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General Chemistry 1
• Avogadro’s number
Topic • The mole concept
Outline • Percent composition and chemical
formulas
• Chemical reactions and chemical
equations
• Mass relationships in chemical
reactions
Think of these:
o A pair of shoes
o A dozen donuts
o A ream of papers
3
1. MOLE
⊙ is the SI unit for the amount of substance.
MOLE
⊙ a mole is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities (atoms,
molecules, or other particles)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
85.5 𝑔 Fe2O3 × = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 Fe2O3
159. 7 𝑔 Fe2O3
Sample Computations
6 × 12.01 𝑔
%𝐶 = × 100 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟗 %
180.18 𝑔
12 × 1.01 𝑔
%𝐻 = × 100 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟑 %
180.18 𝑔
6 × 16.00 𝑔
%𝑂 = × 100 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 %
180.18 𝑔
Empirical ⊙the simplest chemical formula is called the empirical
Formula formula.
EMPIRICAL
FORMULA
Empirical What is the empirical formula of a compound containing
Formula 70.19 % Pb, 8.14 % C, and 21.67% O?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑏 = 70.19 𝑔 𝑃𝑏 × = 0.3388 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏
207.2 𝑔 𝑃𝑏
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = 8.14 𝑔 𝐶 × = 0.678 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶
12.01 𝑔 𝐶
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 = 21.67 𝑔 𝑂 × = 1.354 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
16.00 𝑔 𝑂
Empirical and Molecular Formula
Change into integer subscripts and write the complete empirical formula.
PbC2O4
Exercise:
K=24.74%
Mn=34.76%
O=40.50%
⊙The molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in a molecule. It represents
Molecular the actual formula of a molecule.
Formula
⊙The empirical formula may or may not be the same
as the molecular formula
Molecular
Formula
d
Calculate the empirical formula mass
d
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛=
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
d
(Empirical formula)n = molecular formula
28
Determination of Molecular Formula
194.1 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛= ≈2
97.11 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
✓ Write the molecular formula
Molecular Formula: (C4H5N2O)2 = C8H10N4O2
1. How many moles are in 0.661 g of
Exercise
Potassium (K)?
2. Mass of 2 moles of Iron?
3. Compute the weight, in grams of 100
moles NaCl
4. What is the formula mass of C2H6
5. How many atoms are there in 80 g of
C3H8O ?
6. Determine the empirical formula and
Exercise
molecular formula of a compound that is
found to have 68.54% C, 8.63% H and
22.83% O. The molecular weight of the
compound is known to be 140 g/mol.
Chemical Reactions
and Chemical
Equations
34
Chemical ⊙ A chemical reaction is a process in which a one
Reaction or more substances is changed into one or more
new substances.
V/S
Chemical
⊙ A chemical equation is the symbolic
Equation representation of a chemical reaction. It uses
symbols and chemical formulas to illustrate
what happens in a chemical reaction.
Chemical ⊙ Reactants are the starting materials in a
Equation chemical reaction.
Try this:
C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
N2 + H2 → NH3
Mass
relationships
in a chemical
reaction
The study of the quantitative relationships between
Stoichiometry the reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
1 mole of N2 combines with 3 moles of H2 to form 2 moles of NH3 gas
Molar Ratios
⊙ The said relationships/ molar ratios can also be written as conversion factors.
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
Molar Ratios
a. C H / O
4 10 2
b. O2 / CO2
c. O / H O
2 2
d. C H /CO
4 10 2
Stoichiometry Sample Problems:
KClO3 → KCl + O2
How many moles of O2 are produced by the decomposition of six moles of potassium chlorate?
Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of oxygen
produced from 6 moles of potassium chlorate.
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
6.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 × = 𝟗. 𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐎𝟐
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3
Moles to Mass
C) Calculate the mass of oxygen gas (in grams) that can be obtained from 46.0 g
of KClO3.
Mass of substance
Mass of substance
B
A
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
% 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
Actual and The theoretical yield of a chemical reaction is the
amount of product (maximum) that would result if all
Theoretical the limiting reagent reacted.
Yield
The actual yield on the other hand is the amount of
product that was actually obtained from a chemical
reaction.
Actual and ⊙In the laboratory, percent yield is almost always less
than 100 percent; this means that the actual yield is
Theoretical less than the theoretical yield.
Yield
⊙In experiments, it is difficult to obtain 100 percent
yield because the limiting reactant is not always fully
consumed in most chemical reactions.
NH3 + O2 → NO + H2O
….
In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react
with 3.50 g of O2.
Gases
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