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Walt Whitman

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Main page For other uses, see Walt Whitman (disambiguation).

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Walter Whitman (/ˈhwɪtmən/; May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part
Current events Walt Whitman
Random article of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential
About Wikipedia poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.[1] His work was controversial in its time, particularly his 1855 poetry
Contact us collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sensuality. Whitman's own life came under scrutiny for his
Donate presumed homosexuality.

Contribute Born in Huntington on Long Island, as a child and through much of his career he resided in Brooklyn. At age 11, he left formal schooling to
Help go to work. Later, Whitman worked as a journalist, a teacher, and a government clerk. Whitman's major poetry collection, Leaves of Grass,
Learn to edit was first published in 1855 with his own money and became well known. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person
Community portal with an American epic. He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892. During the American Civil War, he went to
Recent changes Washington, D.C. and worked in hospitals caring for the wounded. His poetry often focused on both loss and healing. On the death of
Upload file
Abraham Lincoln, whom Whitman greatly admired, he wrote his well known poems, "O Captain! My Captain!" and "When Lilacs Last in the
Tools Dooryard Bloom'd", and gave a series of lectures. After a stroke towards the end of his life, Whitman moved to Camden, New Jersey,
What links here where his health further declined. When he died at age 72, his funeral was a public event.[2][3]
Related changes Whitman's influence on poetry remains strong. Mary Whitall Smith Costelloe argued: "You cannot really understand America without Walt Whitman in 1887
Special pages
Whitman, without Leaves of Grass ... He has expressed that civilization, 'up to date,' as he would say, and no student of the philosophy of Born Walter Whitman

Permanent link May 31, 1819

history can do without him."[4] Modernist poet Ezra Pound called Whitman "America's poet ... He is America."[5]
Page information West Hills, New York, U.S.
Cite this page Died March 26, 1892 (aged 72)

Contents [hide]
Wikidata item Camden, New Jersey, U.S.
1 Life and work
Occupation Poet · essayist · journalist
Print/export 1.1 Early life
Signature
Download as PDF 1.2 Early career
Printable version 1.3 Leaves of Grass
1.4 Civil War years
In other projects
1.5 Health decline and death
Wikimedia Commons
2 Writing
Wikiquote
Wikisource 2.1 Poetic theory
3 Lifestyle and beliefs
Languages 3.1 Alcohol
‫العربية‬ 3.2 Religion
Español 3.3 Sexuality
हिन्दी
3.4 Sunbathing and swimming
Bahasa Indonesia
3.5 Shakespeare authorship
Bahasa Melayu
Português 3.6 Slavery
Русский 3.7 Nationalism
‫اردو‬ 4 Legacy and influence
中文 4.1 American poets

89 more 4.2 Latin American poets

4.3 European authors
Edit links
4.4 Film and television
4.5 Music and audio recordings
4.6 Namesake recognition
5 Works
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links
9.1 Archives
9.2 Exhibitions
9.3 Historic sites
9.4 Other external links

Life and work

Early life
Walter Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in West Hills, Town of Huntington, Long Island, to parents with interests in Quaker thought, Walter (1789–1855) and Louisa Van Velsor
Whitman (1795–1873). The second of nine children,[6] he was immediately nicknamed "Walt" to distinguish him from his father.[7] Walter Whitman Sr. named three of his seven sons
after American leaders: Andrew Jackson, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson. The oldest was named Jesse and another boy died unnamed at the age of six months. The
couple's sixth son, the youngest, was named Edward.[7] At age four, Whitman moved with his family from West Hills to Brooklyn, living in a series of homes, in part due to bad
investments.[8] Whitman looked back on his childhood as generally restless and unhappy, given his family's difficult economic status.[9] One happy moment that he later recalled was
when he was lifted in the air and kissed on the cheek by the Marquis de Lafayette during a celebration in Brooklyn on July 4, 1825.[10]

At age eleven Whitman concluded formal schooling.[11] He then sought employment for further income for his family; he was an office boy for two lawyers and later was an apprentice
and printer's devil for the weekly Long Island newspaper the Patriot, edited by Samuel E. Clements.[12] There, Whitman learned about the printing press and typesetting.[13] He may
have written "sentimental bits" of filler material for occasional issues.[14] Clements aroused controversy when he and two friends attempted to dig up the corpse of the Quaker minister
Elias Hicks to create a plaster mold of his head.[15] Clements left the Patriot shortly afterward, possibly as a result of the controversy.[16]

Early career
The following summer Whitman worked for another printer, Erastus Worthington, in Brooklyn.[17] His family moved back to West Hills in the spring, but Whitman remained and took a job
at the shop of Alden Spooner, editor of the leading Whig weekly newspaper the Long-Island Star.[17] While at the Star, Whitman became a regular patron of the local library, joined a
town debating society, began attending theater performances,[18] and anonymously published some of his earliest poetry in the New-York Mirror.[19] At age 16 in May 1835, Whitman left
the Star and Brooklyn.[20] He moved to New York City to work as a compositor[21] though, in later years, Whitman could not remember where.[22] He
attempted to find further work but had difficulty, in part due to a severe fire in the printing and publishing district,[22] and in part due to a general collapse
in the economy leading up to the Panic of 1837.[23] In May 1836, he rejoined his family, now living in Hempstead, Long Island.[24] Whitman taught
intermittently at various schools until the spring of 1838, though he was not satisfied as a teacher.[25]

After his teaching attempts, Whitman went back to Huntington, New York, to found his own newspaper, the Long-Islander. Whitman served as publisher,
editor, pressman, and distributor and even provided home delivery. After ten months, he sold the publication to E. O. Crowell, whose first issue appeared
on July 12, 1839.[26] There are no known surviving copies of the Long-Islander published under Whitman.[27] By the summer of 1839, he found a job as
a typesetter in Jamaica, Queens, with the Long Island Democrat, edited by James J. Brenton.[26] He left shortly thereafter, and made another attempt at
teaching from the winter of 1840 to the spring of 1841.[28] One story, possibly apocryphal, tells of Whitman's being chased away from a teaching job in
Southold, New York, in 1840. After a local preacher called him a "Sodomite", Whitman was allegedly tarred and feathered. Biographer Justin Kaplan
notes that the story is likely untrue, because Whitman regularly vacationed in the town thereafter.[29] Biographer Jerome Loving calls the incident a
Whitman at age 28
"myth".[30] During this time, Whitman published a series of ten editorials, called "Sun-Down Papers—From the Desk of a Schoolmaster", in three
newspapers between the winter of 1840 and July 1841. In these essays, he adopted a constructed persona, a technique he would employ throughout
his career.[31]

Whitman moved to New York City in May, initially working a low-level job at the New World, working under Park Benjamin Sr. and Rufus Wilmot Griswold.[32] He continued working for
short periods of time for various newspapers; in 1842 he was editor of the Aurora and from 1846 to 1848 he was editor of the Brooklyn Eagle.[33] While working for the latter institution,
many of his publications were in the area of music criticism, and it is during this time that he became a devoted lover of Italian opera through reviewing performances of works by Bellini,
Donizetti, and Verdi. This new interest had an impact on his writing in free verse. He later said, "But for the opera, I could never have written Leaves of Grass".[34]

Throughout the 1840s he contributed freelance fiction and poetry to various periodicals,[35] including Brother Jonathan magazine edited by John Neal.[36] Whitman lost his position at the
Brooklyn Eagle in 1848 after siding with the free-soil "Barnburner" wing of the Democratic party against the newspaper's owner, Isaac Van Anden, who belonged to the conservative, or
"Hunker", wing of the party.[37] Whitman was a delegate to the 1848 founding convention of the Free Soil Party, which was concerned about the threat slavery would pose to free white
labor and northern businessmen moving into the newly colonised western territories. Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison derided the party philosophy as "white manism".[38]

In 1852, he serialized a novel titled Life and Adventures of Jack Engle: An Auto-Biography: A Story of New York at the Present Time in which the Reader Will Find Some Familiar
Characters in six installments of New York's The Sunday Dispatch.[39] In 1858, Whitman published a 47,000 word series called Manly Health and Training under the pen name Mose
Velsor.[40][41] Apparently he drew the name Velsor from Van Velsor, his mother's family name.[42] This self-help guide recommends beards, nude sunbathing, comfortable shoes, bathing
daily in cold water, eating meat almost exclusively, plenty of fresh air, and getting up early each morning. Present-day writers have called Manly Health and Training "quirky",[43] "so over
the top",[44] "a pseudoscientific tract",[45] and "wacky".[40]

Leaves of Grass
Main article: Leaves of Grass

Whitman claimed that after years of competing for "the usual rewards", he determined to become a poet.[46] He first experimented with a variety of popular literary genres which
appealed to the cultural tastes of the period.[47] As early as 1850, he began writing what would become Leaves of Grass,[48] a collection of poetry which he would continue editing and
revising until his death.[49] Whitman intended to write a distinctly American epic[50] and used free verse with a cadence based on the Bible.[51] At the end of June 1855, Whitman
surprised his brothers with the already-printed first edition of Leaves of Grass. George "didn't think it worth reading".[52]

Walt Whitman, age 35,
from the frontispiece to
Leaves of Grass, Fulton St.,
Brooklyn, N.Y., steel
engraving by Samuel Hollyer
from a lost daguerreotype by
Gabriel Harrison
Whitman paid for the publication of the first edition of Leaves of Grass himself[52] and had it printed at a local print shop during their breaks from
commercial jobs.[53] A total of 795 copies were printed.[54] No name is given as author; instead, facing the title page was an engraved portrait done by
Samuel Hollyer,[55] but 500 lines into the body of the text he calls himself "Walt Whitman, an American, one of the roughs, a kosmos, disorderly, fleshly,
and sensual, no sentimentalist, no stander above men or women or apart from them, no more modest than immodest".[56] The inaugural volume of
poetry was preceded by a prose preface of 827 lines. The succeeding untitled twelve poems totaled 2315 lines—1336 lines belonging to the first untitled
poem, later called "Song of Myself". The book received its strongest praise from Ralph Waldo Emerson, who wrote a flattering five-page letter to
Whitman and spoke highly of the book to friends.[57] The first edition of Leaves of Grass was widely distributed and stirred up significant interest,[58] in
part due to Emerson's approval,[59] but was occasionally criticized for the seemingly "obscene" nature of the poetry.[60] Geologist Peter Lesley wrote to
Emerson, calling the book "trashy, profane & obscene" and the author "a pretentious ass".[61] Whitman embossed a quote from Emerson's letter, "I greet
you at the beginning of a great career", in gold leaf on the spine of the second edition, effectively inventing the modern book blurb. Laura Dassow Walls,
Professor of English at the University of Notre Dame, wrote, "In one stroke, Whitman had given birth to the modern cover blurb, quite without Emerson's
permission."[62]
On July 11, 1855, a few days after Leaves of Grass was published, Whitman's father died at the age of 65.[63] In the months following the first edition of
Leaves of Grass, critical responses began focusing more on the potentially offensive sexual themes. Though the second edition was already printed and
bound, the publisher almost did not release it.[64] In the end, the edition went to retail, with 20 additional poems,[65] in August 1856.[66] Leaves of Grass
was revised and re-released in 1860,[67] again in 1867, and several more times throughout the remainder of Whitman's life. Several well-known writers
admired the work enough to visit Whitman, including Amos Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau.[68]

During the first publications of Leaves of Grass, Whitman had financial difficulties and was forced to work as a journalist again, specifically with Brooklyn's Daily Times starting in May
1857.[69] As an editor, he oversaw the paper's contents, contributed book reviews, and wrote editorials.[70] He left the job in 1859, though it is unclear whether he was fired or chose to
leave.[71] Whitman, who typically kept detailed notebooks and journals, left very little information about himself in the late 1850s.[72]

Civil War years

As the American Civil War was beginning, Whitman published his poem "Beat! Beat! Drums!" as a patriotic rally call for the North.[73] Whitman's
brother George had joined the Union army and began sending Whitman several vividly detailed letters of the battle front.[74] On December 16,
1862, a listing of fallen and wounded soldiers in the New-York Tribune included "First Lieutenant G. W. Whitmore", which Whitman worried was
a reference to his brother George.[75] He made his way south immediately to find him, though his wallet was stolen on the way.[76] "Walking all
day and night, unable to ride, trying to get information, trying to get access to big people", Whitman later wrote,[77] he eventually found George
alive, with only a superficial wound on his cheek.[75] Whitman, profoundly affected by seeing the wounded soldiers and the heaps of their
amputated limbs, left for Washington on December 28, 1862, with the intention of never returning to New York.[76]

In Washington, D.C., Whitman's friend Charley Eldridge helped him obtain part-time work in the army paymaster's office, leaving time for
Whitman to volunteer as a nurse in the army hospitals.[78] He would write of this experience in "The Great Army of the Sick", published in a New
York newspaper in 1863[79] and, 12 years later, in a book called Memoranda During the War.[80] He then contacted Emerson, this time to ask for
help in obtaining a government post.[76] Another friend, John Trowbridge, passed on a letter of recommendation from Emerson to Salmon P.
Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, hoping he would grant Whitman a position in that department. Chase, however, did not want to hire the author
of such a disreputable book as Leaves of Grass.[81]
Whitman as photographed by
The Whitman family had a difficult end to 1864. On September 30, 1864, Whitman's brother George was captured by Confederates in Mathew Brady
Virginia,[82] and another brother, Andrew Jackson, died of tuberculosis compounded by alcoholism on December 3.[83] That month, Whitman
committed his brother Jesse to the Kings County Lunatic Asylum.[84] Whitman's spirits were raised, however, when he finally got a better-paying government post as a low-grade clerk in
the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the Department of the Interior, thanks to his friend William Douglas O'Connor. O'Connor, a poet, daguerreotypist and an editor at The Saturday Evening
Post, had written to William Tod Otto, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, on Whitman's behalf.[85] Whitman began the new appointment on January 24, 1865, with a yearly salary of
$1,200.[86] A month later, on February 24, 1865, George was released from capture and granted a furlough because of his poor health.[85] By May 1, Whitman received a promotion to a
slightly higher clerkship[86] and published Drum-Taps.[87]
Effective June 30, 1865, however, Whitman was fired from his job.[87] His dismissal came from the new Secretary of the Interior, former Iowa
Senator James Harlan.[86] Though Harlan dismissed several clerks who "were seldom at their respective desks", he may have fired Whitman on
moral grounds after finding an 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass.[88] O'Connor protested until J. Hubley Ashton had Whitman transferred to the
Attorney General's office on July 1.[89] O'Connor, though, was still upset and vindicated Whitman by publishing a biased and exaggerated
biographical study, The Good Gray Poet, in January 1866.[90] The fifty-cent pamphlet defended Whitman as a wholesome patriot, established
the poet's nickname and increased his popularity.[91] Also aiding in his popularity was the publication of "O Captain! My Captain!", a relatively
conventional poem on the death of Abraham Lincoln, the only poem to appear in anthologies during Whitman's lifetime.[92]

Part of Whitman's role at the Attorney General's office was interviewing former Confederate soldiers for Presidential pardons. "There are real
characters among them", he later wrote, "and you know I have a fancy for anything out of the ordinary."[93] In August 1866, he took a month off
to prepare a new edition of Leaves of Grass which would not be published until 1867 after difficulty in finding a publisher.[94] He hoped it would
be its last edition.[95] In February 1868, Poems of Walt Whitman was published in England thanks to the influence of William Michael
Rossetti,[96] with minor changes that Whitman reluctantly approved.[97] The edition became popular in England, especially with endorsements
from the highly respected writer Anne Gilchrist.[98] Another edition of Leaves of Grass was issued in 1871, the same year it was mistakenly
Walt Whitman's handwritten
reported that its author died in a railroad accident.[99] As Whitman's international fame increased, he remained at the attorney general's office manuscript for "Broadway, 1861"
until January 1872.[100] He spent much of 1872 caring for his mother, who was now nearly eighty and struggling with arthritis.[101] He also
traveled and was invited to Dartmouth College to give the commencement address on June 26, 1872.[102]

Health decline and death

After suffering a paralytic stroke in early 1873, Whitman was induced to move from Washington to the home of his brother—George Washington
Whitman, an engineer—at 431 Stevens Street in Camden, New Jersey. His mother, having fallen ill, was also there and died that same year in
May. Both events were difficult for Whitman and left him depressed. He remained at his brother's home until buying his own in 1884.[103]
However, before purchasing his home, he spent the greatest period of his residence in Camden at his brother's home on Stevens Street. While
in residence there he was very productive, publishing three versions of Leaves of Grass among other works. He was also last fully physically
active in this house, receiving both Oscar Wilde and Thomas Eakins. His other brother, Edward, an "invalid" since birth, lived in the house.

Whitman spent his last years at his
home in Camden, New Jersey. Today,
it is open to the public as the Walt
Whitman House.
When his brother and sister-in-law were forced to move for business reasons, he bought his own house at 328 Mickle Street (now 330 Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr. Boulevard).[104] First taken care of by tenants, he was completely bedridden for most of his time in Mickle Street. During this
time, he began socializing with Mary Oakes Davis—the widow of a sea captain. She was a neighbor, boarding with a family in Bridge Avenue
just a few blocks from Mickle Street.[105] She moved in with Whitman on February 24, 1885, to serve as his housekeeper in exchange for free
rent. She brought with her a cat, a dog, two turtledoves, a canary, and other assorted animals.[106] During this time, Whitman produced further
editions of Leaves of Grass in 1876, 1881, and 1889.

While in Southern New Jersey, Whitman spent a good portion of his time in the then quite pastoral community of Laurel Springs, between 1876 and 1884, converting one of the Stafford
Farm buildings to his summer home. The restored summer home has been preserved as a museum by the local historical society. Part of his Leaves of Grass was written here, and in
his Specimen Days he wrote of the spring, creek and lake. To him, Laurel Lake was "the prettiest lake in: either America or Europe".[107]

As the end of 1891 approached, he prepared a final edition of Leaves of Grass, a version that has been nicknamed the "Deathbed Edition". He wrote, "L. of G. at last complete—after 33
y'rs of hackling at it, all times & moods of my life, fair weather & foul, all parts of the land, and peace & war, young & old."[108] Preparing for death, Whitman commissioned a granite
mausoleum shaped like a house for $4,000[109] and visited it often during construction.[110] In the last week of his life, he was too weak to lift a knife or fork and wrote: "I suffer all the
time: I have no relief, no escape: it is monotony—monotony—monotony—in pain."[111]

Walt Whitman died on March 26, 1892,[112] at his home in Camden, New Jersey at age 72.[113] An autopsy revealed his lungs had
"America" (0:40)
diminished to one-eighth their normal breathing capacity, a result of bronchial pneumonia,[109] and that an egg-sized abscess on
0:41
his chest had eroded one of his ribs. The cause of death was officially listed as "pleurisy of the left side, consumption of the right
lung, general miliary tuberculosis and parenchymatous nephritis".[114] A public viewing of his body was held at his Camden home; An 1890 recording thought to be Walt
Whitman reading the opening four lines of
over 1,000 people visited in three hours.[2] Whitman's oak coffin was barely visible because of all the flowers and wreaths left for his poem "America"
him.[114] Four days after his death, he was buried in his tomb at Harleigh Cemetery in Camden.[2] Another public ceremony was Problems playing this file? See media help.
held at the cemetery, with friends giving speeches, live music, and refreshments.[3] Whitman's friend, the orator Robert Ingersoll,
delivered the eulogy.[115] Later, the remains of Whitman's parents and two of his brothers and their families were moved to the mausoleum.[116]

Writing
Whitman's work broke the boundaries of poetic form and is generally prose-like.[1] Its signature style deviates from the course set by his predecessors
and includes "idiosyncratic treatment of the body and the soul as well as of the self and the other."[117] It uses unusual images and symbols, including
rotting leaves, tufts of straw, and debris.[118] Whitman openly wrote about death and sexuality, including prostitution.[95] He is often labeled the father of
free verse, though he did not invent it.[1]

Portrait of Whitman by
Thomas Eakins, 1887–88
Poetic theory
Whitman wrote in the preface to the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass, "The proof of a poet is that his country absorbs him as affectionately as he has
absorbed it." He believed there was a vital, symbiotic relationship between the poet and society.[119] He emphasized this connection especially in "Song
of Myself" by using an all-powerful first-person narration.[120] An American epic, it deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead
assumed the identity of the common people.[121] Leaves of Grass also responded to the impact of recent urbanization in the United States on the
masses.[122]

Lifestyle and beliefs

Alcohol
Whitman was a vocal proponent of temperance and in his youth rarely drank alcohol. He once stated he did not taste "strong liquor" until he was 30[123]
and occasionally argued for prohibition.[124] His first novel, Franklin Evans, or The Inebriate, published November 23, 1842, is a temperance novel.[125]
Whitman wrote the novel at the height of the popularity of the Washingtonian movement, a movement that was plagued with contradictions, as was
Franklin Evans.[126] Years later Whitman claimed he was embarrassed by the book[127] and called it "damned rot".[128] He dismissed it by saying he
wrote the novel in three days solely for money while under the influence of alcohol.[129] Even so, he wrote other pieces recommending temperance,
including The Madman and a short story "Reuben's Last Wish".[130] Later in life he was more liberal with alcohol, enjoying local wines and
champagne.[131]

Religion
Whitman was deeply influenced by deism. He denied any one faith was more important than another, and embraced all religions equally.[132] In "Song of
Myself", he gave an inventory of major religions and indicated he respected and accepted all of them—a sentiment he further emphasized in his poem Walt Whitman
"With Antecedents", affirming: "I adopt each theory, myth, god, and demi-god, / I see that the old accounts, bibles, genealogies, are true, without
exception".[132] In 1874, he was invited to write a poem about the Spiritualism movement, to which he responded, "It seems to me nearly altogether a
poor, cheap, crude humbug."[133] Whitman was a religious skeptic: though he accepted all churches, he believed in none.[132] God, to Whitman, was both immanent and transcendent
and the human soul was immortal and in a state of progressive development.[134] American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia classes him as one of several figures who "took a more
pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world."[135]

Sexuality
Though biographers continue to debate Whitman's sexuality, he is usually described as either homosexual or bisexual in his feelings
and attractions. Whitman's sexual orientation is generally assumed on the basis of his poetry, though this assumption has been
disputed. His poetry depicts love and sexuality in a more earthy, individualistic way common in American culture before the
medicalization of sexuality in the late 19th century.[136][137] Though Leaves of Grass was often labeled pornographic or obscene, only
one critic remarked on its author's presumed sexual activity: in a November 1855 review, Rufus Wilmot Griswold suggested Whitman
was guilty of "that horrible sin not to be mentioned among Christians".[138]

Whitman had intense friendships with many men and boys throughout his life. Some biographers have suggested that he did not
actually engage in sexual relationships with males,[139] while others cite letters, journal entries, and other sources that they claim as
proof of the sexual nature of some of his relationships.[140] English poet and critic John Addington Symonds spent 20 years in
correspondence trying to pry the answer from him.[141] In 1890 he wrote to Whitman, "In your conception of Comradeship, do you
contemplate the possible intrusion of those semi-sexual emotions and actions which no doubt do occur between men?" In reply,
Whitman denied that his work had any such implication, asserting "[T]hat the calamus part has even allow'd the possibility of such
construction as mention'd is terrible—I am fain to hope the pages themselves are not to be even mention'd for such gratuitous and
quite at this time entirely undream'd & unreck'd possibility of morbid inferences—wh' are disavow'd by me and seem damnable", and Whitman and Peter Doyle, one of the men with
insisting that he had fathered six illegitimate children. Some contemporary scholars are skeptical of the veracity of Whitman's denial or whom Whitman was believed to have had an
intimate relationship
the existence of the children he claimed.[142][143][144][145]

Peter Doyle may be the most likely candidate for the love of Whitman's life.[146][147][148] Doyle was a bus conductor whom Whitman
met around 1866, and the two were inseparable for several years. Interviewed in 1895, Doyle said: "We were familiar at once—I put my hand on his knee—we understood. He did not
get out at the end of the trip—in fact went all the way back with me."[149] In his notebooks, Whitman disguised Doyle's initials using the code "16.4" (P.D. being the 16th and 4th letters of
the alphabet).[147] Oscar Wilde met Whitman in the United States in 1882 and told the homosexual-rights activist George Cecil Ives that Whitman's sexual orientation was beyond
question—"I have the kiss of Walt Whitman still on my lips."[150] The only explicit description of Whitman's sexual activities is secondhand. In 1924, Edward Carpenter told Gavin Arthur
of a sexual encounter in his youth with Whitman, the details of which Arthur recorded in his journal.[151][152][153] Late in his life, when Whitman was asked outright whether his "Calamus"
poems were homosexual—John Addington Symonds inquired about "athletic friendship," "the love of man for man," or "the Love of Friends"[154]—he chose not to respond.[155][156] The
manuscript of his love poem "Once I Pass'd Through A Populous City", written when Whitman was 29, indicates it was originally about a man.[157]

Another possible lover was Bill Duckett. As a teenager, he lived on the same street in Camden and moved in with Whitman, living with
him a number of years and serving him in various roles. Duckett was 15 when Whitman bought his house at 328 Mickle Street. From
at least 1880, Duckett and his grandmother, Lydia Watson, were boarders, subletting space from another family at 334 Mickle Street.
Because of this proximity, Duckett and Whitman met as neighbors. Their relationship was close, with the youth sharing Whitman's
money when he had it. Whitman described their friendship as "thick". Though some biographers describe him as a boarder, others
identify him as a lover.[158] Their photograph (left) is described as "modeled on the conventions of a marriage portrait", part of a series
of portraits of the poet with his young male friends, and encrypting male–male desire.[159] Yet another intense relationship of Whitman
with a young man was the one with Harry Stafford, with whose family Whitman stayed when at Timber Creek, and whom he first met
when Stafford was 18, in 1876. Whitman gave Stafford a ring, which was returned and re-given over the course of a stormy
relationship lasting several years. Of that ring, Stafford wrote to Whitman, "You know when you put it on there was but one thing to part
it from me, and that was death."[160]

There is also some evidence that Whitman had sexual relationships with women. He had a romantic friendship with a New York
actress, Ellen Grey, in the spring of 1862, but it is not known whether it was also sexual. He still had a photograph of her decades later,
when he moved to Camden, and he called her "an old sweetheart of mine".[161] In a letter, dated August 21, 1890, he claimed, "I have
had six children—two are dead". This claim has never been corroborated.[162] Toward the end of his life, he often told stories of
previous girlfriends and sweethearts and denied an allegation from the New York Herald that he had "never had a love affair".[163] As
Whitman biographer Jerome Loving wrote, "the discussion of Whitman's sexual orientation will probably continue in spite of whatever
evidence emerges."[139]
Walt Whitman and Bill Duckett

Sunbathing and swimming

Whitman reportedly enjoyed bathing and sunbathing naked.[164] In Manly Health and Training, using the pseudonym Mose Velsor, he advised men to swim naked.[165] In A Sun-bathed
Nakedness, he wrote,

Never before did I get so close to Nature; never before did she come so close to me ... Nature was naked, and I was also ... Sweet, sane, still Nakedness in Nature! – ah if
poor, sick, prurient humanity in cities might really know you once more! Is not nakedness indecent? No, not inherently. It is your thought, your sophistication, your fear, your
respectability, that is indecent. There come moods when these clothes of ours are not only too irksome to wear, but are themselves indecent.

Shakespeare authorship
Whitman was an adherent of the Shakespeare authorship question, refusing to believe in the historical attribution of the works to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon. Whitman
comments in his November Boughs (1888) regarding Shakespeare's historical plays:

Conceiv'd out of the fullest heat and pulse of European feudalism—personifying in unparalleled ways the medieval aristocracy, its towering spirit of ruthless and gigantic
caste, with its own peculiar air and arrogance (no mere imitation)—only one of the "wolfish earls" so plenteous in the plays themselves, or some born descendant and
knower, might seem to be the true author of those amazing works—works in some respects greater than anything else in recorded literature.[166]

Slavery
Like many in the Free Soil Party who were concerned about the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and northern businessmen exploiting the newly colonized western
territories,[167] Whitman opposed the extension of slavery in the United States and supported the Wilmot Proviso.[168] At first he was opposed to abolitionism, believing the movement
did more harm than good. In 1846, he wrote that the abolitionists had, in fact, slowed the advancement of their cause by their "ultraism and officiousness".[169] His main concern was
that their methods disrupted the democratic process, as did the refusal of the Southern states to put the interests of the nation as a whole above their own.[168] In 1856, in his
unpublished The Eighteenth Presidency, addressing the men of the South, he wrote "you are either to abolish slavery or it will abolish you". Whitman also subscribed to the widespread
opinion that even free African-Americans should not vote[170] and was concerned at the increasing number of African-Americans in the legislature; as David Reynolds notes, Whitman
wrote in prejudiced terms of these new voters and politicians, calling them "blacks, with about as much intellect and calibre (in the mass) as so many baboons."[171] George Hutchinson
and David Drews have written that "what little is known about the early development of Whitman's racial awareness suggests that he imbibed the prevailing white prejudices of his time
and place, thinking of black people as servile, shiftless, ignorant, and given to stealing," but that despite his views remaining largely unchanged, "readers of the twentieth century,
including black ones, imagined him as a fervent antiracist."[172]

Nationalism
Whitman is often described as America's national poet, creating an image of the United States for itself. "Although he is often considered a champion of democracy and equality,
Whitman constructs a hierarchy with himself at the head, America below, and the rest of the world in a subordinate position."[173][174] In his study, "The Pragmatic Whitman: Reimagining
American Democracy", Stephen John Mack suggests that critics, who tend to ignore it, should look again at Whitman's nationalism: "Whitman's seemingly mawkish celebrations of the
United States ... [are] one of those problematic features of his works that teachers and critics read past or explain away" (xv–xvi). Nathanael O'Reilly in an essay on "Walt Whitman's
Nationalism in the First Edition of Leaves of Grass" claims that "Whitman's imagined America is arrogant, expansionist, hierarchical, racist and exclusive; such an America is
unacceptable to Native Americans, African-Americans, immigrants, the disabled, the infertile, and all those who value equal rights."[173] Whitman's nationalism avoided issues
concerning the treatment of Native Americans. As George Hutchinson and David Drews further suggest in an essay "Racial attitudes", "Clearly, Whitman could not consistently reconcile
the ingrained, even foundational, racist character of the United States with its egalitarian ideals. He could not even reconcile such contradictions in his own psyche." The authors
concluded their essay with:[172]

Because of the radically democratic and egalitarian aspects of his poetry, readers generally expect, and desire for, Whitman to be among the literary heroes that
transcended the racist pressures that abounded in all spheres of public discourse during the nineteenth century. He did not, at least not consistently; nonetheless his poetry
has been a model for democratic poets of all nations and races, right up to our own day. How Whitman could have been so prejudiced, and yet so effective in conveying an
egalitarian and antiracist sensibility in his poetry, is a puzzle yet to be adequately addressed.

In reference to the Mexican-American War, Whitman wrote in 1864 that Mexico was "the only [country] to whom we have ever really done wrong."[175] In 1883, celebrating the 333rd
anniversary of Santa Fe, Whitman argued that the indigenous and Spanish-Indian elements would supply leading traits in the "composite American identity of the future."[176]

As to our aboriginal or Indian population — the Aztec in the South, and many a tribe in the North and West — I know it seems to be agreed that they must gradually dwindle
as time rolls on, and in a few generations more leave only a reminiscence, a blank. But I am not at all clear about that. As America, from its many far-back sources and
current supplies, develops, adapts, entwines, faithfully identifies its own — are we to see it cheerfully accepting and using all the contributions of foreign lands from the
whole outside globe — and then rejecting the only ones distinctively its own — the autochthonic ones? As to the Spanish stock of our Southwest, it is certain to me that we
do not begin to appreciate the splendor and sterling value of its race element. Who knows but that element, like the course of some subterranean river, dipping invisibly for
a hundred or two years, is now to emerge in broadest flow and permanent action?[177]

Legacy and influence

Walt Whitman has been claimed as the first "poet of democracy" in the United States, a title meant to reflect his ability to write in a singularly
American character. An American-British friend of Walt Whitman, Mary Whitall Smith Costelloe, wrote: "You cannot really understand America
without Walt Whitman, without Leaves of Grass ... He has expressed that civilization, 'up to date,' as he would say, and no student of the
philosophy of history can do without him."[4] Andrew Carnegie called him "the great poet of America so far".[178] Whitman considered himself a
messiah-like figure in poetry.[179] Others agreed: one of his admirers, William Sloane Kennedy, speculated that "people will be celebrating the
birth of Walt Whitman as they are now the birth of Christ".[180]

Literary critic Harold Bloom wrote, as the introduction for the 150th anniversary of Leaves of Grass:

If you are American, then Walt Whitman is your imaginative father and mother, even if, like myself, you have never composed a line
of verse. You can nominate a fair number of literary works as candidates for the secular Scripture of the United States. They might
include Melville's Moby-Dick, Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and Emerson's two series of Essays and The Conduct of
Life. None of those, not even Emerson's, are as central as the first edition of Leaves of Grass.[181] Whitman was honored on a
'Famous Americans Series' Postal
In his own time, Whitman attracted an influential coterie of disciples and admirers. Other admirers included the Eagle Street College, an informal issue, in 1940.
group established in 1885 at the home of James William Wallace in Eagle Street, Bolton, to read and discuss the poetry of Whitman. The group
subsequently became known as the Bolton Whitman Fellowship or Whitmanites. Its members held an annual "Whitman Day" celebration around
the poet's birthday.[182]

American poets
Whitman is one of the most influential American poets. Modernist poet Ezra Pound called Whitman "America's poet ... He is America."[5] To poet Langston Hughes, who wrote, "I, too,
sing America", Whitman was a literary hero.[183] Whitman's vagabond lifestyle was adopted by the Beat movement and its leaders such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac in the
1950s and 1960s as well as anti-war poets like Adrienne Rich, Alicia Ostriker, and Gary Snyder.[184] Lawrence Ferlinghetti numbered himself among Whitman's "wild children", and the
title of his 1961 collection Starting from San Francisco is a deliberate reference to Whitman's Starting from Paumanok.[185]
June Jordan published a pivotal essay, entitled "For the Sake
of People's Poetry: Walt Whitman and the Rest of Us" praising Whitman as a democratic poet whose works to speak to people of color from all backgrounds.[186] United States poet
laureate Joy Harjo, who is a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, counts Whitman among her influences.[187]

Latin American poets

Whitman's poetry influenced Latin American and Caribbean poets in the 19th and 20th centuries, starting with Cuban poet, philosopher, and nationalist leader José Martí who published
essays in Spanish on Whitman's writings in 1887.[188][189][190] Álvaro Armando Vasseur's 1912 translations further raised Whitman's profile in Latin America.[191] Peruvian vanguardist
César Vallejo, Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, and Argentine Jorge Luis Borges acknowledged Walt Whitman's influence.[191]

European authors
Some, like Oscar Wilde and Edward Carpenter, viewed Whitman both as a prophet of a utopian future and of same-sex desire – the passion of comrades. This aligned with their own
desires for a future of brotherly socialism.[192] Whitman also influenced Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, and was a model for the character of Dracula. Stoker said in his notes that
Dracula represented the quintessential male which, to Stoker, was Whitman, with whom he corresponded until Whitman's death.[193]

Film and television

Whitman's life and verse have been referenced in a substantial number of works of film and video. In the movie Beautiful Dreamers (Hemdale Films, 1992) Whitman was portrayed by
Rip Torn. Whitman visits an insane asylum in London, Ontario, where some of his ideas are adopted as part of an occupational therapy program.[194]

In Dead Poets Society (1989) by Peter Weir, teacher John Keating inspires his students with the works of Whitman, Shakespeare and John Keats.[194][195]

Whitman's poem "Yonnondio" influenced both a book (Yonnondio: From the Thirties, 1974) by Tillie Olsen and a sixteen-minute film, Yonnondio (1994) by Ali Mohamed Selim.[194]

Whitman's poem "I Sing the Body Electric" (1855) was used by Ray Bradbury as the title of a short story and a short story collection. Bradbury's story was adapted for the Twilight Zone
episode of May 18, 1962, in which a bereaved family buys a made-to-order robot grandmother to forever love and serve the family.[196]
"I Sing the Body Electric" inspired the showcase
finale in the movie Fame (1980), a diverse fusion of gospel, rock, and orchestra.[194][197]

Music and audio recordings

Whitman's poetry has been set to music by a large number of composers; indeed it has been suggested his poetry has been set to music more than that of any other American poet
except for Emily Dickinson and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.[198] Those who have set his poems to music have included John Adams; Ernst Bacon; Leonard Bernstein; Benjamin
Britten; Rhoda Coghill; David Conte; Ronald Corp; George Crumb; Frederick Delius; Howard Hanson; Karl Amadeus Hartmann; Hans Werner Henze; Bernard Herrmann;[199]Jennifer
Higdon;[200] Paul Hindemith;[201] Ned Rorem;[202] Howard Skempton; Eva Ruth Spalding; Williametta Spencer; Charles Villiers Stanford; Robert Strassburg;[203] Ivana Marburger
Themmen;[204] Rossini Vrionides;[205] Ralph Vaughan Williams; Kurt Weill;[206] Helen L. Weiss;[207] Charles Wood; and Roger Sessions.[208] Crossing, an opera composed by Matthew
Aucoin and inspired by Whitman's Civil War diaries, premiered in 2015.[209]

In 2014, German publisher Hörbuch Hamburg [de] issued the bilingual double-CD audio book of the Kinder Adams/Children of Adam cycle, based on translations by Kai Grehn [de] in the
2005 Children of Adam from Leaves of Grass (Galerie Vevais), accompanying a collection of nude photography by Paul Cava. The audio release included a complete reading by Iggy
Pop, as well as readings by Marianne Sägebrecht; Martin Wuttke; Birgit Minichmayr; Alexander Fehling; Lars Rudolph; Volker Bruch; Paula Beer; Josef Osterndorf; Ronald Lippok; Jule
Böwe; and Robert Gwisdek.[210] In 2014 composer John Zorn released On Leaves of Grass, an album inspired by and dedicated to Whitman.[211]

Namesake recognition
The Walt Whitman Bridge, which crosses the Delaware River near his home in Camden, was opened on May 16, 1957.[212] In 1997, the Walt
Whitman Community School in Dallas opened, becoming the first private high school catering to LGBT youth.[213] His other namesakes include
Walt Whitman High School (Bethesda, Maryland), Walt Whitman High School (Huntington Station, New York), the Walt Whitman Shops
(formerly called "Walt Whitman Mall") in Huntington Station, Long Island, New York, near his birthplace,[214] and Walt Whitman Road located in
Huntington Station and Melville, New York.

Whitman was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2009,[215] and, in 2013, he was inducted into the Legacy Walk, an outdoor public
display that celebrates LGBT history and people.[216]
Walt Whitman statue at the Walt
A statue of Whitman by Jo Davidson is located at the entrance to the Walt Whitman Bridge and another casting resides in the Bear Mountain Whitman Bridge Entrance, 3100 S
State Park. Broad St, Philadelphia PA

A coed summer camp founded in 1948 in Piermont, New Hampshire, is named after Whitman.[217][218]

A crater on Mercury is also named for him.[219]

Works
Franklin Evans; or The Inebriate: A Tale of the Times (1842) Library resources about

The Half-Breed; A Tale of the Western Frontier (1846) Walt Whitman

Life and Adventures of Jack Engle (serialized in 1852)[39] Online books

Resources in your library
Leaves of Grass (1855, the first of seven editions through 1891) Resources in other libraries
Manly Health and Training (1858)[220] By Walt Whitman
Drum-Taps (1865) Online books
Resources in your library
Democratic Vistas (1871)
Resources in other libraries
Memoranda During the War (1876)
Specimen Days (1882)
The Wound Dresser: Letters written to his mother from the hospitals in Washington during the Civil War, edited by Richard M. Bucke (1898)
Walt Whitman Speaks: His Final Thoughts on Life, Writing, Spirituality, and the Promise of America as told to Horace Traubel, edited by Brenda Wineapple (2019)[221]

See also
LGBT history in New York (19th century)
Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln
Walt Whitman's lectures on Abraham Lincoln

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doi:10.1007/978-1-137-12245-2_3 , 210. ^ Schöberlein, Stefan (2016). "Whitman,
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190. ^ Molloy, S. (January 1, 1996). "His
America, Our America: Jose Marti Reads
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57 (2): 369–379. doi:10.1215/00267929-
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191. ^ a b Cohen, Matt; Price, Rachel. "Walt
Whitman in Latin America and Spain: Walt
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"Only with Vasseur's subsequent 1912
translation did Whitman become available
and important to generations of Latin
American poets, from the residual
modernistas to the region's major
twentieth-century figures."
192. ^ Robinson, Michael. Worshipping Walt.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2010: 143–145. ISBN 0691146314
193. ^ Nuzum, Eric. The Dead Travel Fast:
Stalking Vampires from Nosferatu to
Count Chocula. Thomas Dunne Books,
2007: 141–147. ISBN 0-312-37111-X
194. ^ a b c d Britton, Wesley A. (1998). "Media
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"MOVIE REVIEW : 'Poets Society': A
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2020.
. 196. ^ Jewell, Andrew; Price, Kenneth M. (July
7, 2009). "Twentieth Century Mass Media
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Bloom'd (Hindemith)
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"Review: Matthew Aucoin's Crossing Is a
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Iggy Pop, Alva Noto, and Tarwater,
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Sources
Callow, Philip. From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992. ISBN 0-929587-95-2
Kaplan, Justin. Walt Whitman: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. ISBN 0-671-22542-1
Loving, Jerome. Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself. University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-22687-9
Miller, James E. Walt Whitman. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1962
Reynolds, David S. Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76709-6
Stacy, Jason. Walt Whitman's Multitudes: Labor Reform and Persona in Whitman's Journalism and the First 'Leaves of Grass', 1840–1855. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2008.
ISBN 978-1-4331-0383-4

External links
Archives Walt Whitman
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Walt Whitman papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
Walt Whitman documents at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Media from Commons
Walt Whitman, "The Bible as Poetry." Manuscript 1883 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center.
Quotations from Wikiquote
Walt Whitman collection 1884–1892 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center.
Walt Whitman collection. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Texts from Wikisource

Walt Whitman collection, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.
Walt Whitman collection at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Brigham Young University.
"The Untimeliness of the Walt Whitman Exhibition at the New York Public Library: An Open Letter to Trustees," by Charles F. Heartman , at the John J. Wilcox, Jr. LGBT Archives,
William Way LGBT Community Center.
Horace Traubel collection of Walt Whitman papers at Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Museums and Press.

Exhibitions
Walt Whitman in His Time and Ours at Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Museums and Press , February 12 to June 14, 2019
Revising Himself: Walt Whitman and Leaves of Grass at the Library of Congress, Exhibition Celebrates 150 Years of Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" May 16, 2005 to December
3, 2005
Whitman Vignettes: Camden and Philadelphia at Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts , University of Pennsylvania, May 28 to August 23, 2019
Walt Whitman Bard of Democracy at the Morgan Library and Museum, June 7 through September 15, 2019
Walt Whitman: America’s Poet at the New York Public Library, March 29, 2019 to August 30, 2019
Poet of the Body: New York’s Walt Whitman at the Grolier Club, May 15 to July 27, 2019

External video
Historic sites
Booknotes interview with Reynolds on Walt
Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography, April
Walt Whitman Camden Home Historic Site 28, 1996 , C-SPAN

Other external links

Walt Whitman at Curlie
Walt Whitman: Online Resources at the Library of Congress.
The Walt Whitman Archive includes all editions of Leaves of Grass in page-images and transcription, as well as manuscripts, criticism, and biography.
Walt Whitman: Profile, Poems, Essays at Poets.org.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online. Brooklyn Public Library.
Works by Walt Whitman at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Walt Whitman at Internet Archive
Works by Walt Whitman at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Walt Whitman at Find a Grave
Johnson, John A., and Lloyd D. Worley. "Criminals' Responses to Religious Themes in Whitman's Poetry " (Archive ). In Crime, Values, and Religion, edited by J. M. Day and W.
S. Laufer, 133–51. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987.

v·t·e Walt Whitman [hide]

"Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" (1855) · "The Sleepers" (1855) · "Hush'd Be the Camps To-Day" (1865) · "I Sing the Body Electric" (1855) · "A Noiseless Patient Spider" (1891) ·
"O Captain! My Captain!" (1865) · "One Hour to Madness and Joy" (1860) · "One's Self I Sing" (1867) · "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" (1859) · "Patrolling Barnegat" (1856) ·
Leaves of Grass

"Pioneers! O Pioneers!" (1865) · "Prayer of Columbus" (1900) · "Song of Myself" (1855) · "Song of the Open Road" (1856) · "This Dust Was Once the Man" (1871) ·
(1855–1892)
"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" (1865)
Sections:
Calamus · Sea-Drift · Drum-Taps

Other works List of poems · Franklin Evans (1842) · Life and Adventures of Jack Engle (1852) · Democratic Vistas (1871) · Passage to India (1871)

Elegiac Ode (1884) · Sea Drift (1906) · A Sea Symphony (1909) · Ode to Death (1919) · Morning Heroes (1930) · Sea Drift (1933) · Dona nobis pacem (1936) ·
Adaptations Secular Cantata No. 2: A Free Song (1942) · When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd (1946) · The Wound-Dresser (1989) · Lilacs (1996) · Symphony No. 2 (1999) · Dooryard Bloom
(2004)

Life and
Walt Whitman Award · Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln
(Lectures) · Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site · Walt Whitman House · The Long Islander · Walt Whitman Bridge ·
honoraria Walt Whitman (Davidson) · Walt Whitman High School (Maryland) · Walt Whitman High School (New York) · Walt Whitman Shops

v·t·e Walt Whitman's "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" [show]

v·t·e Shakespeare authorship question [show]

v·t·e Hall of Fame for Great Americans [show]

Portals: Biography Poetry New Jersey New York (state)

Authority control [show]

Categories: Walt Whitman 1819 births 1892 deaths 19th-century American journalists 19th-century American male writers 19th-century American novelists
19th-century American poets 19th-century essayists 19th-century LGBT people 19th-century pseudonymous writers American civil servants American Civil War nurses
 American essayists American humanists American male essayists American male journalists American male novelists American male poets American nationalists
American religious skeptics American spiritual writers Brooklyn Eagle Burials at Harleigh Cemetery, Camden Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Journalists from New York City American LGBT novelists American LGBT poets Male wartime nurses Mystics Novelists from New Jersey Novelists from New York (state)
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People of New York (state) in the American Civil War Poets from New York (state) War writers Writers from Brooklyn Writers from Camden, New Jersey

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