Copy the following formulas for your

formula card. Do this on a ½ index card of

any color. This will serve as one of the
things you need to bring on your incoming
Midterm Exam. Good luck!
The content in this PDF material is the
ONLY CONTENT THAT YOU MUST
WRITE on your ½ index card, or else, I
will not sign it. Thank you.
• Z = p+
• p+ = e-
• A = Look at the PTE (2 decimal places)
• A = p+ + n0
Where:
•n = A – Z
0
Z ⟶ atomic number
A ⟶ atomic mass (amu)
p+ ⟶ no. of protons
e- ⟶ no. of electrons
n0 ⟶ no. of neutrons
•Formula:
Ave. ma = m1 p1 + m2 1 − p1
Where:
Ave. 𝐦𝐚 → average atomic mass of the element (amu)
𝐦𝟏 → atomic mass of 1st isotope (amu)
𝐦𝟐 → atomic mass of 2nd isotope (amu)
𝐩𝟏 → % abundance of 1st isotope (% or decimal)
𝟏 − 𝐩𝟏 → % abundance of 2nd isotope (% or decimal)
 Note:
•Formula: If there are more than 2 isotopes
given, you can use variables
Ave. ma = m1 p1 + m2 p2 … such as m3 or p3 , and so on.
Where:
Ave. 𝐦𝐚 → average atomic mass of the element (amu)
𝐦𝟏 → atomic mass of 1st isotope (amu)
𝐦𝟐 → atomic mass of 2nd isotope (amu)
𝐩𝟏 → % abundance of 1st isotope (% or decimal)
𝐩𝟐 → % abundance of 2nd isotope (% or decimal)
 Note:

If there are more than 2 elements given in a compound

•Formula: you can use variables such as C or ma2 , and so on.

Formula or molecular mass = A ma1 + B ma2 …

Where:
A → number of atoms of 1st element
𝐦𝐚𝟏 → atomic mass of 1st element (amu)
B → number of atoms of 2nd element
𝐦𝐚𝟐 → atomic mass of 2nd element (amu)
•mass to mole •no. of atoms/molecules/f.
m units to mass
n= m=
N × 1 mol
M
M NA
•mass to no. of • mole to no. of
atoms/molecules/f. units atoms/molecules/f.
NA
units
m NA N=n
1 mol
N= •no. of atoms/molecules/f.
M 1 mol
units to mole
•mole to mass N × 1 mol
n=
m = nM NA
Where: Note:
m → mass of substance (g) 1 amu = 1 g = 1 g/mol
n → number of moles (mol)
M → molar mass of element/compound (g/mol)
𝐍𝐀 → Avogadro’s Number (𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 atoms, molecules, f.
units, etc.)
N → number of atoms or molecules
•Formula:
m of X
%X = × 100
total M of compound
Where:
X → symbol of element
m → mass of element (g)
M → molar mass (g)
%X → percent composition of element (%)
 Where:
Note: 100 % of mass of an element/compound = 100 g m ⟶ mass (g)
M ⟶ molar mass (g/mol)
n ⟶ number or moles (mol)

m of element A n of element A
% Composition element A = =
M of A lowest n among all elements
m of element B n of element B
% Composition element B = =
M of B lowest n among all elements
m of element C n of element C
% Composition element C = =
M of C lowest n among all elements
Reminder:
• If any of your answers ends with the following decimals, multiply all your answers from each
element to the numbers given below:
.33 ⟶ × 3 .25 ⟶ × 4 .50 ⟶ × 2
• If there are more than 3 elements given in a compound, you can use variables such as %
composition element D, mass of element D, and so on.
• Your answers from each equation (in whole number) will be the subscript for each element in the
compound.
Higher M
= coefficient for molecular formula
Lower M
coefficient for molecular formula empirical formula of the compound = molecular formula

Where:
m ⟶ mass (g)
M ⟶ molar mass of the empirical formula or of the molecular formula (g/mol)
n ⟶ number or moles (mol)

Reminder:
• If there is no given empirical formula for the compound, determine it first.
• Determine also the molar mass of the empirical formula of the compound to
compare and divide it with the molar mass of the molecular formula.
 •Mole to Mole
nA mole nB
ratio
Mole A ⟶ Mole B
•Mole to Mass
nA mole nB nBMB mB
Mole A ⟶ Mole B ⟶ Mass B
ratio

•Mass to Mass
mA
nA nA mole nB nBMB mB
MA ratio
Mass A ⟶ Mole A ⟶ Mole B ⟶ Mass B
1 molecule = 1 mol
Where:
nA → Mole A (mol)
nB → Mole B (mol)
mA → Mass A (g)
mB→ Mass B (g)
MA → Molar Mass A (g/mol)
MB→ Molar Mass B (g/mol)
mole ratio → Mole A : Mole B or Mole B : Mole A (mol)