Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Systems

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq, Ph.D., CEA, FBSME, FIEB

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/

ME 101 : Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME101/

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 1 / 37

 Applications & Performance

Applications of Refrigeration System

1 Domestic refrigeration
2 Commercial & Industrial refrigeration
Food storage & processing
Ice rinks
Low temperature liquid storage/transportation
De-waxing of oil
Separation and condensation of gases
Solidification and separation of solid
Low temperature testing
Removal of heat of reaction etc.
3 Marine & transportation refrigeration
4 Comfort air-conditioning
5 Industrial air-conditioning

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 2 / 37

 Applications & Performance

Food Preservation by Refrigeration

Preservation of perishables by refrigeration involves the use of low

temperature as a means of eliminating or retarding the activity of
spoilage agents.
For storage, the product is chilled and stored at some temperature
above its freezing point. Frozen storage requires freezing of the
product and storage at some temperature between -12o to -23o C.
Factors affecting the quality of frozen product:
Nature and composition of product to be frozen
Care in selecting, handling & preparing the product for freezing
Freezing method
Storage condition

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 3 / 37

 Applications & Performance

Comfort vs. Industrial Air-conditioning

Comfort air-conditioning is for human comfort. It involves control of

space temperature, humidity, air-motion and cleaning/filtering of air.
Industrial air-conditioning does not have the primary function of
conditioning air for human comfort.
Functions of industrial air-conditioning include:
control of moisture of hygroscopic materials.
govern the chemical/bio-chemical reaction rates.
limit the variation of size of precision manufacturing items because of
thermal expansion and contraction.
provide clean, filtered air for production of quality products.
ensure space temperature/humidity/air-motion for production
requirement.

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 4 / 37

 Applications & Performance

Refrigeration Capacity/Performance Parameters

1 ton refrigeration (1 RT or TR): heat absorbed by 1 (short) ton

(2000 lb) of ice uniformly melting at 0o C in 24 hours. One RT
refrigeration system that can freeze 1 ton (2000 lb) of liquid water at
0o C into ice at 0o C in 24 hr.
1 RT = 3.516 kW = 12000 BTU/hr

Coefficient of Performance:
Refrigeration Effect
COP =
Net Work Required

kW/ton ⇒ power required per ton of refrigeration

3.516
kW/ton = COP

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 5 / 37

 Applications & Performance

COP: Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning System

T111 T138
Desired Output QL
Coefficient of Performance, COPR = Required Input = Wnet,in

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 6 / 37

 Refrigeration Systems

Basic Refrigeration System using 2-Phase Refrigerant

T1437
T1438

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 Refrigeration Systems

Basic Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

T1310

T266

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 Refrigeration Systems

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 Refrigeration Systems

Evaporator

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 Refrigeration Systems

Compressor

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 Refrigeration Systems

Condenser

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 Refrigeration Systems

Expansion Device

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 Refrigeration Systems

Basic Vapour-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

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3 → 4: Isenthalpic expansion, Pcond → Pevap
4 → 1: Isobaric heat extraction, QL T1440 1

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 14 / 37

 Refrigeration Systems

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System


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Pump consumes significantly less electricity than compressor.
A large amount of heat is required in the generator to release the
dissolved vapour to result in low COP.
Low grade heat (waste heat,solar energy etc.) can be used in the
generator, and the system can be economic.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 15 / 37
 Refrigeration Systems

Refrigerants
Refrigerants are well known as the fluids providing a cooling effect during
the phase change from liquid to vapour. These are used in refrigeration, air
conditioning, and heat pump systems, as well as process systems.

T1309
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 16 / 37
 Refrigeration Systems

Some Desirable Properties of Refrigerants

High latent heat of vaporisation ⇒ less refrigerant flow required

High suction gas density ⇒ small and compact equipment
Low compression ratio ⇒ low power consumption and higher
volumetric efficiency of compressors.
Positive but not excessive pressures at evaporating and condensing
conditions.
Low condensing pressure ⇒ lighter compressors, piping etc.
High thermal conductivity ⇒ good heat transfer, reduced size of heat
transfer equipment.
Chemically stable, compatible with construction materials and miscible
with lubricants.
Non-corrosive, non-toxic, non-flammable and environmentally friendly.

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 17 / 37

 Refrigeration Systems

Classifications of Refrigerants

A refrigerant may be a single chemical compound or a mixture (blend) of

multiple compounds.
Azeotropic Mixtures: these are blends of multiple refrigerants that
evaporate & condense as a single substance & do not change their
volumetric composition or saturation temperature when they
evaporate or condense at a constant pressure.
Zeotropic Mixtures: these are blends of multiple refrigerants that
evaporate & condense as a single substance & do change their
volumetric composition or saturation temperature when they
evaporate or condense at a constant pressure.
Blends: mixtures of two or more chemical compounds are blends.

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 18 / 37

 Refrigeration Systems

Prefixes & Atoms in Refrigerants

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© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 19 / 37

 Refrigeration Systems

Numbering of Refrigerants: Halocarbon/Hydrocarbon

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CHCl2 CF3 → 3F + 1H + 2C → R123

CCl3 F → 1F + 0H + 1C → R11
CHClF2 → 2F + 1H + 1C → R22
CH4 → 0F + 4H + 1C → R50
C3 H8 → 0F + 8H + 3C → R290
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 20 / 37
 Refrigeration Systems

Safety Requirements/Environmental Issues of Refrigerants

According to ANSI/ASHRAE 34-1997, safety groups are classified as
follows:
A1 : lower toxicity & no flame propagation
A2 : lower toxicity & lower flammability
A3 : lower toxicity & higher flammability
B1 : higher toxicity & no flame propagation
B2 : higher toxicity & lower flammability
B3 : higher toxicity & higher flammability
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): of a refrigerant represents its
effect on atmospheric ozone, and the reference point usually adopted
is ODP = 1.0 fro CFC R11.
Global Warming Potential (GWP): of a gas may be defined as the
index comparing the climate impact on its emission to that of emitting
the same amount of carbon dioxide. R134a has a GWP equivalent to
1300 kg CO2 .
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 21 / 37
 Refrigeration Systems

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© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 22 / 37

 Heat Pump

Heat Pump

T1452

QL 5
COPR = Wnet,in = 2 = 2.5
QH 7
COPHP = Wnet,in = 2 = 3.5
7 kW electrical heating needs 7 kW electricity.
2 kW electricity is needed using heat pump.
T1451

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 Heat Pump

T268
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Cooling mode Heating mode

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© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 24 / 37
 Comfort Air-Conditioning

T1384

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 25 / 37

 Comfort Air-Conditioning

Heat Transfer to/from Building Space

T1385

Air-conditioning system must be able to remove the heat & moisture gain/loss
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 26 / 37
 Comfort Air-Conditioning

Comfort Air-Conditioning
Functions of Comfort Air-Conditioning

Simultaneous control

Temperature Humidity Cleanliness

Ventilation
Heating Humidification Filtering
T1383 Cooling Dehumidification Odour

T1152

♣ Air conditioning system provides simultaneous control of temperature,

humidity and cleanliness for thermal comfort. Air-cooler only cools air with
reduction in moisture content of air.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 27 / 37
 Comfort Air-Conditioning

Factors Influencing Thermal Comfort

1 Activity level
2 Clothing
3 Expectation
4 Air temperature
5 Radiant temperature
6 Humidity
7 Air speed

T1386

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 28 / 37

 Comfort Air-Conditioning

Typical Climate Conditions

T1153
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 Comfort Air-Conditioning HVAC Systems & Components

Window AC

T1336
T1310

Small (capacity <3 TR), compact and cheap.

Noise and vibration are transmitted into room.
Requires suitable wall for installation.

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 30 / 37

 Comfort Air-Conditioning HVAC Systems & Components

Split Type AC

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Compressor/condenser part of the refrigeration system separate from the
evaporator coil and connected by the refrigerant lines to the air system,
which includes the evaporator.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 31 / 37
 Comfort Air-Conditioning HVAC Systems & Components

T1338

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 Comfort Air-Conditioning HVAC Systems & Components

Central Air-conditioning System

T1465

Chiller is a complete refrigeration system and produces chilled water (6-10oC) for
FCU and AHU.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 33 / 37
 Comfort Air-Conditioning HVAC Systems & Components

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 Comfort Air-Conditioning HVAC Systems & Components

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© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 35 / 37

 Comfort Air-Conditioning HVAC Systems & Components

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

T1466

AHU prepares clean air at a required temperature and humidity.

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 36 / 37

 Comfort Air-Conditioning HVAC Systems & Components

Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

T1467

FCU receives air from room and cools it using chilled water cooled cooling coils.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HVAC ME 101: 2022 37 / 37