Atoms, Molecules,

and Ions
General Chemistry 1
1st Semester, SY 2019 - 2020
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 1
𝐻2 𝑂 𝐻2 + 𝑂2
2
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The Structure of the Atom

• Based on Dalton’s atomic theory,

an atom is the basic unit of an
element that was both extremely
small and indivisible.

• After series of investigations,

researchers lead to the discovery
of subatomic particles – electrons,
protons, and neutrons.
 8 𝐶
−1.76 x 10
𝑔

−1.6022 x 10−19 C

−1.6022 x 10−19 C
= 𝐶 = 9.10 x 10−28 𝑔
−1.76 x 108
𝑔
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 Lead collimator
Gold foil

a
particle
source

q
 The Predicted Result:

expected
path

expected
marks on screen

Observed Result:

mark on
screen

likely alpha
particle path
richocheting
alpha particles
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Subatomic Particle Mass Charge

Electron 9.10938 × 10-28 g -1.6022 × 10-19 C

Proton 1.67262 × 10-24 g +1.6022 × 10-19 C

Neutron 1.67493 ×10-24 g 0

 Atomic Number
and Mass number

• Atomic number (Z) =

number of protons in the
nucleus
• Mass number (A) = number
of protons + number of
neutrons
• In a neutral atom the
number of protons is the
same as the number of
electrons.
• Number of neutrons = (A –
Z) or A – number of protons
 • Not all atoms of a given element not completely
identical; there are atoms of the same element
that have different masses. These are known as
isotopes.

Isotopes • Isotopes are atoms that have the same number

of protons but different number of neutrons

• Most elements have two or more isotopes; they

have the same atomic number but different
mass numbers.
Isotopes
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K atom K+ ion Cl atom Cl-1

19 protons 19 protons 17 protons 17 protons

19 electrons 18 electrons 17 electrons 18 electrons

 Sample Atom Notation Proton Neutron Electron
(atomic number) (mass number –
atomic number)
Carbon – 12 12C 6
6
C-12
Aluminum – 27 27Al +3 14
13
Al-27
Chlorine – 37 37Cl 17
17
Cl-37
Fluorine – 19 19F -1
9
F-9
Neon – 20 20Ne 10
10
Ne-20
•Ions can also be classified as monoatomic or polyatomic.

•Monoatomic ions contain only one atom.

•Polyatomic on the other hand are ions containing more than one
atom.

• Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Br1-, S2-. N3- are examples of monoatomic ions.
• NH4+, OH-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43- are some examples of polyatomic ions.
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Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

C6H12O6 CH2O
N2H4 NH2
C6H6 CH
C2H2 CH
C2H6O C2H6O
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➢ →
➢ →

➢ →
➢ →
 NaCl MgBr2 Al2O3

Sodium Magnesium aluminum

chloride bromide oxide
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Iron Copper Cobalt

Fe2+ Cu+ Co2+
Fe3+ Cu2+ Co3+
Lead Mercury Tin
Pb2+ Hg22+ Sn2+
Pb4+ Hg2+ Sn4+
 FeCl3 CuS MnO2

Iron (III) Copper (II) Manganese (IV)

chloride sulfide oxide
 FeO PbCl2 Cu2S
ferrous oxide plumbous cuprous sulfide
chloride
Fe2O3 CuS
ferric oxide PbCl4 cupric sulfide
plumbic chloride
 KOH CaSO4 NaHCO3
Potassium Calcium sulfate Sodium bicarbonate
hydroxide
CuSO4 Cr(CN)2
Pb(NO3)2 copper (II) sulfate Chromium (II)
Lead (II) nitrate cyanide
Plumbous nitrate
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Mono-1 Hexa- 6
Di- 2 Hepta- 7
Tri- 3 Octa- 8
Tetra- 4 Nona- 9
Penta-5 Deca- 10
PH3 N2O3 phosphorus trihydride dinitrogen trioxide
CO SO2 carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide
HI SCl6 hydrogen monoiodide sulfur hexachloride
 HCl(aq) HI(aq) HCN(aq)

Hydrochloric acid Hydroiodic acid Hydrocyanic acid

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Thank you!