Quantitative

aspects of
chemical
change
1
 One mole as the amount of substance having the same
number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g carbon-12.

Relative atomic mass as the mass of a particle on a scale

where an atom of carbon-12 has a mass of 12.

Avogadro's number, 𝑁𝐴 , as the number of particles

(atoms, molecules, formula-units) present in mole
(𝑁𝐴 = 6,023 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ).

Define molar mass as the mass of one mole of a substance

measured in g·mol-1.
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 One mole of each substance:
The following contain 1 mole (6 x 1023) atoms:

32 g sulphur 12 g carbon 65 g zinc

250 g CuSO4.5H2O 18 g H2O 58,5 g NaCl

These contain 1 mole of molecules or formula units

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The relative atomic mass (𝐴𝑟 ) of an element is the mass
of a particle on a scale where an atom of carbon-12 has a
mass of 12.
Only represented by a number: 𝐴𝑟 𝑁𝑎 = 23
The relative formula mass (𝑀𝑟 ) of a compound is the
sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in the
compound.
𝑀𝑟 𝐻2 𝑂 = 2 1 + 16 = 18
The molar mass (formula mass) is the mass of one mole of
a substance measured in 𝑔 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 .
𝑀 𝑁𝑎 = 23 𝑔 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑀 𝐻2 𝑂 = 2 1 + 16 = 18𝑔 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
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The relationship between mole, mass and molar mass

Mass (𝑔)

Mol 𝑚
𝑛=
𝑀 Molar mass
𝑔 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

Mol 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑛 =
𝑁𝐴

6,02 × 1023 5
Empirical formula
Mass % Step 6: Empirical formula

Step 1: Assume a 100 𝑔

Step 5: Round off to whole
sample: get 𝑥 𝑔 of each
numbers
element

Step 2: Divide by the

Step 4: Divide all by the
atomic mass to get no. of
smallest number.
mole of each element.

Step 3: Write ratio

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Example:
Determine the empirical formula of a compound
containing 56,5% 𝐾; 8,7%𝐶; 34,8% 𝑂.
𝒎 Simplest
Element 𝒈 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒈 𝒏=
𝑴 ratio
56,5 56,5 1,45
K = 1,45 =2
39 0,73

8,7 0,73
C 8,7 = 0,73 =1
12 0,73

34,8 2,18
O 34,8 = 2,18 =3
16 0,73

Empirical formula: 𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 7

 Homework

DocScientia
• Exercise 20 p 275 – 276
• Exercise 21 p 278 – 279

8
Hydrates
The crystals of some salts have a specific number of water
molecules attached to them – this is the water of
crystallisation.
These salts are called hydrated salts.
When heated the water molecules is released, and the salts
are called anhydrous salts.

𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂 𝑠 → 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐻2 𝑂()

Blue White

Calculating the molar mass:

𝑀 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂 = 63,5 + 32 + 4 16 + 5 2 1 + 16
= 249,5 𝑔 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 9
Percentage composition of compound
Percentage of each element present in compound.
Determine the percentage composition of the
elements in 𝐶𝑂2 .
𝑀 𝐶𝑂2 = 12 + 2 16 = 44 𝑔 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
12
%𝐶 = × 100 = 27,27 %
44
32
%𝑂 = × 100 = 72,73 %
44

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 Homework

DocScientia
• Exercise 22 p 282 – 284

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Molar gas volume
1 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22,4 𝑑𝑚3 at
STP.

Volume (𝑑𝑚3 )

Mol
𝑉
𝑛=
𝑉𝑚 Molar gas
volume 𝑑𝑚−1

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 Concentration is the number of moles of solute
per cubic decimetre of solution.
Mol
Concentration
𝑛
(𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝑑𝑚−3 ) 𝑐=
𝑉 Volume 𝑑𝑚3

Mass (𝑔)
Concentration 𝑚
(𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝑑𝑚−3 ) 𝑐=
𝑀𝑉 Volume 𝑑𝑚3

Molar mass 13
𝑔 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
 Homework

DocScientia
• Exercise 23 p 285 – 287
• Exercise 24 p 228 – 289

14
 Stoichiometric calculations
We represent chemical reactions with
balanced equations. We can use these
equations to calculate masses of substances
which react together, as well as the masses
product formed.
 Example

In a reaction sodium reacts with hydrochloric

acid to produce table salt in an exothermic
reaction.
a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction
b) Calculate the mass table salt produced from
46 g of sodium.
c) Calculate the volume hydrochloric acid
needed to produce 1 kg of table salt.

2 1
a. 2Na (s) + 2 HCl(aq)  2 NaCl (aq) + H2 (g)
b. m = 46 g m=?
n ratio
Na : NaCl
1 : 1
Mr = 23 g·mol-1 Mr = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g·mol-1
𝐧=
𝒎 n = 2 mol
𝐌𝐫
𝐦 = 𝐧 × 𝐌𝐫
𝟒𝟔
𝐧= 𝐦 = 𝟐 × 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓
𝟐𝟑
𝐦 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒈
𝐧 = 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥

3 1
c. n ratio
HCl : NaCl
1 : 1
V=? m = 1 kg = 1 000 g
𝐦
𝐧 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐧=
𝐌𝐫
𝐕 𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐧= 𝐧=
𝐕𝐦 𝟓𝟖.𝟓
𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 =
𝐕 𝐧 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝟐𝟐.𝟒
𝐕 = 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟗 𝒅𝒎3 HCl needed

3 2
 Limiting reagent

The limiting reagent determines the theoretical

percentage yield of the reaction, since theoretical
yield is defined as the amount of product that
forms when the limiting reagent has reacted
completely.
 Homework

DocScientia
• Exercise 25 p 293 – 300

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