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4.Explain the characteristic of Topology Star

Star topology is look like a star but not exactly a star. Star topology is the older topology used in networking. The idea of star topology comes from Telecommunication system. In telephone system all telephone calls are handled by central switching station. Similarly in star topology central device Hub is used. Hub is responsible of managing all activities of the network. All nodes (file server, workstations and peripheral devices) in star topology are directly connected to hub. Connector is also use in place of hub. Different types of cables are used to connect nodes such as twisted pair, coaxial cable and fiber optics. Star topology is very easy to extend and modify the network. It is easy to install and manage. Due to the centralization in star topology it is very easy to monitor and manage the network. Like bus topology the fail of single computer will not affect the whole network. Star topology also has some drawbacks. It there is any problem in central device Hub or connector then network fails. When we are going to extend our network then we need more cable and result in more intricate installations. It is expansive due to cost of connector or hub than other simple topologies such as bus. In start topology, all devices are connected to a hub. All the data passes through the hub and hub is a central connecting point. As all the data passes through a central connecting point (hub) so a problem can occur here known as bottle-necks but the biggest advantage of star topology is that its installation and management is very easy. When a packet comes to the hub then it transfers that packet to all the nodes connected through hub but only one node at a time successfully transmits it. In this case if you see carefully then you will come to the point that arrangement in this topology is logically a bus but physically it looks like a star.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT

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6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Topology Type of topology Bus Advantages It is easy to handle and implement. Requires less cable length than a star topology. The data being transmitted between two nodes passes through all the intermediate nodes. Can create much larger network using Token Ring Due to its centralized nature, the topology offers simplicity of operation. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices Disadvantages The cable length is limited. This limits the number of stations that can be connected. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network to fail. Much slower than an Ethernet network under normal load The network operation depends on the functioning of the central hub, if hub is failure all network cannot be use. Requires more cable length than a linear topology.

Ring

Star

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3. Explain the function of client and server Client To provide file sharing, printer, ftp and so on services Control access to the resources on the network Provide service to other computers, or the software that runs on it like the internet sites. Server Interprets the results send by server and presents the results to user. Client has the ability to process further the queries results received from server. It can also send and receive messages to and from different clients in the network environment.

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