4.

Power of 4 Model: 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑥 4

4. Power of 4 Model: 𝑦 = 𝑎 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐𝑥2 +𝑑𝑥3 +𝑒𝑥4

39 = a

45 = a + 0.4b + 0.16c + 0.064d + 0.0256e

55 = a + 1.2b + 1.44c + 1.728d + 2.0736e

59 = a + 1.3b + 1.69c + 2.197d + 2.8561e

65 = a + 1.9b + 3.61c + 6.859d + 13.0321e

59 = a + 2b + 4c + 8d + 16e

68 = a + 2.3b + 5.29c + 12.167d + 27.9841e

55 = a + 2.5b + 6.25c + 15.625d + 39.0625e

57 = a + 2.9b + 8.41c + 24.389d + 70.7281e

66 = a + 3.5b + 12.25c + 42.875d + 150.0625e

82 = a + 3.6b + 12.96c + 46.656d + 167.9616e

72 = a + 4b + 16c + 64d + 256e

78 = a + 4b + 16c + 64d + 256e

78 = a + 4.2b + 17.64c + 74.088d + 311.1696e

69 = a + 4.5b + 20.25c + 91.125d + 410.0625e

84 = a + 5b + 25c + 125d + 625e

77 = a + 5.3b + 28.09c + 148.877d + 789.0481e

80 = a + 5.7b + 32.49c + 185.193d + 1,055.6001e

90 = a + 6b + 36c + 216d + 1,296e

76 = a + 6.1b + 37.21c + 226.981d + 1,384.5841e

The data generates system of linear equation with the matrix representation as below:

Mv = y

1 0 0 0 0 39
1 0.4 0.16 0.064 0.0256 45
1 1.2 1.44 1.728 2.0736 55
1 1.3 1.69 2.197 2.8561 59
1 1.9 3.61 6.859 13.0321 65
1 2 4 8 16 59
1 2.3 5.29 12.167 27.9841 68
1 2.5 6.25 15.625 39.0625 55
1 2.9 8.41 24.389 70.7281 57
1 3.5 12.25 42.875 150.0625 66
v=
1 3.6 12.96 46.656 167.9616 82
1 4 16 64 256 72
1 4 16 64 256 78
1 4.2 17.64 74.088 311.1696 78
1 4.5 20.25 91.125 410.0625 69
1 5 25 125 625 84
1 5.3 28.09 148.877 789.0481 77
1 5.7 32.49 185.193 1055.6001 80
1 6 36 216 1296 90
[1 6.1 37.21 226.981 1384.5841 ] [ 76 ]
𝑴𝑻 =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0.4 1.2 1.3 1.9 2 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.5 3.6 4 4 4.2 4.5 5 5.3 5.7 6 6.1
0 0.16 1.44 1.69 3.61 4 5.29 6.25 8.41 12.25 12.96 16 16 17.64 20.25 25 28.09 32.49 36 37.21
0 0.064 1.728 2.197 6.859 8 12.167 15.625 24.389 42.875 46.656 64 64 74.088 91.125 125 148.877 185.193 216 226.981
[0 0.0256 2.0736 2.8561 13.0321 16 27.9841 39.0625 70.7281 150.0625 167.9616 256 256 311.1696 410.0625 625 789.0481 1055.6001 1296 1384.5841]

20 66.4 284.74 1355.82 6873.25

66.4 284.74 1355.82 6873.25 36306
𝑴𝑻 𝑴 = 284.74 1355.82 6873.25 36306 197368
1355.82 6873.25 36306 197368 1.09566
[6873.25 36306 197368 1.09566 6.17873]
𝑴𝑻 𝑴 ≠ 𝟎. 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, (𝑴𝑻 𝑴)−𝟏 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕.

1354
4913.4
𝑴𝑻 𝒚 = 21814.08
106013.838
[ 544373.2752 ]

Normal Equation:

(𝑴𝑻 𝑴)𝒗 = 𝑴𝑻 𝒚
20 66.4 284.74 1355.82 6873.25 1354
66.4 284.74 1355.82 6873.25 36306 4913.4
284.74 1355.82 6873.25 36306 197368 𝒗 = 21814.08
1355.82 6873.25 36306 197368 1.09566 106013.838
[6873.25 36306 197368 1.09566 6.17873] [ 544373.2752 ]

(𝑴𝑻 𝑴)−𝟏 =
0.79598 −1.3785 0.74006 −0.15486 0.011036
−1.3785 4.5989 −3.1344 0.74245 −0.057023
0.74006 −3.1344 2.3148 −0.57296 0.045255
−0.15486 0.74245 −0.57296 0.14561 −0.011708
[ 0.011036 −0.057023 0.045255 −0.011708 0.00095355]

Least Square Solutions

𝒂
𝒃
𝒗 = 𝒄 = (𝑴𝑻 𝑴)−𝟏 (𝑴𝑻 𝒚)
𝒅
[𝒆]

38.5903
23.3972
𝒗 = −10.0672
2.33054
[ −0.183996 ]
The best fit curve power 4 curve:

𝒚 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟔𝒙𝟒

GRAPH FOR POWER 4 CURVE

 1 0 0 0 0 38.5903
1 0.4 0.16 0.064 0.0256 46.4828
1 1.2 1.44 1.728 2.0736 55.8158
1 1.3 1.69 2.197 2.8561 56.5878
1 1.9 3.61 6.859 13.0321 60.2898
1 2 4 8 16 60.8164
1 2.3 5.29 12.167 27.9841 62.3552
1 2.5 6.25 15.625 39.0625 63.3908
38.5903
1 2.9 8.41 24.389 70.7281 65.603
23.3972
1 3.5 12.25 42.875 150.0625 69.4685
𝑴𝒗 = −10.0672 =
1 3.6 12.96 46.656 167.9616 70.1789
2.33054
1 4 16 64 256 [ −0.183996 ] 73.1557
1 4 16 64 256 73.1557
1 4.2 17.64 74.088 311.1696 74.6844
1 4.5 20.25 91.125 410.0625 76.9377
1 5 25 125 625 80.2165
1 5.3 28.09 148.877 789.0481 81.5902
1 5.7 32.49 185.193 1055.6001 82.2447
1 6 36 216 1296 81.4923
[1 6.1 37.21 226.981 1384.5841 ] [80.9433]

Error Vector: e = y – Mv

39 38.5903 0.409739
45 46.4828 −1.48285
55 55.8158 −0.815834
59 56.5878 2.41219
65 60.2898 4.71022
59 60.8164 −1.81637
68 62.3552 5.6448
55 63.3908 −8.39077
57 65.603 −8.60304
66 69.4685 −3.4685
e − =
82 70.1789 11.8211
72 73.1557 −1.15571
78 73.1557 4.84429
78 74.6844 3.31555
69 76.9377 −7.93774
84 80.2165 3.78345
77 81.5902 −4.59016
80 82.2447 −2.24474
90 81.4923 8.50766
[ 76 ] [80.9433] [ −4.94328 ]
||e||= 262.22

GRAPH OF ERROR VECTOR TO X VALUES