3.

1 BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

3.1a PRACTICE EXERCISE (Dela Vega)

Balance the following equations by providing the missing coefficients:
1. 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)
2. 8 C2H4(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
3. 2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

3.1b PRACTICE EXERCISES

Give the product(s) and balance the following equations. Identify the kind of reaction.
1. 2 SO3 → 2SO2 + O2 Decomposition reaction
2. P4 + 10 Cl2 → 4 PCl5 Combination reaction
3. Mg3N2 + 6 H2O → 3 Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3 Displacement reaction

3.1c PRACTICE EXERCISES

Write balanced equations based on the following information given:
1. Solid magnesium + oxygen gas → solid magnesium oxide
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
2. Aqueous silver sulfate + aqueous barium iodide→ solid barium sulfate + solid silver iodide
Ag2SO4(aq) + BaI2(aq) → BaSO4(aq) + 2AgI(s)
3. Reaction of propane (C3H8) with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
 3.2 THE MOLE AND AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

3.2a PRACTICE EXERCISES

Atomic weights: H = 1 C = 12 N = 14 O = 16
1. Calculate the number of molecules in 1.0 x 10-6 moles of ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH).
1.0 𝑥 10−6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
x 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 1.66 = 2 mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

2. Calculate the number of molecules in 1.305 x 10-2mol benzene (C6H6).

1.305 𝑥 10−2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻6 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
x 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 2.16 = 2 mol
3. Calculate the number of N atoms in 0.410 mol ammonia (NH3).
0.410 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙 14 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑁
x x = 34.55x1023 = 3.455 x 1024 atoms N
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
 3.3 MOLE AND MASS CONVERSIONS (Chiu)
Atomic weights: C = 12 H =1 O = 16 Zn = 65 N = 14
1. Calculate the mass, in grams, of 0.105 moles of sucrose (C12H22O11).

12 𝐶 𝑥 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 14 𝑎𝑚𝑢
22 𝐻 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 22 𝑎𝑚𝑢
11 𝑂 𝑥 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 176 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11 𝑖𝑠 342 𝑎𝑚𝑢
342 𝑔 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11
0.105 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11
=𝟑𝟓.𝟗 𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝟏𝟐𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝟏𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟔 𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝟏𝟐𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝟏𝟏

2. Calculate the number of moles Zn(NO3)2 in 143.50 g of this substance.

1 𝑍𝑛 𝑥 65 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 65 𝑎𝑚𝑢
2 𝑁 𝑥 14 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 28 𝑎𝑚𝑢
6 𝑂 𝑥 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 96 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑍𝑛(𝑁𝑂3)2 𝑖𝑠 189 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟

1 mol Zn (NO3)2
143.50 𝑔 𝑍𝑛(𝑁𝑂3)2
189 g Zn(NO3)2
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟗 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐙𝐧(𝐍𝐎𝟑)𝟐

3. What is the molar mass of cholesterol if 0.00105 mol weights 0.406 g?

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
0.406 𝑔
0.00105 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
 3.4 MOLE AND MASS CALCULATIONS IN CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
3.4a PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. Acetaminophen, the pain-killing ingredient in Tylenol formulations, has the formula C 8H9O2 Calculate
the mass, in grams, of a 0.30 mole sample of this pain reliever.
8 𝐶 𝑥 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 96 𝑎𝑚𝑢
9 𝐻 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 9 𝑎𝑚𝑢
2 𝑂 𝑥 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 32 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶8𝐻9𝑂2 𝑖𝑠 137 𝑎𝑚𝑢
137 𝑔 𝐶8𝐻9𝑂2
0.30 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8𝐻9𝑂2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8𝐻9𝑂2
= 𝟒𝟏𝒈 𝑪𝟖𝑯𝟗𝑶𝟐

2. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant that enters the atmosphere primarily in automobile exhaust.
Calculate the mass in grams of a 2.61 mole sample of this air pollutant.

1 𝐶 𝑥 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢
1 𝑂 𝑥 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂 𝑖𝑠 28 𝑎𝑚𝑢

28 𝑔 𝐶𝑂
2.61 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂
= 𝟕𝟑 𝒈 𝑪𝑶

3. How many grams of nitrogen are present in a 0.10- g sample of caffeine, the stimulant of coffee and tea?
The formula of caffeine is C8H10N4O2.
8 𝐶 𝑥 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 96 𝑎𝑚𝑢
10 𝐻 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 10 𝑎𝑚𝑢
4 𝑁 𝑥 14 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 56 𝑎𝑚𝑢
2 𝑂 𝑥 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 32 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶8𝐻10𝑁4𝑂2 𝑖𝑠 194 𝑎𝑚𝑢

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8𝐻10𝑁4𝑂2 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 14 𝑔 𝑁

0.10 𝑔 𝐶8𝐻10𝑁4𝑂2 𝑥 𝑥
194 𝑔 𝐶8𝐻10𝑁4𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8𝐻10𝑁4𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗 𝒈 𝑵
 3.5 PERCENT YIELD AND LIMITING REACTANT (Monteclaro)
1.) Silicon carbide is an important ceramic material made by reacting sand (Silicon dioxide) with powdered
carbon at high temperature. Carbon monoxide is also formed. When 100.0 kg of sand is processed, 51.4 kg of
silicon carbide is recovered. What is the % yield of SiC from this process?
• Write the balanced equation.

SiO2(s) + C(s) → SiC(s) + CO(g)

SiO2(s) + 3C(s) → SiC(s) + 2CO(g)
• Convert mass of sand in grams to moles (Atomic mass: Si = 28 C = 12)
(Conversion factor: 1 kg= 1000g)

1 Si x 28 amu = 28 amu
1 C x 12 amu = 12 amu
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐢𝐂 𝐢𝐬 𝟒𝟎 𝐚𝐦𝐮

1 Si x 28 amu = 28 amu
2 O x 16 amu = 32 amu
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟐 𝐢𝐬 𝟔𝟎 𝒂𝒎𝒖
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑂2
100,000 𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑔
60 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑂2
= 𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐

• Convert moles of silicon dioxide to moles silicon carbide.

mol SiO2 = mol SiC = 17

40 𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝐶
17 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝐶
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝐶
= 𝟔𝟖 𝒈
• Calculate the % yield of silicon carbide
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑥 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
51400 𝑔
𝑥 100
68 𝑔
= 𝟕𝟔%
2.) DDT, an insecticide harmful to fish, birds, and humans, is produced by the following reaction:
C6H5Cl + C2HOCl3 → C14H9Cl5 + H2O
Chlorobenzene chloral DDT
In a government laboratory, 1142 grams of chlorobenzene is reacted with 485 grams of chloral.
(Atomic masses: C =12 H = 1 Cl = 35.45 O = 16)
• Write the balanced equation:
2C6H5Cl + C2HOCl3 → C14H9Cl5 + H2O
• What mass of DDT is formed?
Chlorobenzene
6 𝐶 𝑥 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 72 𝑎𝑚𝑢 14 𝐶 𝑥 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 168 𝑎𝑚𝑢
5 𝐻 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 5 𝑎𝑚𝑢 9 𝐻 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 9 𝑎𝑚𝑢
1 𝐶𝑙 𝑥 35.45 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 35.45 𝑎𝑚𝑢 5 𝐶𝑙 𝑥 35.45 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 177.25 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝑙 𝑖𝑠 112 𝑎𝑚𝑢 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶14𝐻9𝐶𝑙5 𝑖𝑠 354 𝑎𝑚𝑢

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶14𝐻9𝐶𝑙5 354𝑔 𝐶14𝐻9𝐶𝑙5

1142 𝑔 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝑙 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥
112 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶14𝐻9𝐶𝑙5
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 1805g DDT

Chloral

2 𝐶 𝑥 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 24 𝑎𝑚𝑢
1 𝐻 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢
1 𝑂 𝑥 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢
3 𝐶𝑙 𝑥 35.45 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 106.35 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶2𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙3 𝑖𝑠 147 𝑎𝑚𝑢

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶2𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶14𝐻9𝐶𝑙5 354𝑔 𝐶14𝐻9𝐶𝑙5

485 𝑔 𝐶2𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙3 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥
147 𝐶2𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶2𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶14𝐻9𝐶𝑙5
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 117g DDT (Theoretical Value)

• Which is the limiting reactant?

C2HOCl3 or the chloral is the limiting reactant.
• Which reactant is in excess?
C6H5Cl or the chlorobenzene is the excess reactant.
• If the actual yield of DDT is 200.0 g, what is the percent yield?
 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑥 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
200.0 𝑔
𝑥 100
117 𝑔
= 𝟏𝟕𝟏%

3.6a Empirical and Molecular Formula

Atomic masses: Ba = 137 C = 12 O = 16 N = 14 H = 1
1.) A white powder used in paints, enamels, and ceramics has the following percentage composition: Ba =
69.6%; C = 6.09% and O = 24.3%.
(a) What is its empirical formula and
(69.6g Ba) (1 mol/ 137 g Ba) = 0.508 mol Ba
(6.09g C) (1 mol/ 12g C) = 0.51 mol C
(24.3g O) (1 mol/ 16g O) = 1.5 mol O

0.508 mol Ba/ 0.508 mol Ba = 1 mol Ba

0.51 mol C/ 0.508 mol C = 1 mol C
1.51 mol O/ 0.508 mol O = 3 mol O
Mole ratio: 1:1:3

Empirical Formula: BaCO3

(b) What is the name of this compound?

Barium carbonate

2.) Determine the (a) empirical formula and (b) molecular formula of caffeine, a stimulant found in coffee,
that contains 49.5%C, 5.15% H, 28.9% N, and 16.5% O by mass and has a molar mass of 195 g/mol.
a.) Empirical Formula
(49.5g C) (1 mol/ 12 g C) = 4.1 mol C
(5.15g H) (1 mol/ 1g H) = 5.15 mol H
(28.9g N) (1 mol/ 14g N) = 2.1 mol N
(16.5g O) (1 mol/ 16g O) = 1.0 mol O

4.1 mol C/ 1.0 mol C = 4.1 mol C x 2 = 8

5.15 mol H/ 1.0 mol H = 5.15 mol H x 2 = 10
2.1 mol N/ 1.0 mol N = 2.1 mol N x 2 = 4
1.0 mol O/ 1.0 mol O = 1 mol O x 2 = 2
(Multiply the mole ratios by two to get whole number)

Empirical Formula: C4H5N2O

(b) Molecular formula of caffeine

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

𝑛=
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

195𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
97.11 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
=2

Molecular Formula
C8H10N4O2

3.) Ibuprofen, a headache remedy, contains 75.69% C, 8.80% H, and 15.51 % O by mass, and has a molar
mass of 206 g/mol. Determine the (a) empirical formula and (b) molecular formula.

(75.69g C) (1 mol/ 12g C) = 6.3 mol C

(8.80g H) (1mol/ 1g H) = 8.80 mol H
(15.51 O) (1mol/ 16g O) = 0.97 mol O

6.3 mol C/ 0.97 mol C = 6.5 mol C x 2 = 13

8.80 mol H/ 0.97 mol H = 9.1 mol H x 2 = 18
0.97 mol O/ 0.97 mol O = 1 mol O x 2 = 2
(Multiply the mole ratios by two to get whole number)

Empirical Formula: C7H9O

(b) Molecular formula of caffeine

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑛=
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

206𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
109 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 1.8 𝑜𝑟 2

Molecular Formula

C13H18O2