ME6101 Mixtures

Mixtures of Ideal Gas
Ideal Gas Mixtures

Pk
• m = m1 + m2 + m3 + · · · + mk = i =1 mi
Properties of Homogeneous Mixtures & Psychometry mi Pk
mfi ≡ :⇒ m i =1 mfi = 1
Pk
• n = n1 + n2 + n3 + · · · + nk = i =1 ni 0
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq, Ph.D., CEA, FBSME, FIEB
ni Pk
Professor Yi ≡ n :⇒ i =1 Yi =1
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
mi = mass of component i
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh m = total mass of mixture
ni = number of moles of component i
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/
n = total number of moles in mixture
mfi = mass fraction of component i
ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics Yi = mole fraction of component i
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6101/ Mi = molecular mass of component i
M = apparent molecular mass of mixture i
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 1 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 2 / 27
Mixtures of Ideal Gas Mixtures of Ideal Gas
mi = ni Mi : m = nM
Conversion: Mass fraction (mfi ) to Mole Fraction (Yi )
m m1 +m2 +···+mk n1 M1 +n2 M2 +···+nk Mk Pk ni

• M= n = n = n = i =1 n Mi
Pk
mfi

mfi /Mi
M= i =1 Yi Mi Yi = M =P
Mi mfi /Mi
Dry air: 78.08%N2 , 20.95%O2 , 0.93%Ar , 0.03%CO2 :
mfi mf /M
M = 0.7808 · 28 + 0.2095 · 32 + 0.0093 · 39.94 + 0.0003 · 44 = 28.95 kg/kmol i mfi Mi Mi Yi = P mfi i /Mi i
• Apparent gas constant, R = Ru H2 0.10 2.0 0.050 0.6250
M
8.314 O2 0.48 32.0 0.015 0.1875
For air: R = 28.95 = 0.287 kJ/kg K CO 0.42 28.0 0.015 0.1875
• M= m
n = Pk m
= Pk m mi = Pk 1mi /m = Pk
1
mfi

1.00 - 0.080 1.0000
i =1 ni i =1 Mii =1 Mi i =1 Mi
1
M= Pk mfi

M= P 1 = 1
= 12.5 kg/kmol.
i =1 Mi mfi /Mi 0.080
• mfi = mi
= Pni Mi = Pni Mi /n = PYi Mi :⇒ mfi = Yi Mi • If mi ’s are given:
m ni Mi ni Mi /n Yi Mi M
• mi −→ mfi = Pmi = mi
mi m
m

Yi Mi PYi Mi mfi Pmfi /Mi • n= M
mfi = M = Yi Mi : Yi = Mi M= mfi /Mi • ni = Yi n
Conversion: Mole fraction to Mass Fraction P-v-T Behaviour of Gas Mixtures
Yi Mi Yi Mi Dalton’s Law of Additive Pressures

mfi = =P
M Yi Mi The pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures each gas
would exert if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and volume.
i Yi Mi Yi Mi mfi = PYYi Mi Mi i
H2 0.6250 2.0 1.25 0.10 Pk
P = P1 + P2 + · · · + Pk = i =1 Pi (T , V )
O2 0.1875 32.0 6.00 0.48
CO 0.1875 28.0 5.25 0.42 Pi = partial pressure of component i .
1.00 - 12.5 1.0000
P
M= Yi Mi = 12.5 kg/kmol.
• If ni ’s are given:
• ni −→ Yi = Pni ni T281
ni = n
• m = nM
P = PA + PB
• mi = mfi m
Amagat’s Law of Additive Volumes Gibbs-Dalton’s Law

The volume of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the volumes each gas In a mixture of ideal gases each component of the mixture acts as if it were
would occupy if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and pressure. alone in the system at the volume V and the temperature T of the mixture.
Pk P
V = V1 + V2 + · · · + Vk = i =1 Vi (T , P)
• U = U1 + U2 + · · · + Uk = ki=1 Ui
P
• U = nũ = n1 ũ1 + n2 ũ2 + · · · + nk ũk = ki=1 ni ũi
Vi = component volume of component i . P
⇒ ũ = Un = Y1 ũ1 + Y2 ũ2 + · · · + Yk ũk = ki=1 Yi ũi
P
• U = mu = m1 u1 + m2 u2 + · · · + mk uk = ki=1 mi ui
P
⇒ u=m U
= mf1 u1 + mf2 u2 + · · · + mfk uk = ki=1 mfi ui
P P
• ũ = Yi ũi : h̃ = Yi h̃i
T282 P P
• u = mfi ui : h = mfi hi
V = VA + VB ũ ≡ specific internal energy on mole basis.
Pi (T ,V ) ni Ru T /V ni Vi (T ,P) ni Ru T /P ni u ≡ specific internal energy on mass basis.
⇒ P = nRu T /V = n = Yi : V = nR u T /P
= n = Yi
P
Pi Vi ni • S = S1 + S2 + · · · + Sk = ki=1 Si
P = V = n ≡ Yi (Ideal gas)
k k k k [Wark Ex. 10.6]: ⊲ Adiabatic mixing of two streams at two different

X X X X
• ∆U = ni ũi = mi ui ⇒ ∆ũ = Yi ũi ; ∆u = mfi ui temperatures at 1 bar.
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 (1) Air, ṁa = 1.67 kg/s, 27oC
k k k k • SSSF, P0 = 1 bar, ṁa = 1.67 kg/s
X X X X
• ∆H = ni h̃i = mi hi ⇒ ∆h̃ = Yi h̃i ; ∆h = mfi hi (3)
• ṁ1 + ṁ2 − ṁ3 = 0
Air + CO2, 57oC
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 o
k k k k
(2) CO2, 127 C • ṁ1 h1 + ṁ2 h2 − ṁ3 h3 = 0
X X X X
• ∆S = ni s̃i = mi si ⇒ ∆s̃ = Yi s̃i ; ∆s = mfi si Cp,air = 1005 J/kgK • ṁa, 1ha,1 + ṁc,2 hc,2 = ṁa,3 ha,3 + ṁc,3 hc,3
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 T797Cp,CO2 = 1008 J/kgK
• ∆ũi = c̃v ,i ∆T , ∆h̃i = c̃p,i ∆T , ∆ui = cv ,i ∆T , ∆hi = cp,i ∆T ⇒ ṁc =0.712 kg/s, ṅc = 0.0162, ṅa =0.0575 mol/s, Ya,3 = 0.78, Yc = 0.22

T2 pi ,2 T2 pi ,2 • ∆sa = 1005 ln(330/300) − 287 ln(0.78) = 167 J/kgK
• ∆s̃i = c̃p,i ln −Ru ln ; ∆si = cp,i ln −R ln
T1 pi ,1 T1 pi ,1 • ∆sc = 1008 ln(330/400) − (8314/44) ln(0.22) = 92 J/kgK
• pi ,1 = Yi P1 , partial pressure of component i at state 1. P
• ṁ1 s1 + ṁ2 s2 − ṁ3 s3 + kj=1 Q j
Tj + σ̇cv = 0
• For ideal gas mixtures without change in composition, ppi ,2 = PP2
i ,1 1
⇒ σ̇cv = ṁa ∆sa + ṁc ∆sc = 343 J/K.s
Psychometry Psychometry
Moist Air Relative Humidity, φ, Moisture Content, ω

• Atmospheric air contains several gaseous components including water
vapour and contaminants such as dust and pollutants.
• Dry air refers only to the gaseous components when all water vapour and
contaminants have been removed.
• Moist air refers to a mixture of dry air and water vapour in which the dry
air is treated as if it were a pure component.
• P = Pa + Pv T285
i
• Relative humidity, φ ≡ Pv
• n = na + nv Pg T ,P : Pg = Psat @T
• m = ma + mv • Moisture content, ω ≡ m v
ma
• Ya = nna : Yv = nnv ω= m Pv VMv /Ru T Mv Pv
≃ 0.622 PPva : 18.0/28.95 = 0.622.
ma = Pa VMa /Ru T = Ma Pa
v
→
• Pa = Ya P : Pv = Yv P
φP
ω = 0.622 PPva = 0.622 P−P
Pv
v
g
= 0.622 P−φP g
T284
[Borgnakke Ex. 11.5]: ⊲ Cooling and dehumidification in a cooling coil of an

Moist Air Enthalpy, h Air-Conditioner.
T295
T283
• H = Ha + Hv = ma ha + mv Hv • Mass balance: ṁa1 = ṁa2 = ṁa : ṁv1 = ṁv2 + ṁf 2

P P
• h ≡ mH = ha + m
ma hv = ha + ωhv
v • Energy balance: Q̇cv + ṁi hi = ṁe he
a
Pv φP
• hv ≃ hg (T ) :⇒ h = ha + ωhg • φ= Pg
g
: ω = 0.622 P−φP g
• ha = cpa T = 1.005T [kJ/kg da] • ha = 1.005T : hv = hg = 2501.7 + 1.82T : hw = 4.186T

• hw = cpw T = 4.1867T [kJ/kg water] Q̇cv
⇒ ṁa = (ha2 + ω2 hv2 ) − (ha1 + ω1 hv1 ) + (ω1 − ω2 )hw 2 = −41.64 kJ/kg da ◭.
• hg = 2501.7 + 1.82T [kJ/kg water vapour] ⇚ T in o C.
Dew-point Temperature, Tdp Adiabatic Saturation Process
T286 T287
T288
When the temperature of a cold drink is Constant-pressure cooling of moist air
below the Tdp of the surrounding air, it and the dew-point temperature on the • hv (T ) ≃ hg (T ), hv (Tas ) ≃ hg (Tas ), ω = mv /ma , ω ′ = mv′ /ma
sweats. T-s diagram of water. • ma ha (T ) + mv hg (T ) + (mv′ − mv )hw (Tas ) = ma ha (Tas ) + mv′ hg (Tas )
ha (Tas )−ha (T )+ω ′ [hg (Tas )−hf (Tas )] gp (T )
as
Tdp = Tsat (Pv ) ω= hg (T )−hf (Tas ) : ω ′ = 0.622 P−P g (Tas )
Wet Bulb Temperature, Twb and Psychrometer Estimation of Psat and φ
Adiabatic saturation process provides a

• Psat (T ) = Pc × 10k(1−Tc /T ) = 22.10 × 10k(1−647.3/T ) (MPa)
mean to measure humidity content of 2 3
T T T

moist air, and the process can be • k = 4.39553 − 6.2442 1000 + 9.953 1000 − 5.151 1000
approximated by using a wet-bulb Psat (Twb )−Pm
• φ= Psat (Tdb )
thermometer.
Tdb −Twb Twb −273.2
T309
• Pm = P 1514 1+ 873
• Wet-bulb temperature, Twb is read from a wet-bulb thermometer, which • Psat (Twb ) ≡ saturation pressure corresponding to Twb
is an ordinary liquid-in-glass thermometer whose bulb is enclosed by a wick • Psat (Tdb ) ≡ saturation pressure corresponding to Tdb
moistened with water.
• Pm ≡ partial pressure of water vapour due to depression of w.b.t.
• Dry-bulb temperature, Tdb refers simply to the temperature that would be below d.b.t.
measured by a thermometer placed in the mixture. Often a wet-bulb
thermometer is mounted together with a dry-bulb thermometer to form an
instrument called a psychrometer.
Psychrometric Chart
Example: ⊲ Tdb = 25o C & Twb = 20o C , without using psychometric chart:
• Pg (T ) = Psat @T :⇒ Pg (Tdb ) = 3.169 kPa, Pg (Twb ) = 2.339 kPa
φ2 Pg (Twb )
• φ ′ = 1.0 & ω ′ = 0.622 P−φ ⇒ ω ′ = 0.0147
2 Pg (Twb )
• ha (Twb ) − ha (Tdb ) = 1.005(Twb − Tdb ) : hw (Twb ) = 4.186Twb

• hg (Tdb ) = 2547.2 kJ/kg, hg (Twb ) = 2538.1 kJ/kg
ha (Twb )−ha (Tdb )+ω ′ [hg (Twb )−hw (Twb )]
• ω= hg (Tdb )−hf (Twb ) = 0.0126 ◭
φPg (Tdb )
• ω = 0.622 P−φP ⇒ φ = 0.635 ◭
g (Tdb )
• h = ha (Tdb ) + ωhg (Tdb ) = 57.23 kJ/kgda ◭

• Pv = φPg (Tdb ) = 2012.5 kPa
• Tdp = Tsat @Pv = 17.59o C ◭
T796
Psychrometric charts are prepared for atmospheric pressure.

Psychrometric Processes
T291 T292
T294
Heating & Humidification of Air Cooling & Dehumidification of Air

Cengel Ex. 14-6: ⊲ Estimate the required rate of heat and moisture removal.
Cengel Ex. 14-5: ⊲ Estimate the required heat transfer and water spray rate.
• Pv1 = φ1 Pg 1 = φ1 Psat,10degC = 0.368 kPa

• Pa1 = P1 − Pv1 = 99.632 kPa

69 6
Pa1 V1
• ma = Ra T1 = 0.92 kg/s
6
49
• ω1 = 0.0023 kg/kg d.a.
• ṁw = 188.6 kg/day
4 5 • Q̇ = ṁa (h2 − h1 ) = 11.2 kW
4 55 5 4 4 • Q̇ = 8.5 kW ≃ 2.5 RT.
• ω2 = ω1 4556278
526
2 223
2! • ω3 = f (T3 , φ3 ) = 0.01206 kg/kg d.a.
494 695 4577123
0496 123 69 • ṁw = ṁa (ω3 − ω1 ) = 0.775 ton/day.

749
6 2 5955 4 4
4 5 6 4 0
4577 27
T1428
© Dr. Md. 3 56 Haq (BUET)

T1429
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 23 / 27 Zahurul Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 24 / 27
Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams Mixing of Conditioned Air with Outdoor Air
Cengel Ex. 14-8: ⊲ Estimate state 3.
70 0
50 10467
4
5
27
522 • Dry air : ṁa1 + ṁa2 = ṁa3 05
5 "
1 855
• Water vapour : ṁv 1 + ṁv 2 = ṁv 3 !4 15
71
51 ⇒ ω1 ṁa1 + ω2 ṁa2 = ω3 ṁa3 1245267 2
8249

• ṁa1 (ha1 + ω1 hv 1 ) + ṁa2 (ha2 + ω2 hv 2 ) = 0242
5 • T3 = 19o C
51 51952
ṁa3 (ha3 + ω3 hv 3 ) • φ3 = 89%
52

⇒ ṁa1 h1 + ṁa2 h2 = ṁa3 h3
8249

4

50 1 ma1 ω2 −ω3 h2 −h3

5 2
84
7
9
7 71 ⇒ ma2 = ω3 −ω1 = h3 −h1
52950 2 1 2
3
72
0 6 72970 70
T289 T1430 67 5267
Psychometry
Condensation at Air-Compressor: ⊲ Air at 30o C and 80% RH is isothermally

compressed to 1.0 MPa. Estimate the psychometric condition of the compressed
air. If same atmospheric air is expanded to 0.01 MPa, estimate the psychometric
condition. Try to solve the problem using psychrometric chart.
a : Compression process:
• Psat = 0.00425 MPa, ω1 = 0.02166 kg/kg d.a.
• If ω2 = ω1 → φ2 = 7.88 » 1.0
• So, water condensation occurs, and final state is φ2 = 100% at 30o C.
• ω2 = 0.00265 kg/kg d.a.
• ∆ω = 0.019 kg/kg d.a.
b : Expansion process:
• ω2 = ω1 = 0.02166 kg/kg d.a.
• φ2 = 79%.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 27 / 27

ME6101 Mixtures

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ME6101 Mixtures

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Mixtures of Ideal Gas

Ideal Gas Mixtures

Mixtures of Ideal Gas Mixtures of Ideal Gas

Conversion: Mole fraction to Mass Fraction P-v-T Behaviour of Gas Mixtures

Yi Mi Yi Mi Dalton’s Law of Additive Pressures

Mixtures of Ideal Gas Mixtures of Ideal Gas

Amagat’s Law of Additive Volumes Gibbs-Dalton’s Law

k k k k [Wark Ex. 10.6]: ⊲ Adiabatic mixing of two streams at two different

Moist Air Relative Humidity, φ, Moisture Content, ω

[Borgnakke Ex. 11.5]: ⊲ Cooling and dehumidification in a cooling coil of an

• H = Ha + Hv = ma ha + mv Hv • Mass balance: ṁa1 = ṁa2 = ṁa : ṁv1 = ṁv2 + ṁf 2

• ha = cpa T = 1.005T [kJ/kg da] • ha = 1.005T : hv = hg = 2501.7 + 1.82T : hw = 4.186T

Dew-point Temperature, Tdp Adiabatic Saturation Process

Wet Bulb Temperature, Twb and Psychrometer Estimation of Psat and φ

Adiabatic saturation process provides a

• ha (Twb ) − ha (Tdb ) = 1.005(Twb − Tdb ) : hw (Twb ) = 4.186Twb

• h = ha (Tdb ) + ωhg (Tdb ) = 57.23 kJ/kgda ◭

Psychrometric charts are prepared for atmospheric pressure.

Heating & Humidification of Air Cooling & Dehumidification of Air

• Pv1 = φ1 Pg 1 = φ1 Psat,10degC = 0.368 kPa   

© Dr. Md. 3 56 Haq (BUET)

50 1 ma1 ω2 −ω3 h2 −h3

Condensation at Air-Compressor: ⊲ Air at 30o C and 80% RH is isothermally

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• Pv1 = φ1 Pg 1 = φ1 Psat,10degC = 0.368 kPa

© Dr. Md. 3 56 Haq (BUET)