HH8 (BONE) HUMAN HISTOLOGY BMLS 2

BONE/ OSSEOUS TISSUE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE MATRIX

1. Organic Matrix
• A rigid form of connective tissue with calcified • collagen - 95%
extracellular components • amorphous ground substance – 5% (this is an ICS and
• Solid matrix (deviates from the ICS of the connective chemically made up of GAGs) glycosaminoglycans
tissue proper which is gel-like in nature) (GAGs) with proteins
• Glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s): chondroitin sulfate,
keratin sulfate, hyaluronic acid
• Glycoproteins: sialoprotein and osteocalcin, both
strongly bind calcium
• Collagen fibers: Type I\II collagen fibers (resistant to
dilute acid and relatively insoluble to solvents that are
used to extract other collagen types)
2. Inorganic Salts
• 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix
1. Calcium – in great quantity (if these 2 combined
they will form hydroxyapatite crystals)
2. Phosphorous – in great quantity (if these 2
combined they will form hydroxyapatite crystals)
3. Bicarbonate
4. Citrate
5. Magnesium
6. Potassium
7. Sodium
(These are the minerals of the body and they contribute 2
internal homeostasis)
Note: Ca + P = HYDROXYAPATITE crystals [Ca₃ (PO₄)₂]₃.
Ca(OH)₂
• Composition:
1. bone cells TYPES OF BONE CELLS
2. collagen fibers
3. solid matrix

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. solid, hard and brittle ground substance which is
apparently homogeneous
2. abundant osteocytes with cytoplasmic processes
3. highly vascular

FUNCTIONS
1. internal support of the body
2. attachment of muscles and tendons essential for
locomotion (muscles are involved in contractions)
3. protection of vital organs of the body (the orbital bones The bone cells in the body are made up of one (1). We
protect the eyes, the rib cage protects the lung & heart, have the precursor of all bone cells called osteoprogenitor
and the pelvic bones protects the female reproductive and these can be transformed into osteoblasts/osteoclasts.
system) the osteoblast will later on mature into osteocyte. These 4
4. storage site of calcium and other inorganic substances of types of bone cells originate from the precursor cells called
the body osteoprogenitor cells
5. site for blood forming tissue (the bone marrow houses
all stages of bone cells)
6. homeostasis

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If the osteoprogenitor cells combine they will form into
osteoclast. the osteoprogenitor cell is also called osteogenic
cell and they have the capacity to form into osteoclast/unite
to form the osteoclast
OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS
• Osteogenic Cells
• Relatively undifferentiated cells with osteogenic property
• Have pale-staining oval or elongated nuclei (if you stain
them, they will give a color pinkish or bluish appearance
of the cytoplasm)
• Have an inconspicuous acidophilic or faintly basophilic
cytoplasm
• Sometimes referred to as stem cells
• These are the youngest cells
• Nucleus are often at the end of the cells farthest from the
bony surface (periphery)
• The difference between the osteoprogenitor cells and the
osteoblasts are the color of the cytoplasm under the
microscope. The osteoblast is deeply blue in color due to
its large content of ribonucleoprotein
• Cytoplasm is intensely basophilic due to its large content
of ribonucleoprotein with well-developed golgi complex
• The formation of the bone in the body, the
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells will still have the
short processes of the cytoplasmic extension that will be
carried in the formation of the bone cells especially if the
bone cell is still in the young stage
OSTEOCYTES

• Mature bone cells

• Principal cells of fully formed bone
• Enclosed in lacunae within the calcified ground substance
• The difference between a cartilage and bone tissue is that
in cartilage one (1) lacuna may contain 2-10 chondrocytes
while on the bone tissue the ratio is only 1:1, 1 lacuna = 1
bone cell
• Cell bodies are flattened according to the lenticular lacuna
• Found on the: that it occupies
o free bony surfaces • Have slender, numerous processes extending into
o endosteum canaliculi in the surrounding matrix
o periosteum • Cytoplasm has less affinity to basic dye (lesser blue in
o lining the haversian canals color compared to osteoblasts)
o Epiphyseal plate of growing bones • The golgi bodies are less conspicuous
• Undergo cellular division, transforming into osteoblasts or • Play an active role in the release of calcium from bone to
unite to form osteoclasts blood
• Participate in the homeostatic regulation of calcium
concentration in body fluids
OSTEOBLASTS

• Young bone forming cells OSTEOCLASTS

• Responsible for formation of bone matrix
• Found on the surfaces of developing bone (especially in
epiphyseal part of long bones)
• Arranged during the active stage in an epithelioid layer
of cuboidal or low columnar cells connected to each
other by slender short processes
• The bone destroying cells
• Are giant cells and may contain as many as 50 nuclei,
appear rather foamy, and have a ruffled border,
particularly at the surface of the bone (have 50 nuclei
because of the osteogenic cells have combined together
contributing to the number of nuclei in the cell)
• Are active agents in bone resorption
• Frequently found in shallow concavities of bone surface,
referred to as Howship’s Lacunae

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This is an osteoclast found in the concavity of the bone tissue
We can see the ruffled border, nuclei inside the
osteoclasts wherein they appear hollow because of the stain
that is used and appearing as giant cells
SUMMARY OF BONE CELLS
The osteogenic cell could form into osteoblast (young
bone cells) or unite to form a giant cell. this is an osteoclast
in a cavity with a ruffled border, foamy cytoplasm and
different nuclei inside the cell
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The osteoprogenitor cell will be transformed into
osteoblast. they will first undergo mitosis to form into
osteoblast and mature to become an osteocyte and if the
osteogenic cells will unite, they will form into a giant cell we
call an osteoclast. the osteocyte has a cytoplasmic extension
BONE REMODELING
6 stages:
1. Resting – No bone resorption. The bones will be
transformed from a young cell to an adult cell from
osteoblast to osteocyte.
2. Activation – If there is an extra or overpopulation of bone
cells that are formed, the osteogenic cells will be
activated to become osteoclast.
3. Resorption – If the osteoclasts are formed, they will
undergo bone resorption to balance the population of
bone cells that are formed.
4. Reversal – The osteoclast will revert back to the
osteoblast formation.
5. Formation – The osteoblast will be formed to become
young bone cells
6. Mineralization – There is bone deposition, the osteoblast
will synthesize the matrix and the tissue is formed.
Note: The osteogenic cells will be formed into an osteoblast,
the osteoblast become mature to become an osteocyte.
while some of the osteogenic cells will unite to form giant
cells called the osteoclast and they will undergo bone
resorption. this will happen during ossification of bone cells
from the body, any extra bone cells that are formed will be
calcified (resorpt) by the osteoclast to balance the population
in the body. We have the process of apoptosis wherein the
cell will just undergo destruction/self-destruction/ cell suicide
(normal process to prevent over population)
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TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
Based on macroscopic morphology (how they appear in our
eyes)
1. cancellous bone / spongy bone / substancia spongiosa /
soft bone (inner part of the bone)
2. compact bone / substancia compacta / hard bone (outer
part of the bone)
SPONGY BONE
• Simple and less organized architecture
• Composed of anastomosing bone trabeculae or spicules
• Shows a meshwork pattern with numerous small cavities
lined with endosteum containing bone marrow
• Absence of haversian system / osteon
COMPACT BONE
• Organized architecture
• Appears more solid with fewer cavities
• Shows regular arrangement of lamellae (regular
arrangement of the concentric layer of the bone tissue
called circumferential lamellae/concentric lamellae
arrangement)
• Presence of haversian system / osteon
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• This is a compact bone that is found towards the outer
part of the bone tissue.
• It is composed of concentric arrangement called
haversian system
• The outer membrane that supports the hard bone are
called periosteum and it is made up of fibrous and cellular
layer
• One (1) concentric arrangement/haversian system is
composed of a central canal/haversian canal and
surrounding the canal is a concentric arrangement of the
bone tissue we call its concentric layer a lamella
• The lamella is a regular interval of cavities and within
these cavities are the osteocytes
• The tubular network arrangement is from a lamella
towards another lamella and these are the canaliculi
• The haversian system (osteon) is composed of haversian
canal/ central canal, the concentric layer (lamella)
wherein the cavities are located with the osteocytes and
the canaliculi
• The haversian canal (central canal) is composed of blood
vessels both the arteries, the veins and the lymphatic
vessels
• The main purpose of the blood vessels is to give
nourishment to the bone cells which the arteries will
supply blood to the osteon
CROSS SECTION AND LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF BONE
TISSUE
• The cross section composed the different haversian
systems (osteon) on the surface which is protected by
the membrane on the outside called the periosteum
• The longitudinal section, you can observe the canals, the
traverses, and the bone tissue. going upward is the
haversian canal and the transverse section is called the
Volkmann’s canal
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The 3 different tubules that are found in the bone tissue

are the haversian canal, the volkmann’s canal and the
canaliculi (tubular structure) and they give nourishment to
the bone cells

This is a longitudinal section of a bone tissue. we have

the canals going upwards into the haversian system
(haversian canal) and the traversing the bone to the sideways
we have the volkmann’s canal and they provide nourishment
to the bone cells of the tissue

This is a cross section of a bone tissue. we have several

concentric arrangements of the tissue we call the osteons.
there are 6 concentric arrangement and each of these the
osteon may have 4-5 concentric layer (lamellae)

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HH8 (BONE) HUMAN HISTOLOGY BMLS 2

PERIOSTEUM
• SHARPEY’S FIBERS (composed of type I collagen fibers
that traverses the periosteum going to the endosteum)
• Perforating fibers
• Collagen fibers (type I and type II collagen fibers)
• William Sharpey
• 1802- 1880
• Scottish Physiologist and Histologist

FUNCTIONS - PERIOSTEUM
• Attachment Sites for the Muscle Tendons and Ligaments
• Nourishment of the Bones and Muscles
• Bone Sensitivity (Innervation of Periosteum) (nerve fibers)
• Bone Growth and Repair
The membrane that cements together with the osteon is
• Periosteal Hinge
called periosteum. and the osteocytes has an interconnection
within the lacuna through cellular processes which will be
FUNCTIONS- ENDOSTEUM
withdrawn later on by the osteocyte (mature bone cells) and
• Appositional Bone Growth
these processes will become a canaliculi
o Osteoblasts lining the endosteum secrete bone matrix
and form ridges alongside the periosteal blood
vessels.
• Bone Repair
o During a traumatic injury or a fracture, the occurrence
of a hematoma within the bone causes rapid
multiplication of the endosteal cells to reestablish a
bridge of
• Bone Remodeling

SUMMARY OF BONE MEMBRANES

BONE MEMBRANES BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

A. PERIOSTEUM COMPACT BONE 1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

• THICK CT MEMBRANE • Involve flat bones in the body
a. FIBROUS LAYER – CT FIBERS (collagen fibers) • Grow in width of bones
b. CELLULAR LAYER – OSTEOGENIC LAYER • The cranial bones is made up of flat bones
B. ENDOSTEUM – SPONGY BONE
• THIN VASCULAR CT MEMBRANE

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HH8 (BONE) HUMAN HISTOLOGY BMLS 2

This is a developed thin bones in the body. the cranial

bones will grow towards each other, will grow in width and
later on the edges of these flat bones will become sutures
which will harden to become a part of the cranial bone

2. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
• Involve long bones in the body

During the development of intramembranous

ossificationm the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells are
involved and they will conglomerate to form a primary bone
plates and later on the flat bones (thin bones) will be formed

This is a intramembranous ossification from

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to conglomeration of
mesenchymal cells to form the primary bone tissue forming
into a flat bone (thin bone)

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• This is a process of endochondral ossification involving

long bones of the body
• Both ends of the long bones are called the metaphysis and
the epiphysis The growth plate is the area wherein the different zones
• Epiphysis is the growth plate of long bone of cells are formed or different changes of cells from cartilage
• During the long bone is being developed, the to bone cells are involved
mesenchymal cells are involved
• From mesenchymal tissue they will form into a
cartilage/cartilage model and later on the diaphysis of
long bone it will have a bone collar formation
• The bone collar will be provided with vessels and it is the
starting point of ossification
• The primary ossification center is located at the diaphysis
part of long bone. this will be resupplied with blood
vessels and the growth of bone is going upwards and
lower potion / bone growth in length
• From the primary ossification center, both edges of long
bone will become secondary ossification center located at
the epiphysis of the long bone

These are the different zones during endochondral

ossification in the epiphysial plate of long bone.

• Resting zone – from the cartilage formation of cells,

there will be no changes of the cells
• Proliferating zone – from young cell until it will grow in
number
• Hypertrophic zone – some of the cells will grow in size
(cartilage cells)
• Ossification zone – these large cells will slowly become
bone cells and the formation of the spongy bones in the
body
This is a bone collar formation (diaphysis part of long
bone). The perichondrium and hyaline cartilage are involved
because of the osteogenic properties that are present in the
cells.