A

SYNOPSIS REPORT

On

“Analysis Of performance & Improvement in Air

Engine”
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of degree

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

In

COMPUTER SCIENCE &ENGINEERING

Submitted By:

Name of the Student

Guide

Name of the Guide

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

G H RAISONI UNIVERSITY, AMRAVATI, ANJANGAON

BARI ROAD,
AMRAVATI-444701
2021-2022

GHRU Amravati 1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Synopsis on

“Analysis Of performance & Improvement in Air

Engine”
has been satisfactorily
submitted by

Name of the Student

Towards the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

in COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING from G. H. Raisoni University,

Amravati

for the academic session 2021-2022.

GUIDE H.O.D.
Dr. V.B. Gadicha

Project Co-ordinator

Dr. Rais Abdul Hamid Khan

GHRU Amravati 2
 Abstract:-

Here we demonstrate the concept of pneumatic powered air engine system that user
pneumatic power to operate a vehicle engine and achieve movement. Here we use a
pneumatic cylinder that is attached to a wheel in order to drive the wheel using a
specially designed rack and pinion king of arrangement. This system uses a pneumatic
cylinder attached to the wheel through this particular arrangement. We use pipes and
valves to control the pneumatic cylinder movement using a compressor. An electronic
circuit is used to control the valves and thus control the movement of the pneumatic
cylinder. As the pneumatic cylinder pushes its piston forward and backward, this motion
is used to drive the wheel using the rack pinion kind of arrangement. We cylindrical
wheels to avoid contact of rack while returning to stop it from blocking the motion
achieved. We use bearings and a frame to hold and run the rotating wheel arrangement
and the pneumatic cylinder in a horizontal arrangement with respect to the wheel. Thus
we demonstrate the concept of an air engine.

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Particulars Page No

1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Proposed work
4 Probable Implications
5 References

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 Introduction

A Compressed-air engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding

compressed air. A compressed-air vehicle is powered by an air engine, using compressed air,
which is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive
pistons with hot expanding gases, compressed air vehicles (CAV) use the expansion of
compressed air to drive their pistons. They have existed in many forms over the past two
centuries, ranging in size from hand held turbines up to several hundred horsepower. For
example, the first mechanically-powered submarine, the 1863 Plongeur, used a compressedair
engine. The laws of physics dictate that uncontained gases will fill any given space. The easiest
way to see this in action is to inflate a balloon. The elastic skin of the balloon holds the air tightly
inside, but the moment you use a pin to create a hole in the balloon's surface, the air expands
outward with so much energy that the balloon explodes. Compressing a gas into a small space is a
way to store energy. When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work. That's the
basic principle behind what makes an air car go. Some types rely on pistons and cylinders, others
use turbines. Many compressed air engines improve their performance by heating the incoming
air, or the engine itself. Some took this a stage further and burned fuel in the cylinder or turbine,
forming a type of internal combustion engine. One manufacturer claims to have designed an
engine that is 90 percent efficient. Compressed air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid
systems, e.g., battery electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries. This kind of
system is called hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also
be used in conjunction with this system
.

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 Objectives:
a) Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately be powered through the
electrical grid, which makes it easier to focus on reducing pollution from one source, as opposed to
the millions of vehicles on the road.
b) Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off the electrical grid.
This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created during fuel transportation would be
eliminated.
c) Compressed air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because there is
no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, Ignition Systems or silencers. d) Air, on its own, is
non-flammable.
e) High torque for minimum volume.
f) The mechanical design of the engine is simple and robust.
g) Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance.
h) Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution than batteries.
i) Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradation problems associated with current
battery systems.
j) The tank may be able to be refilled more often and in less time than batteries can be recharged,
with re-fuelling rates comparable to liquid fuels.
k) Lighter vehicles would mean less abuse on roads. Resulting in longer lasting roads.
l) The price of fuelling air-powered vehicles will be significantly cheaper than current fuels.

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 01. Literature Review

Air can be compressed into small volumes and can be stored in suitable containers at high pressures.
Such air compressed into containers is associated with an amount of energy. When the stored
compressed air is released freely it expands thereby releasing the energy associated with it. This energy
released can be utilized to provide useful work. The compression, storage and release of the air together
are termed as the Compressed Air Technology. This technology has been utilized in different
pneumatic systems. This technology has been undergoing several years of research to improve its
applications. Compressed air is regarded as the fourth utility, after electricity, natural gas, and water.
Compressed air can be used in or for:
▪ Pneumatics, the use of pressurized gases to do work.
▪ vehicular transportation using a compressed air vehicle

Limitations of existing system:

Like the modern car and most household appliances, the principal Limitation is the indirect
use of energy. Energy is used to compress air, which - in turn - provides the energy to run the
motor. Any conversion of energy between forms results in loss. For conventional combustion
motor cars, the energy is lost when oil is converted to usable fuel - including drilling,
refinement, labour, storage, eventually transportation to the end-user. For compressed-air cars,
energy is lost when electrical energy is converted to compressed air. Proposed work

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 Proposed Work

Analysis

.DESIGN OF CAMSHAFT: Initially, we having 4-stroke camshaft which do not works for our purpose. (i.e.
compressed-air engine). Thus we converting 4-stroke into 2-stroke and made slight modifications in
camshaft. Previously it was v-shaped for 4stroke, now we converting this to I-shaped i.e. the inlet & exhaust
at 180°. Also for continuous supply of air, to generate more torque we shaped OVAL-CAM to the individual
side through180°. (i.e. in both inlet & exhaustcams).

For carrying out the research /experiment on an Petrol engine of HERO HONDA of model 100 cc of
PASSON PRO was used . As petrol is not being used in this experiment, so there was no need of the
carburetor and thus the carburetor was removed. As there is no combustion taking place inside the engine,
so there is no need of a spark plug, so the spark plug is also removed. In the inlet valve a hose (pipe) is
attached and a regulator was also attached on the top of the cylinder. So that the starting pressure 87.02264
Psi or 6 bars to 94.27452 Psi or 6.5 bar could be made. When the regulator was opened air entered in to the
cylinder through the pipe. When the air entered at a pressure of 6 bar the piston moved from Top dead
centre to Bottom dead centre (TDC to BDC).and piston reaches at bottom dead centre. After that, the
piston started to move from Bottom dead centre to Top dead centre due to the weight of the flywheel. As
piston started To move upwards the difficulty faced that the engine stopped working. This was because the
exhaust valve did not open and the compressed air was not moved out. So, engine stopped there.

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Fabrication and Assembly:

As per the design, following mechanical parts were used to fabricate the working model:

1. Crank shaft - 2
2. Pneumatic cylinder - 2
3. Solenoid valve - 4
4. Roller Bearings - 2
5. Tyre - 2
6. Bearing stand
7. Compressor
8. Pneumatic pipe
9. Body base
10.Connecting screws

And following electronic parts are used:

1. Resistance
2. Diode
3. Relay
4. Capacitor
5. Transistor
6. Transformer
7. IC CD 4017
8. IC NE 555

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Fabrication of the model involves the following steps:

1. Procurement of crank from the market

Fig 3.2

2. Fitting of bearing on the crank assembly.

Fig 3.3

3. Fixing of Bearing stand on the crank assembly.

Fig 3.4

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 4. Welding of two crank shafts

Fig 3.5

5. Fixing the crank assembly frame on the wooden board.

Fig 3.6

6. Fixing of solenoid valves with pneumatic cylinder.

Fig 3.7

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 7. Welding of piston cylinder arrangement to crank assembly.

Fig 3.8

8. Powering the assembly with the electronic circuit and thus having the
complete model.

Fig 3.9

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 Problems faced during designing:

1. Availability of components of desired specification in market as per the

design.
2. To vary the output speed and torque of the engine.
3. To prevent the air leakage.

Probable implication

1. To increase the speed of the engine using alternative mechanisms

2. Reduce the noise and anyone can work upon this for eco friendly environment.
3. Design and fabrication of a new engine made of light metal will give better results.
4. Usage of compressed air tanks for storage and supply will give it more scope in automobiles

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 References:

 Sharma P.C. & Aggarwal D.K., Machine Design, S.K. Kataria & Sons, Ed.
11th Reprint.

 Mahadevan & Reddy, Design Data Handbook, CBS Publishers, Ed. 3rd.

 Mechanical Engineering and Design, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 3rd.

 Wiki Foundation Wikipedia Website.

 How Stuff Works Website.

 Engineering Hobbyist Website.

[1] Papson, A.; Creutzig, F.; Schipper, L. Compressed air vehicles: Drive-cycle analysis of vehicle
performance, environmental impacts, and economic costs. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board 2010,
2191, 67–74.

[2] Schechter, M. New Cycles for Automobile Engines. In Proceedings of International Congress and
Exposition, Detroit, MI, USA, 1 March 1999; SAE International: Warren dale, PA, USA.

[3] Tokhi, M, O, Al-Miskiry, M and Brisland, M.Real Time Control of Motors using a Pneumatic H-
bridge. Control Eng Pract. 2001, pp. 449-457.

[4] Huang, K, D, Quang, K, V, Tseng, K, T.Study of Recycling Exhaust Gas Energy of Hybrid
Pneumatic Power System with CFD. Energy Converstion Management. 2009, pp. 1271-1278.

[5] Thipse, S, S.Compressed Air Car. Tech Monitor. 2008, pp. 33-37.

[6] Liu, X, Y, Wang, Y.Overview of Developement of Compressed Air Engine. Machine. 2008, Vol. 35,
pp. 1-5.

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GHRU Amravati 1