18 Oct 2022

Solutions

Mrs. Cristina Soriano, RCh and Engr. Gil Stefan Mamaril, M.Sc.

Concentration of
Solution

• The amount of a solute in a given

amount of solvent or solution
• A complete description of a
solution

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Percent by Mass

Percent by Volume
Ways of Molarity
Expressing
Concentrations Molality

Mole Fraction

Normality

Molarity (Molar Concentration)

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀=
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝑴=
(𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆)(𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)

Note: The unit of molarity is “M” or mol/L.

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Molarity (Prob 1)

An 8 grams of NaOH pellets is dissolved in water to make 2000 mL of solution.

Calculate the molarity of the base solution.

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 23 1 + 16 1 + 1 1 = 40 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1𝐿
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2000 𝑚𝐿 × = 2 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
1000 𝑚𝐿

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)

Molarity (Prob 1)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)(𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)

8 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑔
(40 )(2 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)
𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.1 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.1 𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝐿

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Molarity (Prob 2)

A 0.35 M KOH is prepared by dissolving KOH pellets to water to make 1500-mL

of solution. What is the target mass of KOH pellets to prepare said solution?

𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻 = 39 1 + 16 1 + 1 1 = 56
𝑚𝑜𝑙

1𝐿
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 = 1500 𝑚𝐿 × = 1.5 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
1000 𝑚𝐿

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝐾𝑂𝐻 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻)(𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)

Molarity (Prob 2)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝐾𝑂𝐻 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻)(𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻 (𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)(𝑀𝐾𝑂𝐻 )

𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻 = 56 1.5 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 0.35
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑲𝑶𝑯 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟒 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔 𝑲𝑶𝑯 𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒔

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Molality (Molal Concentration)

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚=
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝒎=
(𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆)(𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕)

Note: The unit of molality is “m” or mol/kg.

What is the molality of 4.0 grams of NaOH dissolved in

1200 grams of H2O?

𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 23 1 + 16 1 + 1 1 = 40
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Molality (Prob 1) 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 1200 𝑔 ×

1 𝑘𝑔
= 1.2 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
1000 𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)(𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂)

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𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)(𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂)

4.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑔
(40 )(1.2 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂)
Molality (Prob 1) 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.083 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝒎 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

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Molality (Prob 2)

• What is the mass (grams) of H2O needed to prepare 0.44 molal NaCl if 6.5
grams of NaCl crystals is used?

𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 23 1 + 35. 5 1 = 58. 5
𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑚𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙)(𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙)(𝑚𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 )

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Molality (Prob 2)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙)(𝑚𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 )

6.5 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 =
𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(58. 5 )(0.44 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.253 𝑘𝑔

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝒈 × = 𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟏 𝒌𝒈
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Additional Problem…

Calculate the molarity of a concentrated HCl solution having a density of

1.19 g/mL and %mass HCl of 36.2%.
Basis: 1-liter of solution = 1000-mL of solution
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
Density concentrated HCl = 1.19 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛
1.19 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
Gram of solution = 1000 𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
= 1190 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙
%𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = × 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛

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Additional Problem

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 × %𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
100
1190 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 × 36.2
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = = 430.78 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
100
𝑔
Molar Mass HCl = 1 × 1 + 35. 5 × 1 = 36. 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Mass HCl = 430.78 g HCl

Liter of solution = 1-liter

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Additional Problem

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙)(𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)
430.78 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝑔
(36. 5 )(1 𝐿 𝑠𝑜′ 𝑛)
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 11.802 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 = 11.802 𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
𝐿

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Additional Problem
• Another solution! Using dimensional analysis.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙
%𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = × 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙 %𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙 36.2 36.2 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙

= = =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 100 100 100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 1.19
𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
𝑔
Molar Mass HCl = 1 × 1 + 35.5 × 1 = 36.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙

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Additional Problem
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑟
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛

𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 1000 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 36.2 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙

= 1.19
𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 1 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 36.5 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
= 11.802 = 11.802 𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛

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Mass % to molarity (given density in g/mL)

𝒈
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝑳 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 % (𝟏𝟎)
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒈
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏
𝒎𝒐𝒍

Using this formula

(1.19)(36.2)(10)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
(36.5)
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 11.802 = 11.802 𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛

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Total mole of solution = mole of solute + mole of

solvent

Mole 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆

𝑿𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = =
Fraction (X) 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑿𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 = =
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1

20

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Mole Fraction (Prob 1)

A solution is prepared by mixing 10g NaCl with 250g of H2O. Determine XNaCl
and Xwater.

𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 23 × 1 + 35.5 × 1 = 58.5
𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻2 𝑂 = 1.0 × 2 + 16 × 1 = 18
𝑚𝑜𝑙

10 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝑔 = 0.171 𝑚𝑜𝑙
58.5
𝑚𝑜𝑙

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Mole Fraction (Prob 1)

250 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑔 = 13.889 𝑚𝑜𝑙
18
𝑚𝑜𝑙

0.171 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = = 0.012
0.171 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 13.889 𝑚𝑜𝑙

13.889 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝐻2 𝑂 = = 0.988
0.171 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 13.889 𝑚𝑜𝑙

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Normality (Normal Solution)

• Unit of Normality is eq/L or “N”

𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑁=
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝐸𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐸𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝐸𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = =
𝑓 𝑓

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1. “f” for acids

• f = number of H in the compound

Normality 2. “f” for bases

(Normal • f = number of OH in the compound

Solution) 3. “f” for ionic compound / salt

• f = charge of the cation times the numerical
value of the subscript of the cation in the
compound.

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Normality (Normal Solution)

Acids Bases Ionic Compounds / Salt

H3PO4 f=3 KOH f=1 NaCl f=1

HCl f=1 Al(OH)3 f=3 MgO f=2
H2SO4 f=2 Ba(OH)2 f=2 CaCO3 f=2

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𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑁=
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑁=
(𝐸𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)(𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)
Normality
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
(Normal 𝑁=
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Solution) 𝑓
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑁= ×𝑓
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)(𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)

𝑵= 𝑴×𝒇

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Normality (Prob 1)

Calculate the normality of 9.5 grams of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) dissolved in water
to make 950 mL of solution. (Molar mass: Ba = 137 g/mol ; O = 16 g/mol ; H =1 g/mol)
Molar Mass Ba(OH)2
𝑔
= 137 × 1 + 16 × 2 + 1 × 2 = 171 𝑚𝑜𝑙

f for Ba(OH)2 = 2 (based on the number of OH)

1𝐿
Liter of sol’n = 950 𝑚𝐿 = 0.95 𝐿
1000 𝑚𝐿

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𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑀=
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)(𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

9.5 𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑀= 𝑔 = 0.058 𝑀 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
171 (0.95 𝐿)
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁 = 𝑀𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 × 𝑓
𝑒𝑞
𝑁 = 0.058 × 2 = 0.116 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝑵 𝑩𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐
𝐿

Normality (Prob 1)
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Normality (Prob 2)

Convert 0.93 N H3PO4 in molarity.

f for H3PO4 = 3 (number of H in H3PO4)
𝑁𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 = 𝑀𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 × 𝑓

𝑁𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
𝑀𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 =
𝑓
0.93 𝑁
𝑀𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 𝑴 𝑯𝟑 𝑷𝑶𝟒
3

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Normality (Prob 3)
Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 solute in 2-liters of 0.88 normal Na2CO3 solution.
(Molar Mass: Na = 23 g/mol ; C = 12 g/mol ; O = 16 g/mol)

Molar Mass of Na2CO3

𝑔
= 23 × 2 + 12 × 1 + 16 × 3 = 106
𝑚𝑜𝑙
f for Na2CO3 = charge of Na is +1; the subscript of Na in Na2CO3 is 2

f for Na2CO3 = 1 × 2 = 2

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Normality (Prob 3)

𝑁𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑀𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 × 𝑓

𝑁𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 0.88 𝑁

𝑀𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = = = 0.44 𝑀
𝑓 2
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑀𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)(𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)(𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)(𝑀𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 )

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Normality (Prob 3)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)(𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛)(𝑀𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 )

𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 106 2.0 𝐿 0.44
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝒈 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑

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Questions???

https://media.giphy.com/media/acJ6UbGLUB2De/giphy.gif

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References
• Silberberg (2004). “Chemistry. The Molecular Nature of
Matter and Change, 4th edition” McGraw – Hill
International Edition

• Zumdahl and Zumdahl (2012). “Chemistry: An Atoms First

Approach, 1st edition” Cengage Learning

• Masterton and Hurley (2016). “Chemistry: Principles and

Reactions 8th edition” Cengage Learning

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Thank You!

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