of Parameters (797); 36.27. Simultancous Differential Equations (799); 36.28. Applications of Differential Equations (804). PARTIALDIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 209 — 847 37.1. Partial Differential Equations (809); 37.2. Order (809); 37.3. Method of form- ing Partial Differential Equations (809); 37.4. Solution of Equation by Direct Integration (810); 37.5. Lagrange’s Linear Equation (812); 37.6. Working Rule (814); 37.7. Method of Multipliers (815); 37.8. Partial Differential Equa- tions Non-linear in p and g (821); 37.9. Charpit’s Method (827); 37.10. Linear Homogeneous Partial Differential Equation (830); 37.11. Rules for finding the Function (830); 37.12. Rules for finding the Particular Integral (831); 37.13. Non-homogeneous Linear Equations (840); 37.14. Monge’s Method (844). PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN PRACTICAL PROBLEMS 848 — 876 38.1. Introduction (848); 38.2. Method of Separation of Variables (848); 38.3. Equation of Vibrating Strings (851); 38.3.1. Solution of Wave Equation by D Alembert’s Method (859); 38.4, One dimensional Heat Flow (862); 38.6 Laplace Equation in Polar Co-ordinates (871); 38.7. Transmission Line Equations (874). STATISTICS 377 — 904 39.1. Statistics (877); 39.2. Frequency Distribution (877); 39.3. Graphical Repre- sentation (877); 39.4. Average or Measures of Central Tendency (878); 39.5. Arith- metic Mean (878); 39.6. Median (879); 39.7, Mode (880); 39.8. Geometric Mean (881); 39.9. Harmonic Mean (881); 39.10. Average Deviation or Mean Deviation (882); 39.11. Standard Deviation (882); 39.12. Shortest Method for Calculating, ‘Standard Deviation (882); 39.13. Moments (884), 39.14, Moment Generating Function (885), 39.15. Skewness (885); 39.16, Correlation (887); 39.17. Scatter Diagram or Dot - Diagram (888); 39.18, Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation (888); 39.19. Short-cut Method (890); 39.20. Spearman's Rank Correlation (892); 39.21, Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient (892); 39.22. Regression (894); 39.23. Line of Regression (894); 39.24. Equations to the Lines of Regression (895); 39.25, Error of Prediction (901) PROBABILITY 905 — 921 40.1, Probability (905); 40.2. Definition (905); 40.3. Addition Law of Probability (907); 40.4, Multiplication Law of Probability (909). BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 9m — 935 41.1. Binomial Distribution P(r)="C,p'g"”’ (922); 41.2. Mean of Binomial47. Gil) Distribution Standard Deviation of Binomial Distribution (929); 41.4 Recamaua os 41.5. Moment Generating Functions (933), 41.6. Recur- rence Relation (934). POISSON DISTRIBUTION 936 ~ 94g 42.1, Poisson Distribution (936); 42.2. Mean of Poisson Distribution (937), 42.3. Standard Deviation of Poisson Distribution (937), 42.4, Mean Deriation (938); 42.5. Moment Generating Function (939); 42.6. Cumulants (939); 42.7. Recur- rence Formula (940), NORMAL DISTRIBUTION es 43.1. Continuous Distribution (949); 43.2. Moment Generating Function (951); 43.3. Normal Distribution (951); 43.4. Normal Curve (952); 43.5. Mean for Normal Distribution (953); 43.6, Standard Deviation (953); 43.7. Median (953); 43.8. Mean Deviation (954); 43.9. Mode (954); 43.10. Moment of Normal Distribution (954); 43.11. Area under the Normal Curve (956); 43.12. The ¢ Distributions (966) 43.13 Testing for difference between means of two small samples (970);43.14 Working Rule (972), GAMMABETADISTRIBUTION 974— 976 44.1. Gamma Function (974); 44.2. Gamma Distribution (974); 44.3. Mean of Gamma Distribution (974); 44.4. Standard Deviation of Gamma Distribution (975); 44.5. The Beta Distribution (975); 44.6. Mean of Beta Distribution (975): 44.7. Standard Deviation of Beta Distribution (976).. FINITE DIFFERENCES 977— 1007 45.1. Interpolation (977); 45.2. Finite Differences (977); 45.3, Relation between E and A (977); 45.4. The Operator V and E”' (978); 45.5. the Factorial Polyno- mial (982), 45,6. Newton's Forward Interpolation Formula for Equal Intervals. (982); 45.7. Stirling Formula (Central Difference) (991); 45.8. Newton’s For mula for Backward Differences (993); 45.9. Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula for Unequal Intervals (996); 45.10, Deduction of Lagrange’s Formula (997); 45.11. Numerical Differentiation (Forward Difference) (1001); DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 1008 — 1020 46.1. Difference Equation (1008); 46.2. Order of Difference ‘Equation (1008); 46.3, Solution of Difference Equation (1009); 46.4. Complementary Function (1009); 46.5. Particular Integral (1011) NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 1021 — 1034 47.1. Introduction (1021); 47.2. Solution of equations Graphically (1021); 47.3, Newton - Raphson method (1023); 47.4. Rule of False Position (Regula Falsi) (1027); 47.5. Interation Method (1032). 48. f sea ia .1 Family of curves (1035), 48,2 Envel (1035), 48.3 Methods of finding the envelope (1035), 48,4 Working rule(1035), , my Aes QUESTION PAPERS 2006, 2005, 2004 1041 — 1059 INDEX 1061 — 1062Useful Results ee ala (1) TRIGONOMETRY = tan? @ = 29- =1- = cos2@=2cos?6-1, cos2@=1-2sin?0, cos20 atk, mana iiog aaten® sin2@ = 2 sin 8cos@, ee eer 6 2tand mae eaeo sin3@ = 3 sin 6 — 4 sin* 0, cos 3.6 = 4 cos? @-3 cos 3tan@- tar @ 39 = Stand—tan @ ame 1-3 tan? 6 sin? 6 +cos?8 = 1, sec?@ = I+tarPO, cose? @ = 1+co8 sin 0° = 0, cos 0° tan 0° = 0 a : cos 30° = > tan 30° = 5 1 5° = = 0s 45° = tan 45° c0s 60° = 4, tan 60° = \F cos 90° = 0, tan 90° = co cos 180° = -1, tan 180° = 0 cos 270° = 0, tan 270° = - 22 sin 360° = 0, cos 360° = 1, tan 360° = 0 Rule 1. (a) No change: sin, cos, tan of 180°—@ or 180'+ © or 360° - 0 or 360° +0 remains the same ‘I-ratio. (b) Change: sin, cos, tan of 90°~ 6, 90° +6 or 270'~@ or 270' +6 changes, sin becomes ‘cos, tan becomes cot. Rule 2. Of sign: The resulting T-ratio depends upon the quadrant of the angle. sin (~ 8) = — sin @, cos (~ 8) = +c0s, tan (~@) = ~tan@ sin (90° ~8) = cos @, cos (90° - 8) = sin, tan (90"~6) = coro 4, Gs = Smt >). cy(xlv) sin (90° +0) = cos ®, sin (180° -) = sin, sin (180° + @) = - sin ®, sin (270° - 0) = - cos 8, cos (90° +8) = — sin 6, cos (180° - 0) = — cos ®, cos (180° + 8) = — cos 8, cos (270° - 8) = —sin 8, sin (Q70°+0)=—cos®, c08(270°+ 8) = + sin, sin 360"- 0) =—sin®,- _cos(360°- 6) = cos 0, sin (A+B) = sind cos B+ cos 4 sin B, cos (A +B) = cos A cos B— sin. sin B, Useful Results tan (90° + 0) = — cot ® tan (180° - 6) = ~tanO tan (180° + 6) = tan 0 tan (270° - 0) = -cot 0 tan (270° + @) =~ cot® tan (360° - 6) = ~tan® sin (A — B) =sin A cos B ~ cos A sinB cos (A - B) = cos. cos B+ sin A sin B tand +tanB _ py = tnd atanB tan (4+8) = 7 tand tan B tan (42) = 7 tan tan B Formulae, Converting sum or difference into product. sin C-+sinD = 2 sin £2 cos $=? sin C— sin D = 2.08 +? sin 5=? z z 2 2 cos C +008 D = 2.cos os C~ cos D = ~2 sin ££? sin SP Formulae. Converting product into sum 2sin A cos B = sin (A +B) +sin(4—B), in (4 +B) ~ sin (AB) 2cos A cos B = cos (A +B) + cos (4-8), sin"! (sin@) =, — cos-! (cos 8) = 8, eee Ps BC sind sinB sinC’ Projection formula: a = b cos C +c cos B ‘Sine formula: ‘Area of triangle = 3 base height = dbesind Cos formula cos A = 08 (A — B)—cos (A+B) B+e-a 2be = Vs(@-a)(s—5) (6-9), where s = atbte 1 tin (1+) =e rool >, ae ereX 2. (2) ALGEBRA Binomial theorem (sep = nae MOaD a, MADORD ay. ! C= nl = 1x2x3%.. rin-r! | aad lim = logea xv0 * cost? x - sink? x = 1 (x-1)x"mit, ove sll nn yes mice we SMBS (or). 0, Roots are imaginary if 8? 4 ac <0. @ LOGARITHM Definitions 100 = 102 > Jogio 100 = 2 log 1 = 0, log,a= 1 log m+ log n= log mn, Jog m ~ log n= log ™ log m"=n log m, og, m= logy m log, b eer = x PARTIAL FRACTIONS Step 1 “ xtt Buick ) GD G+DGtD G-2 +3 Gt) (ine Bde Be Ah iy : (+1 G46) x41 G+ x46 Gap Ss ha, Bey (e+ 2)(2 4x41) x42 4x41 ay Bt Dex +2 Be ae @+N@+2) In (iv) first divide the numerator by the denominator if the power of x in the numerator is higher or equal to the power of x in the denominator, then the remaining converted into partial fractions. a Step I (@) On taking LCM. of (i x1 = AGH3)+5)+B~2) 45) 4 C(x-2) (243) )(xvi) Useful Results Tekex-2-0 or x=2 Purx=2in(l) geiaAQeD Qe) of Anz Similarly find B and C. (@) On taking L.CM. of (#) +3 me A(et 1) HO BEF O+CE +E 2) Take x+1= 0, 2-1, find B on putting x= ~1 in 2) ‘Toke x+6- 0, «= —6, find C on putting x =~6 in 2) Equate the coefficients of 2? O=AtC ‘As we have already calculated C, 90 we can find 4. 4) GEOMETRY ‘Median is the line joining the vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side of a triangle. Centroid or C.G. is the point of intersection of the medians of a triangle. TIncentre is the point of interseation of the bisectors of the angles of a triangle. Circumcentre is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle. ‘Omhocentre is the point of intersection of the perpendiculars drawn from vertices to the opposite sides of a triangle (5) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS d d qos mr Scot.) = 4 (ina) = cons, (eoss) = -sins San = 28x S (cots) = ~coveds ad £tece 2) = secxtanx (eoseox) ~ ~ cones xcot = Lee) = arto tea peta Sl a BAL 1 Zere 4 (eins) = Foe Beor'y= es 4earin= Sa cela 1 d i 1 +8 Gon haplee eer)" EI behest ST i Kcose'y=—ee —— Ltsinhs)~ cosh (cosh 3)= six d gy (anh x) = seek? x (ott) =-cosech? x Z (eee 3) = —sech x tn? d “gq (eosech x) = — cosech x coth x ae ¥ tat ae Velocity = aide a Acceleration = $= Si = ye Enoriny= 28x For Maxims, 2 = 0, fou ove For Minima, 4-0, hoi£0) =O 4/42 L OES O+ + ALO. ‘Taylor series Fath) = Serhs@rBr e+ a Eros t ASYMPTOTE Find $5 (m), on putting x= 1, y= Put > (m) = 0 and find the values of m. oon ‘Then find ¢, ae a If two roots m are equal, then find c by the relation EN cieteetstine 31 See (mes Fy b2” (rm) +6 ba! (m) + 1 (m) = 0 The asymptote is y= mx+c RADIUS OF CURVATURE aA (2 oe +" dr alp ds Pate eet caorans "ah | ae MEAN VALUE THEOREM: LO-L./(c | PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION | Euler's Theorem aks a Total differentiation # & &. ‘TAYLOR’S SERIES 2 Fear noon =fe.d)+(hgee veg lon(rZeeg} re. Ho =10.9 +(e 22) sheer oh te ‘MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM iris £. wy y @F-% Ww Z=o, wn ls)set For Maximum: 2 <0, for Minimum: 24> 0 JACOBIAN bu Ou oe a ay uw), dum | a oe Hore aGy2) | oy & Bw du dw a ay & ENVELOPE OfG%»D=% 2 f%y,0)~0, — (iii) Eliminate 0. The eliminant is the equation of the envelope. (Q ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY OF THREE DIMENSIONS DIRECTION COSINES DR’s of a line joining the points (x), yi, 2) and (2, Y2522) i 42 A Ya Ya 72 771- a b © EDRs ae a, bs 6, then DCs me are alt ee Ee Ram+nt=1, cosO= hh+mmg+mm Two lines are... if hh + mym,+mm = 0. Equation of a plane: axt by + cz+d = 0. Plane passing through (x1, y1,21) is a(x—m)+b(Q—yi) +¢ @—z1) = 0. eve 2, eye abe Plane with intercepts a, b, ¢ is Normal form: Ix-+my+nz= p, where J, m, n are DC’s of the normal to the plane. —byagl yy vista Eqs. of a line passing through (x, y1, 21) with DR’s f, m, m are ~ i = = -. Eq, of a sphere whose centre is (a, , ¢) and radius r is (r-aP +(y- bP +(e -cP =P. General eq. of a sphere is x2 +)? +22 + 2ux-+ 2vy+2wz+d = 0. Centre (—u, =v, —w) and radius = Vit + Pwd Eq. of a sphere on the join of (x1,,71,21) and (x2, y2, 2) as diameter is Gx) @-m) + -W) OH) + @-21) Gz) = 0. (7) MATRICES 1 0 90 Unit or Identity matrix=| 0° 1 0 0 0 1 f= ada 14]Useful Results Equations AX = B, then X = d-' B Equations 44 = B, then C = (4, 8] (1) Consistent equations with unique solution If Rank of C= Rank of A = Number of unknowns (2) Consistent equations with infinite solutions If Rank of C= Rank of A < Number of unknowns (3) Inconsistent equations If Rank of C # Rank of A. (8) VECTORS iF siryjrzh then |7|- V+ pee = Position vector of B — Position vector of A Ratio formula: go Mm men ‘Scalar Product: a-B=|a|B|cos® a5 Work done =F-7, 9 = cos! Tate) Vector Product axb=|a| |5|sind-n ‘Area of parallelogram = 2x5 Moment of a force <7xF Va wx a tee ses ates LEONE Oy, 4 & Volume of parallelopiped = a (6 <<) Gx@xQ=G@Ob-G- He @xBy Ex) - ay G@xB)x xa = [@5alc- [aba] a --eaja+acas (@) INTEGRAL CALCULUS 4 1 feae =o fear = toger Jedc=e Jatde= clog, ¢ Jsinx de=— cos x Joos x d= sinx Jran.x ds = log secx Jot x de tog sin x Semen aera Jsecx dx = lon ees +2) = gs (4 i) J coser. dx = log (cosee + — cot x) = log tan'5 Jsecxtanxdr =secx J coseox cot x dr = ~ cosec x Jy sie = Sqprtx- cost J gfe - sini?Useful Results e de 1 Vignes fatgcaee't [ates Jafa-het? Srptpad coseen = Jsinh x ax = cosh x Joosh x a= sinh x J sect? x d= tanh x J coset? x dx = = coth x Jscchx tanh x dx=-sechx cosech x coth x dx = - cosech x aes [m+ [n+i ( sintx costs d= VEZ lm+n+2 z [avi =nl=n|n 3 Sle Theorems on Definite Integral firere=f stad f fe ae ~ [sere [sod=f sears] seoazecees, [700 ae f ple—n ae Important theorem Sireode= Freya yam) f fe) a=2f forex _tf@a-3-F0) -0 iff@a-9=-10) Syerar=2freyde i709 ~ 4/0) even faction =0 ‘Substitution If Yat#=2 to be integrated, If Ya? +2? to be integrated, iff(— x) =—f (2), odd function substitute x= a sin 0. substitute x= a tan 0. area = [yes ara =1f 2z0 Volume = x fy? de, Volume = 22 sino aeUpaiel Reaate. (xan Leng of curve = 1+(2) af Vg) +3) ao -£( « Curved surice = 2» f'yds~ 2 f fy VG 2 de =2n fy 4% a) « Sarface woe = 2's f POU a Simpson’s rule: Area = 3 [01+ In) +203 +y5+ 27+ --+ Ina) +4 Ort M+ Yt oe + Ind Simpson's 3 Rule, d= 2D, + 3924395 +94) A= st, FYDAT ORAM HYSt Yet Iet + Yn +2 Oat Int It + In—2)] Trapezoidal Rule, A = Stor +4204 td] Weddle’s Rule, 4 = ay, +52 + Ys+ Oyat ys + Sveti] A= PH osSirtmtntmt. +6044 0+ Hi6+ ...) +0545 ++ I—+-.3] foe ire Mean value = , 5 RMS. value = =. b-a Theorem of Pappus Volume of the solid = Area under the curve x Length of the path of C.G. of area. ‘Surface area = Length of the curve x Length of the path of C.G. of the curve. (10) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (® Variables separable: f(y) dy = OG) ar Jrord=Jowadrre (i Homogeneous Equation: ate where each term of f() and 6 (2) are of the same degree. a & . , dy axtbyte (iif) Reducible to homogeneous: de Axt+By+C Put y= vx so that 2m y42.purr x+hyarekicd eo i Po artoy=2i t= 8 Linear differential equation: $+ Py = Q where P and Q are not functions of Integrating facor = J, then y IM = fd) deve Rules to find complementary function 1, when roots of A.E. = mj, ms; C.F. = ce"! +06" 2. when roots are oqual; C.F, = (¢1 +23) 3, when roots are complex a ib; C.F. = e [cy 008 bx +c, sin bx] Rules to find particular integral: 1 1 , tie-e, if , f(D) si) ee 1 = an com if fe) 1 . x if, = To ae er EA “4 i 705" (/@)+' x, Expand [f(D)]-! and then operate i. (i Foye FC eae Ta 7H 1 o : fea) = aa. Tomine Oe OG) = Torat ” arial sais | zt W) Bezel) == fexb and Partial differential equation Pdx+Ody=R de _ dy _ de Ndetmdy+nde P QR [P+mQ+nk Complementary function (D) - 4D? D' + 3DD%)z = 0 Put D= m, D=1 mm —4m?+3m =0 = m(m-1)(m-3)=0 => m=0,1,3 => CR =f0)+hO+n+hO+k) If roots are equal, say m= 2,2; C.F. = fi (y+2x) +x (+2x)Useful Results boritt, Particular integral O mmo Put D= 0, = 6 (00 Fer tm arb) = MRE SED Pu Da DO = 0b, DO = — i Fee = VO, DI 1 Ding FO” =JFG@c—ma de (iv) & “ Pegs k = oo Complementary function: C.F. =f, (y+m)2) + fa y+ m x) CF = fi y+ mx)4+x fp y+ mx) CE = a f(y +mx)(D-mD'-a)1=0 PL ae =a" “FDO DH Fee =FeDTe Vor ny = Sep Fen | tec+ made Wave Equation: Fee Fe One-dimensional beat low: 24 = <2 x Two-dimensional heat flow: arty =o (12) STATISTICS Am, ~ BE, AM = a+ Bid AM. = a A, SD.= LE, SD) = veges) Coefficient of correlation =1.1 CONSTANT ‘A symbol whose value remains unchanged during an operation is called a constant. Constants are usually denoted by the letters a, 6, c, d, e, fete. 1.2 VARIABLE ‘Asymbol which can take different values during the operation is called a variable. Variables are usually denoted by the letters x, y, z 13. FUNCTIONS =P tae If 1, then y= 7 It x= 2, then y= 12 The value of y depends upon the value of x, or we say that y is a function of x. ‘Symbolically y = f(x), xis called an independent variable and y is called dependent variable, 14 VALUE OF A FUNCTION The value of the function f(x) for a given value a of x, is denoted by the symbol f(a). Thus if fQ) = 242044 Then fO)=04+04+4=4 f0) = (F420) +427 15 KINDS OF FUNCTIONS (i Algebraic and transcedental functions: Algebraic functions are those which involve evolution (root extraction) and involution (raising to powers) and four simple operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and di- vision. For example, f(y e+ Pte f@ = Wert. The functions which are not algebraic are called transcedental functions. For example FG) = sintx + cosx fase ele.. a 2 Engineering Mathematig (ii) Explicit and implicit functions: If we can write y in the form of y = f(@) then y is said to be an explicit function of y When an equation involves both x and y (mixed up on either or both sides), and th is not immediately solved for y, then it is expressed as f(x,y) = O and y is called a implicit function of x. For example, 2 +aty + = 0 ~ (ili) Even and odd functions: ‘A function f(2) is said to be an even function of x when f(-x) = f(x). For example, f(x) = 7 r flex) = (a? = 2 = FO) f(%) = cosx f(a) = c0s(-x) = cosx = f(x) In case F(x) = FG) then f() is said to be an odd function: For example f(@) = sing, f(-#) = sin(-x) = ~sinx = S@) I@=*, 2 SE) = GP = f@) 1.6 LIMIT y eo4 Consider f@= 3 We want to find (2) = ; 4. 8 which is meaningless. 2 (09) = so = Gti=s = 2.01 - 4 _ 0.0401 1.99) = = 3.99 1) = GOW = 4 _ 0.0401 _ 401 £(1.99) 3 F001) = OS = Nor r .00399 (2.00124 _ 0.004001 1.999) = = 001) = as = 400 F(.999) = “999 = 2 = 0.001 322) [FAO 173 001 -2 0.001 ee x-2 1 2 19 39 199 3.99 1.999 3.999 4 2.001 4.001 201 401 lea 41 We find that when x approaches 2 either from left or right, the value of f(x) goes oot and closer to 4, We denote im = x2as ‘Thus, we note that the limit may exist but value may not. A function f(a) is said to tend to limit { as x tends to a if If@)-1140 wfx-al70 Symbolically, lim f(x) = 1 Pade +? Example 1. Bvaluate tim 5—2E +E Be ee? © (= 2x = 1) = Soar 8 I Ge 4) ig Soloed 1 ose PlErae Example 2. Evaluate tim “= 4 =e ete Ma & im M4 - Va - ie rade = tim — Sx = ti im ye ee 4+W na ie ae Ixy BitaeEe rr se Example 3. Evaluate lim se. ae SS" + 7 Solution, im ao tim SET Example 4. Evaluate lim (sex ~ tan.x), mi Solution. grr mental af bes) ($a) 2 er sel a St) 0 wo| sink * ink =] = 2aintt “He (Se) tn +1 2 sin’ 2 sing costee | Engineering Mathematics ah = sin i = tim ea ae Dh tg Oy fiom a Ans, 1.7. SOME IMPORTANT LIMITS ara, te BM 1 (A.M.LE. Summer, 2600) or Proof, Draw a circle of radius unity and centre at O. Let £ AQB = x radians. Join AB. Draw ACL to OA at A, Produce OB to meet AC at C. From figure ‘Area of A OAB < area of sector OAB < area of A OAC ere 1 ox oA)(OB) sins < 5(04)-x < 7(0A) (AD 4 Deine < LP < 50 -tan) (cx S tans] sinx < x < tanx pete yt Sing ~ Gosx A a " 1 —\ ties between 1 and ==. Sinx cos x! R § NO When x90, cos.x9l When x90, —* lies between I and 1. Sing im im SBS = a max { or ite z 1 Proved. 1 — cos nO Example 5. Evaluate lim eo 1} - cosmO © 2 EB 2 Solution tim £2528 — tim age (: - asi) 2 > sin? 20 sint® | (- m0 )( 28 = lim a= tim 2 2 |) 2 tag ele |[iea ay 2 = UP x(L — ap (Px) F@ 2Limits and Continuity 5 Example 6. Verify the theorem liam f(x). g (@) = tim fG@)-lim g (x) where all timits exist for the functions defined below: ie ee lim fo) = tim L=822 gna tim g(x) = lim aie nt wg 2-8 = wh r-# Solatisa, lim f(x) = im -—1—sin2 = el iyi at lim F(x) a 2 lim f(x) +g (x) = lim je i at = lim 90 1 = 205 (- Oy =0 08 (2) From (1) and (2) we have lim f()- g(a) = lim f(@) «lim g(x) . Verified. a moat 2 Z— “Ss 6 Engineering Mathematics, 1.72. lim (1 + y 8 UMLE., Summer, 2004) = ; Proof. poly Binomial theorem © expand +4) ni ee + . = 2.71828 Example 7, Evaluate lim @* i 1 1 seuitioa, — ti)? Th— Mm [L412 (Purx-1=2 asi a elim [1 +2]? +6 Ans, a0 Example 8, Evaluate tm(1 + 3 Solution. AD Example 9. Evaluate Solution, » 173. lim eat = logea a proof, Putat-1=2z oF @altzLimits and Continuity” t or log. @* = log, (1 + 2) or x loga = log.(1 + 2) log. (1 + 2) or Sa ee z led log, a wa log. a % Wow +2) ton 2) Tig ti4zy loe(ltey Tog, @ 2 As 2x50, zeoa9-1=1-1=0 ween Ds log. a loge a lim = lim —“2*_, = SE" = loga Proved. mo 90 log. (1425 fe Example 10. Evaluate lim 290 Solution. 8 log 8 ~ log2 = log > log 4 ‘Ans. Exercise 1.1 1. Evaluate *@ fim Ste Ans 3 (etn SOR (AMIE, Winter 2001) Ans. 1 sand z, xin eer 1 for |x}0, where f(x) = cos x, prove that tim O=5. 1S. Write the correct answer of the Lor edad @ 1 @o @-1 (@) Does not exist Ans. (4) 16, Do the following limits exist? 5 © im cont (ALMALE., Summer 2000) (19 im Ce] (ty in ‘Ans. (i) No (if) No (iif) No ‘Choose the correct answer: y 3 Om =, (0 does not exist (i) 1 iy seo ze ete, Lim then J is equal to a0 oo (1 (i og 1 (iv) docs not exist (AMALE,, Winter 1996) © tm Waerel oF wt w y wel (A.MLE., Summer 1997) Ans, @ fi), ©) WO, © 0 1.8 LEFT HAND AND RIGHT HAND LIMITS ‘To find out the left hand limit of f(x) at x = a, we put x= a —h in f(x) where h>0, ‘Similarly, for finding out the right hand limit of f(x) at x = a, we put x = @ + hin f(x) where h 0, If Left hand limit of f(z) = Right hand limit of f(x), then the limit of f(x) exists. Example 1. Find the left hand limit and right hand limit of 1 Taek B27 0. (A.M.LE. Summer 2001) Solution. Left it = is A a and limit = in 1 = lim 1 Petes = acl . neo Right hand limit = tim = —!__ 1 non D4 Ta’ ae 1 a acelin nal ee "Types Left hand limit # Right hand limit Therefore, the limit oft 85x 0 does not exist, ‘Ans i aLimits and Continuity 9 1.9 CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION ‘The function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a if @ S@ exists (ii) Left hand lim f(x) = right hand lim f(x) aa-0 ana, (ii) Left hand lim f(x) = right hand lim f(x) = f(a) rash oar Example 2. Is the function f(x) = x sin x # O.andf(0) = 0 continuous at the origin? Solution, f(x) = xin Left hand lim f(a) = lim xsin+ 0-0 0h * = lim Asin a) 1 = lim (0 - h)sin lim (( ) 0 =0 Right hand lim f(x) = lim xsin 2 040 4040. me 1 O+h = lim (0+A) sin mo = lim hsin> = lim ising =0 i.e. Left hand lim f(x) = Right hand lim f(x) =f (0) 40-6 9048 Hence the given function is continuous at x = 0. Ans. Example 3. Discuss whether the function Ste) = xia 14 when x #0 = 0 when x = 0 is continuous at x = 0. Solution. Left hand lim f(x) = lim xtan~! 0-0 ah ~ = lim 0 = fh) tan-! ho ae = 0x5 0 Right hand tim f(a) = tim xtan- 14 0 +0 a +h * = lim A tan bo—————————————— Engineering Mathematics 10 Left hand lim f(x) = Right hand lim (2) =f ©) 0-0 040 Ans, Hence the given function is continuo! n @ (2) is defined as us at x = 0. Example 4. A functio _ [te when x<2 were { S—x when x22 Is the function continuous atx = 2? (A.M.LE., Summer 2000) = lim (1+2)=lim (1 +2-1)=3 fe) Solution. Left hand tim f(s) 2-0 rah Right hand limj(2)=lim (5~a)= lim (5-2 h)=3 pate Pawns aN #(2)=5-2=3 Lett hand lim ffx) = Right hand lim f(x) =f (2) 7292-0 ro70 : Ans, The given function f (x) is continuous at x = 2 Example 5. Let function f(a) be defined by 1 = sinx es fay =| 2x?" 4; kK, xe a Determine K, if f(x) is continuous at x = 5. 2 L= sine © jin Solution. i = li ea tion. Left hand im f(@) = tim 7) = lim ? f 7 E_ we-0 | -hLimits and Continuity n 43) = K = 4 for the function to be continuous for x = %. k= 2 Ans. Example 6. For the function wks x<0 fore y a rad ® x>0 find the value of ‘a’ that will make it continuous at x = 0. Solution. Left hand lim f(s) = tim ¢~ x.) = lim (A) = = 0” 40-h Right hand lim f(x) = lim (x2) = lim (7) = 0 24040 04h 90 £(Q) = a = O forthe function to be continuous forx = 0. a=0 Ans. Example 7. A function f(x) is defined as x when OSx<1 f@) =}2 when x= 1 x+]10 when Icxs2 Find the point(s) of discontinuity of the function and draw its graph. Solution. f) Let us test the continuity of the function f(x) at x = 1. 3 Left hand Hin £O) = limpet (err): bs Ze a =-0 Right hand lim (4) = lim (1 +4) elim 1+ (1+ 4) = 2 5 aes aah eft hand tim f(a) # Righthand tim i 1 So the limit tLe does not exist ; xek Hence x = 1 is the point of discontinuity of f(x). Ans, Cameml a, * Example 8, If f(x) be a function of real variable x, f(x) defined by FQ) =-x, when x<0 x when 01, alee gli atte “+ f() is continuous at x = f (i) Differentiability atx = 1. im ZU + A) = FO) = 5 ‘i + A) - 1] -0 lim h lim. ry tim 0+ = LU) jig = YF) en h <. £(0) is not differentiable at x = 1. Proved. Example 12. Show that f(x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0 but is not differentiable atx = 0. (A.MLE,, Summer 2004, Winter, 2003, 2001) Solution f() = |x} means FQ) = =x, x<0 =x x>0 =0, =O iEnginoering Mathematics (a) Continuity atx = 0. Left hand lim f(x) = lim (-2) = lim (+ h) = 0 0-0 =k ho Righthand lim f(x) = lim (x) = lim (A) = 0 eds 0 rs0th ha” Left hand lim f(x) = Righthand lim f(x) = f(0) 0-0 040 Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 0. (6) Differentiability at x = 0. tim £2 += £0) tim O.+ A) = ho 0 ; -h) -f£©@ i fim L0H) =f) 5 0 mile Hence f(x) is not differentiable atx = 0. Proved. Exereise 1.2 1. Discuss the continuity of f (x) at x = 1, where fe? eel =2, x=. Ans. Not continuow 2 f@=| x1 2 forx=1 show that f(2) is continuous at x = 1. 3. Discuss the continuity of the following function: fee] a o, x=0 Ans. Not Continuo 4. A function f(x) is given by f@) = forx #0 =0 forx = 0. ‘Determine whether the function is continuous at x = 0. ‘Ans, Not continuoé 5. Examine the continuity of f(x) atx = 0. Se) = sind, x40 $00) 9. ‘Ans. Not conti 6, Examine the continuity of f(x) atx = 0. fe) =, x#0 £0) = 1. ‘Ans. Not conti?Graay 43 2 : {or comity and daw graph on pain pape. Ane. Not continous atx = 3 8 oo gon {Ee} Ft ay 9. fa) =s when Ore = whens =e nm when 8 0 =sinx, x<0 Ans. Not differentiable at the point x = 0. 18, A function /(2) is defined as follow: fe) = tx 08x53 =1-x x>3 Discuss the continuity and differentiability at x= 3. (A.MLE, Winter 2002) ‘Ans. continuous but not differentiable at x=3 19, Show that the function /(3) defined as po [taer x40 0 ’ is continuous at a point.x = 0 but not derivable at that point. 20, 1fe=7= [7 #0 and (0) = 0, show that f(x) is continuous at x = 0, but /” (0) does not exis é x=0 (AMLE, Winter 1999) 21, A function f (x) is defined as follows : x2 Discuss its continuity and differentiability at x = 1 and x = 2. ‘Ans. Continuous atx = 1 and.x = 2, Differentiable at x = 2 but not at x= | 22, Fill in the blanks fis = eae 15g 2, a8 if (2) is continuous for all x, then k = .. 4—, x + 0; the limit from the right f (0 +) = (0) For the function of f(x) + and the limit from the left {0 —) =... (©) lim (1 ~ x) tan (n 3/2) = i @ If f@) = sinx, x# nm, n= 0,41, £2, £3...... = 2, otherwise and g(x) = +1, x#0 =4, x=0 a, x=2 fe ip 8 Q)] is. © ISO) =9f'O) = 4, then Mfg) - 3 lim oS cquals Ans. (a) © (6) 0,0 3, @s, @Limits and Continuity ww 23. Tick the correct answer sinx . ae = is OL Wo (il) 2 (iv) None of these 6) I = V( 22 sine him f(x) i (6) If SQ) peers etn Soe @0 f= Wnt () None of these (©) The function f(x) = 280+ 22) — JoR (1 = 89) i, not defined at x = 0. x ‘The value which should be assigned to fat x = 0 so that it is continuous at x = 0 is @a-b (ia+b (iif loga + logb (i) None of these (1G) = ~ YOS= A), then im £2. — CO has he salve le oO + i) + (i) ~ X24 (iv) None of these (@) Ifa) = 2, fa) = 1, gta) = ~ 1, g(a) = 2, then the values of tim & ce x-a@ is O- 5 GE Gi 5 (Hy None of these O Ife) =x ve - VEE), then © £6) is continuous but not differentiable atx = 0. Gi) f(s) is differentiable at x = 0. (it) (2) is not differentiable at x (i) None of these. (g) The function lz=3], x21 7G) = 2k, DB Sm T eer FSA © Continuous atx = 1 and at x (i) Differentiable at x = 1 and at x (iii) Not continous at x = 1 but differeritiable at x = | (@) Not continuous at x = 3 but differentiable at x - 3 @ IQ) = 1 forx <0 = 1+ sins for 0 0 and n is a positive, integer then, f [Aa)] = x (@) The derivative of an even function is always an odd function, (©) The function y = sin? x is periodic with period 2m. Ans. (a) True (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) Faly 25. (@) lim © = 0 for é (negative integer n only (ii): n = 0 only id) positive integer n only (iv). any integer'n Ans. (i (6) Which of the following functions is differentiable for all real values of x? x OTP @x|xI, Gi) x+|x| (iv) x-|x| © Let @ =f 371, whens <1 Te ft Spats ‘The value of k for which f(x) is continuous at x = 1 is oo @1 (i) 1 iy Ans, (iil (@ If lim 2 = 1, then L is equal to Eeseblsgiecse @o Wa (@) Let lim x log x = Oi 0 1 then L 4s equal to () None of these Oo 1 A oe () Not defined ei (A.MLE., Summer 200!)2 Ordinary Differentiation 21 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the students will learn the basic knowledge of differential calculus which will play a very important part in the following chapters of partial diferentiation. 2.2 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT ‘The limit of incremental ratio ie, lim 2 as 8x approaches zero is called the differential 4 coefficient of y with respect to x and denoted by = ® «tim & ea a £0) = fim E+ 89 = £0) 23 STANDARD RESULTS A list of standard elementary formulae of differential calculus is given below: © Zee net @) £ dogs = 4 @ F bing = cosx © & (eos) = - sinx (5) £ (any = sect x ©) £ (cot = - cosets mM £ (secx) = seex - tanx (8) ¢ (Cosee x) = — cosecx: cot.x © Le) =a pa (10) a ine an gata eee ao Ziwet y= hy 1 da T+2 4) $ (or! y= -—1 1 (13) 4 (tar! x) = Ll+x2 2 eye a 1 19) ge COON N= TERT M9), 5 (omer * 2) = ~ ae de Suh mee ape, «i du) * a dk (1) Fw) =u Bey SZ ag) &(})- 3 19Engineering Mathematics 20 dy _ dy lu BE inline ay &-2 20) & (sinha) = cosh ean & (cosnx) = sinh 22) £ (anna) = sech? = 3) 4 (cothx) = - coseci?x (24) é (sech x) = — sechx - tanhx (25) (cosech's) = ~ coset cothx 96) (sinh) = 4 en (cost) = OD * cet a Wat es) £ (nie 's) = ry 08) oot) = tp et ore as pee ee a Pigiraed 30) (sect I) = psp ocx! Gi) H (cosest's) = SEF Remember. 2 sinh x = =S© coshx = “4S cosh? x — sinh? x = 1 sech?x = 1 — tank? x cosech?x = - 1 + coth? x sinh"! x = log [x + Ve + 1] cosh-! x = logfx + Ye? - 1] Leibnitz’s theorem: “For nth derivative of the product of two functions. LD Cy uy svt *Cite 0M + Cy Una Vat $C ger Me + ont "Cus Me 24 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF x*. Let yer 0 Let &x be the increment in x and the corresponding increment Sy in y- ‘ wl y+ by = (e+ xy Subtracting (1) from (2) by = + &xy — x & _ e+ bet | Dividing by 5x, ie 2 e[tee Bs *Example 1. Find & if (@) y= - 22-3) oy. Solution. (a) y = (x - 2)°(2e - 3) = G2 4 + 4)(2e - 3) y= 28 — 1x? + 208! - 12 Ba o38-1- 29-1 4.20, 1-1-0 = 62 - 22r+ 20. Ans. Le te (6) eee an RaW data ete bes a4 ‘Ans, 25 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF sin x: Let y = sinx y + By = sin(e + &) 8y = sin(e + 8x) ~sinx 2-cos| Sy _ singe + &)~sinx _ 8x & fin) = cosx Ans. 26 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF cos x. Similarly we can prove that Ltcosx = -sinxm Engineering Mathematics a7 DIFFERENTIAL (COEFFICIENT OF tan x. Let y = tanx y + By = tan(x + &) Sy = tan(x + 4x) — tanx __ sin(x + 8x) _ sinx = “cos (x + Gx) cos x ow sin(z + 8x)-cos.x — cos (x + 8x) - sinx cos(x + 8x) + cosx Gy enin fe 2 Bea) TY VR sine Sx ~ Ox-cos (x + &x)-cosx cos (x + x)-cosx Or ye peat. 10). Se, tiie 1 tim 5 = dim cose + &) cose Bx COstx ay. ae = See Lan x = sex 28 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF cot x Similarly we can prove that d = loots) = — cose x 2.9 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF sec x. Let y = secx y + By = sec(x + &x) By = sec (x + 8x) -secx 1 1. cosx = cos (x + &) = cote + ax) cos cos (x + Sx)-cosx [cose chopra Dain <| 2 alee Bele, 5x » 2sin{ +35 |; sin Gx Gx-cos (x + &x)-cosx sin 2 8t fim © = tim sinx &r0 8k 540008 (x + Gx) -cosx cos? x ° ] ay sink 21 den Cx ta jas) ~ J d gy (eX) = Secx. tanxOrdinary Differentiation 23 2.10 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF cosec x Similarly we can prove that a dy (Cosee x) = = coseex. cot x 2.11 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF at Let yeat y+ By sate & eth oe . of Gh - 1) ‘ys br & & lin ig sro 8k ako or ee Le = a toga Cor. Let yee Then Be e-loge flog. ¢ = 1] d gore 2.12 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF log. x Let y = logx y + 8y = loge Gr + 1) By = log. (x + Bx) —logex = Jog, + 8 by 1 eet «x Ho ales) 7 g me(to8 oa stones tak bx )z lim = = lim-—-log.| 1+ |& s08% geavo oe a Delle ay ee =. eS RES 2.13 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF sin-! x Let y = sin-!x siny=x of _—sin(y + 8y) = x + & sin (y + 8y)—siny = & sinC - sinD = 2cos oy 8) eS bx sin(y + dy)-siny Oe aotec Ree Engineering Mathematics eed lim 2 = tim ——— te) “(th (8x30, 8)0) 2 ® a: ue a? “= a W-2 4 (in-13) § oma Ee 2.44 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF cos~! x Similarly we can prove that di ie By eal a eRe 245 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF tan? x Let y = tan"! x any = tan(y + 8y) = x + 8k 8x = tan(y + By)-tany = EIA a jy = Se + By) cosy — cosy + By siNY + 8y- ri cos (y + 5y)- cosy ee cos (y + 8y) = cos gx sing + 8y-») im 2 a lim eee Ora 08 y ce BS cr n= or, * Tease ae Siren gas at ate) Te 216 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF cot-!x Similarly we can prove that Baers Ee Doors 2.17 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF sec"! x Let y = sec“! secy =x sec(y + 8) =x + dr a + i A She St Bx = sooty + ON SCY = ei By Sey 7 cosy + 89) 008) \Sy _ Bycos(y + &y)-cosy 2ain(y +B), sin & im & gos (y + By) cosy 2 (te s'4.) lim 2 = tim +08t B40 sn(y +) sin 5 hence dy — 0 dy _ costy ie DRE hy Sil ee me tany secy =e zie A ee-1x) = dx x1 218 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF cosec-! x ‘Similarly we can prove that da J 1 ax (cosee™! x) We 2.19 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF A CONSTANT IS ZERO Let y= ¢ where ¢ isa constant ytbyne wy =0 oe. a ee hogy Th d aO=0 ‘Thus 4@ =0 220 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF THE PRODUCT OF A CONSTANT AND A FUNCTION Let y= ef) where c is a constant, y+ by = oft + &) & _ ef + &)-c or &r tim 22 = tim £L£G + 88)-f0)) += bx 0 B mo £76) = e-f) Fle) = e-r@Engineering Mathematicg tn 4 4 6 ad = 1228 zen = 4. Zw) 243 221 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF THE SUM OF FUNCTIONS Let hae +e... Let &x be the increment in x and corresponding incre! by. ment in 1, vi.uand y be Bu, By, ...ang y + By = (wt Buty + By) t.--- by = bu + Bvt... oye e-em: On taking limits as 8x0, we have dy _ du, dv ax ~ dx * dx* Thus Lot sate + 8) = £6 tarrZmrZ® = 18x24 8x47+0= 18x24 8x47 Example 2. From the first principles, find the differential coefficient of Oe Gi sine (iii) loge? =) ine Solution. @ Let yok yt bya Vet & by = Vet Or - by ete - be bx nt Ox Vx] [Ve+8x + vx] Bx (VxtOx+ Vx] = —2tSx=x Bx (ve+8x +03) 1 Wrox +e See mais dx" ging VatOxtie | 2VE 1 &alem ieOrdinary Differentiation (ii) Let y= sina? y + By = sin(x + &xyP : 2eoe{ # + 8c GP Vl « tee GP | i 3 sin &x| x + 2 de hit So lim & < be 0 dt dinzeos[ % a(s 7B] 2 Be 2x-cos2 Ans. (ii) Let Fo log y + By = log. (x + 81), By = loge (e+ 8x)? — log, x2 3 = = gy [og te + a? — logs?) By LL jo 8 4 Dx. Bs Guy? Ba pi logh te OP (iv) Let in G+ Ge) + Vein sin (x + Ox) + Vsinx 1 iain @ + Ge) VeIn ey ale 1 fel Ma oN Gs Ee @ | Weng + Ox) + Vain 2 by _ singe + 6r)-sinx & be ins le z = oe dy 88 Ging + Vane Dein Sy _ sine + 8x)? ~ sins? __ sin [x2 + 2c Bx + (Gx)2] — sin x2 ms bx ¥ bx28 Exercise 2.1 Differentiate ab-initio the following : 1 Fs}ila3 3 wtb ad ~ be Les ort taxtd Am. ard 1 1 By aad: 4 Vain cpk 3B Qe+ Ans. ¢ ok inx Ams. 3Sar s. sin? ‘Ans, 2xeos.? 6 sin? x ‘Ans, sin 2 oe - € Ans. -3" 8. Vseex Ans. Suan ieee . a 1 9. Vast ans ep. ows Ae see Differentiate the following waus xespect 10 x u Ve 2 ha, - 50" yp Stet Ans, 32? - Sx“? ; ; 9 . = 44 28 + nx - cos 2x + Yai“ x Ans, 62" + sectx + 2sin2e + oy 1 + DG+D Ame +3 16. (+ Ans. = 5a + 0% 11. (a+ 0 ++) Am -( 4? seo ee Ans. Co 19, ty = WH cleats x, when = 1 £ 2. Wysl+r+ ait a x wm y= 1+ 54a, «ashow that 2 = y wa Wyse + Woe = echow a BE - y x } 23. The volume V of a right cylinder of radius + and height ht is given by V = mh, show that 4% ise area ofthe curved surface, a) THis area ofthe base u ‘The bending moment M of a beam supported at both ends is given by M= =o Find the shearing force S, assuming. am w de 2 25. ity [2] conn x> 0. then B= (a) 1- sine (byl tsinx — (€)-sin x (d) Does not exist ‘Ans. (a)Ordinary Differentiation 2.22 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF THE PRODUCT OF TWO FUNCTIONS Let y= wv where w and w are functions of x y+ By = (w+ Bu), (v + By) . it Bi). 0 4 Bo) _ Bo + vb + Buby - EE eer | es ua a him (1 =}, (=*) aut yy tu, de des et oe tae dy _ dv, du 4 = : & (EM) = Lr + ra For example if y= xX. sinx 2. 2, Z (ing) +sin. £08) = *.cosx + 3x?.sinx Ans, 2.23 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF THE QUOTIENT OF TWO FUNCTIONS Tet yes where u, v are the functions of x by = Ht bu ied ) + roy 2 +2g+ ap 2 =0 = ens + aby +29 B= 2ax -2hy — 28 or (uxt by +B =-@xthy re oe dy__axthy+e A ak hx + by +f "| Example 8. Find the value of & when y = cos (x —») Solution. y = cos - ») 3 d 2 = -sin(@e - y) Gee — = = sin (x - a 3 2) or = sings - pase =) or [rine — )-112 = a fsin(x — y)-1 $= sine - ») dy __sin@ -») dx ~ Sin@-y)-1 227 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS __ candy are expressed in terms of a third variable (@ or), then the third variable called the parameter and equation containing a parameter is known as parametric equation. Example 9. If x= a? and y = 2a find. B. Solution. ee Se dt 22a = yoda B= 20 wy a dt dad = ==, ApOrdinary Differentiation 35 2.28 (a) DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Hyperbolic functions are defined as follows : @ sishx= 252" ip cosy = See tat tanhx = =<, (i) cothr = Ste o% sche - 5, Qi) cosech x = =F @ goin) = (58). ese = coh i) Econ y= a(“a} in (iit) 4 canny = #( 2 a ) i: cosh x 4 (sian) - sinbx 4 coshx) or dg (eanhx) = at a _cosh?x—sink?x 1 2 ae entice © (tanhx) char | Sas =sech*x (cos A? x—sin h? x= 1) wiueias A (eothy) =~ cosect? x 0) Gooch) = ~ sechx. tanh oa £ (eoseenx) = ~ cosechx. cothx 2.28 (b) DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS, (i) Let ¥ = sinh~' x, then sinh y = x (coshy) & = ap Se ee ee dt coshy “ Vi¢sinty Vite Hint = pe é 1 (i) Similarly A teosh-'s) “aS ay goantetay = 1, where |x| <1, iv) Heeb = st where [x] > 1 9 1 hata « cated %) az Cech”! x) Pe peed 1 4 sige t 0) $i (oosech- 13) = =aEngineering Mathematics Note. Remember cosh?.x ~ sinh? x = I gech?x = 1 - tanh? x cosech? x = —1 + coth?x sinh-!x = log[x + VW +1) cosh-!x = log x + Ve - 1] Exercise 2.3 Differentiate the following : ‘Ans. x(1 + logx) + 2. x Ans x [e! +x log x + x" (log x)?) . +o ans. 2. (SE2E + 2eor2s- logs) ) “4. (sinxy. Ans. (sin x)" . (log sinx + x cot) “8 (sin ‘Ans. (sin.x)°** . (cot.x cos.x — sin.x log sin) 6. (tanx)"F* ‘Ams. (tan x)°* Jog, logtanx 5 ‘sin x cos x x 7. (logay+(sinx¥"* ang, (05. tog to = + ial + (sin xy" (c0sx + 0s. log sins) Sg ters (sina Ae: (a + cose logs }+ (ina Lxcots + log sin] Find a in the following questions. 9. If y= (sin.x)™* + (cosx)™* (AMIE, Summer 1994) ‘Ans. (sin 29°" [c08x cot.x =sin x log sin x] + (cosx)"** [=sin x tan x + c0s.xog cos: 98x 10. ify = Vanx¥ nner prove that fe oo ese MM. ae Ans Tq - yop) waxthy 12. ax + thay + by 20 AM ees, by 3 vlogy” stipe ai 13. y = logy se ol4 w-y=0 Ans. (1 — yles) dy log x 15. = x, = 15, If? = ef" % provethat 7 ae 16. x = 3.050 - cos 30 ; : cos 0 = co8¥ y = 3sin ~ sin 30 aa Tin + si) 17. x = a(0 - sin®) 8 y = a(1 - 0088) Ans. cot 18. x = a(cost + logtan 1/2) ‘Ans, fant y =asintOrdinary Differentiation a SHO te hae ‘ iny = sin dy, sin? (¢ +») 20. Ifsiny (a + y).prove thar = Set Differentiate : Seles adel 2eos 2. Fin ity = St Ame, Bees +22, Tx = 112 with respect to 7:2 — 15x Ans, Gea at _2F 1 2k 2k, tar" DAEs with respect 10 sin-t 2 (AMLE, Winter 1999) Ans. 1 ns. 5 Ans. 1 26, "wae sin“'x, — (A.MLE, Siemmer 2000) Ans, x47 [ 229 TRIGONOMETRICAL SUBSTITUTION AND TRIGONOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION Sometimes trigonometrical substitution makes the differentiation casicr. Let x= sin“!y A) sinx = y (2) Putting the value of y from (2) into (1) we get x = sin“!sinx Example 10. Find she differential coefficient of cos“! (4x3 — 3x), Solution, y = 0087! (4x? — 3x) y = cos-! (4.c08*6 - 3.c0s6) Put = cos 0 = eos”! c0s 30 = 36 = 3cos~! x Dh ans pee Example 11. Differentiate font ee Sol Sie 7 lution. Let y = tan Putx = tan@ xe tant Bad can! tan 20 2 We = 20 = tanh ia ee lee Ans, 4 ReEngineering Mathematieg 1+ Example 12. Differentiate wor" i =e } : aiqfL+ Solution. Let y = s(n . vy * a Putting x = cos : wo[ 1 ~ cos® sin?| cot~! 1-1 + 25m + eee = hh . 1+ sinx 2 _ ae ; ‘- SF epue = tan) Am _ Nie - MIS i % wee ae pn. see a 10, sin! poy Puts = atan@) Am. So -1_28 oe ee ua. ina ity = sin! 2% ands = 28 aoeOrdinary Differentiation 39 pare S sia Ste Te at > beeen ae 12, Ify = sin“! (VI =x — Ve VI = a? ), find dyfer. eS ts ae & = xsinety ‘ in-ty 13, Ity = eg + log VT =F, prove thar = a3" a 2.30 SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION If y = f(2), its differential co-efficient a is also a function of x. 2 is further differentiated and the derivative of 2 Le & ea } is called the second differential 2 co-efficient of y and is denoted by ey 3 ‘Similarly third differential coefficient of y with respect to x is written as Pa ‘Ths 2 te nUbdorivative of y wit respect We 3 Example 13. Find she value of $-¥ if y = log (ax +). Solution. y = log(ax + b) dh __a ds ax tb Differentiating it again dy _ =a dx ~ (ax + bY Similarly FY = my ar + VT4 2), prove that (l + ay +x M0, Example 14, If y = log dx Solution, y=log@Avi+xr) x. de o (+2) Differentiating the equation again, / 2 a? a) oe 42x (B) =0 es? +2) Seo Be0 ProvedEngineering Mathematics a Example 15, ify = sin (sin x), prove that iat + tanx 2 + yoostx = 0 y = sin (sinx) & = cos (sin). cos Solution. oy = emsing = Lem sin3x + femsins fe ‘We know that qa ba), =e." sin{bx + na) where =a? +6, wna = 2 @ 4q * 9 ore + Pain 36 + meme 3) tow + OF inl + miso!) aOrdinary Differentiation 43 2.36 nth DERIVATIVE OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS Partial fractions, In order to find the wth derivative of any rational function, we have to decompose it into partial fractions. . a le 19, ivati\ Soa Example Find the nth derivative of @+ D+ 3) Solution. = at eeeted ae (e+ 2)(2x + 3) ~ 2 +25 43 an x at 2 BAT ai a 8 ae |@+DQe+3]> av] 2 x+2° B43 9d" sae, 21g Padly 4 Tae +2784 FOr 3) 94 GUhaL 9 Cr nto GHP T Gg apt 3 pal 9.2" 8 ] am batt) 2 L@x+ at Wa pet =e Example 20. Find the nth derivative of (i) wor Wz estan an G44) eee Solution. (Let y= 31 (By partial fraction) Now differentiating m times wit. x, we get y= bh [Lepr enya! "Ya (emia! ~ Geigy afta Ll erg tia | @mape Gerla Put *=reos®, a= rsind and @= tar! eit fa L Ya = ———— 2iar*! | (Cos@-isin 8"?! — (cos +i sinoy* = &ifn! 1 Peps fee 2ia.r'** | cos (n+ 1)8—i sin (a+ 1)0 cos (n+ 1)8+ isin (n+ 1 | (By De-Moivres’ theorem) = SIEM cos (n+ 198+ sn 198} ~ (c08 (nt)0 sift }01] = CUA ys sing + 190) 2ia e+ee Cc Sat Smn(nti® —1r 2 ‘i nen Engineering Mathematics — Ctl sin (n+ 1)8 ¢ at! ) sin"*'@ = Ci)! sin (n +1) Osin’*10 wey} sa=rsin@ where @=tart! Ans, x 1 1 (ip Let yopegtG eae + zal (By Partial fraction) Differentiating n times w.r. a (-1)" nt UF a! m2 Gian! * Goria Put x = reos®, a= rsin@ _ ipa 1 . 1 “2+! | (cos isindy'*! ~ (cos +i sindy'*! _ Elvin! 27! | cos(n+1)0 (By De-Moivres’ Theorem) ppt L{cos (n + 1)6 +3 sin (n+1)8} + (cos (n+1)0 — i sin(n+1)6)) = Elin! _ Ein! = SOA [20s (n+ 1901 -1Y' nl cos (n+ 1)8 2 = a a=rsind sin"*'@ =, sin Faierg int} et a 9 where @=tanr! 4 Ans. Example 21. Find the nth differential coefficient of Solution. Since ~() therefore = ae ca Wherelia. N= 1 ia) 1 = : ; 4) on zi by Partial fractions eeOrdinary Differentiation * Differentiating (2), x - 1) times Cte yt aye te — 2 a “31 ( — iay (x + ia)? = Noy — jayne + ta)" 43) Let x= rcos@ and a =rsin@ eh a rae . 0 = anit Then ( ~ fa)-" = r=" (cos 0 — isin @)-* = r-"[ cos (6) +isin(—6)] ” = r>"[cosn@ + isinn @] By De Moivre’s Theorem similarly (x + ia)-" = r-"[ cosn® — isinn®) substituting in (3), we get ary = GU G- broa =(-1"- ete Dire" sinnd a=rsin@ =(-1"-'(@-1)!a [cos 8 + isinn® - cosn® + isinn®@] in" @.sinn@ Ans. r= a(sin@)-! Example 22. If J, emis log x), prove that J, = nly, + (n—1 Ams. Also show that salves mt a a Solution. Given that I, = fe logxy = ae Pica teal |r vers | =e" ops) + 2 ce ) anf pp "og x] +4=b = nd, + ot Jy = my + UE Bw Proved Second part, divide both sides of (1) by m!, then in @)48 Engineering Mathemat tent nn @-D! On adding all above equations and after cancellation we get oe ee Lek 1 at 1 apg gh er But, Le Jog x) = (log x + 1), I ipa hence + qr 7 (ort lta +3 tat pS " lod fer: Exercise 2.6 Find the nth derivative of the following : 1. cos? foe 2“ teos( 20+) 2. sin 2x.cos 3x ans. 2f'5¢sin{(5<-+2 | sin x22) 2 2 2) 3. ecosx Ans, 2 et cos| + 4 ans, £[ 1 ~ S?cos (2x + ntan-!2)] Ans. 22 ((@—ayt-'+(-1 (a eat] @-2Der+D AN(BGe- 2" eGe een a?! x#l 2 fa 1 ans, DE a3 ¢e— ayn tee | ‘ x ] @- D@-2) Ans. (=1)'n 1[16@ - 2)-*-1-@ - 71th" ne ‘Ans. (—1)*-" = 1) 1257" 10. e'sin 4x cos6x Ans. 2 AOR sin 0s i ean! eS sn as Se actOrdinary Differentiation 47 i. If x= @(0+ sin ),y= a1 - cos 6), find 42 in tems of 8 Ans. 2 12, Ix=sin@ y sin p ®, prove that ay SE-B yy =0 237 LEIBNITZ’S THEOREM FOR THE nth DERIVATIVE OF THE PRODUCT OF TWO FUNCTIONS. If u and v are the functions of x, then fw) = Co tly VE MC tg = psy + MCD tly — 2-H EMC. thg ops Veba es ANC y MM ‘Thus theorem will be proved by induction Step 1. By actual differentiation we know that (uv) = av ty (wy), = u.V + uy. + Uy = uy. v + 2C ay. vy + Wy / Thus, the theorem is true for n = 1, 2. — Step 2. We assume that the theorem is true for a particular value of n say m, so we have (HP) = tg ¥ + CY Uy 1.1 + C2 Ug — 2 Ve Eee FC ly oa Pe ey HG Uyg Spey HEM Ch 1 Yq Differentiating both sides, we get (Hm 1 Mi 21 gy VLA MCY Alyy Vy tM CY Vg = 1 ve Fy = WV + Cy Ui — 25+ A OPM 4 2 WEL BOLL te mp oe FC, le re Me MCL tg veg LE TMC 1 Thy Coed ivi 5 FM 1 VAC + Cy) etm Vi + (MCL + ™C>) Mm — 1 Vato FMC Cp) Mn = eA Vets AMC Ven a 1 CG MG = #169 Vk OEIC) Uy) + FIC) ty 3s Po Ee AC leg ey Ee EPEC, pee Thus the theorem is true for n= m + 1 i.e. it is also true for the next higher integral value of m. Since We have seen that the theorem is true for m = 2, therefore theorem is true (n = 2 +1) n= 3, and therefore, further true for n = 4 and so on. si Hence theorem is true for all positive integral real values of 1. si er