5.

1 ENERGETIC
CALCULATIONS
IB SL Chemistry
Mrs. Page
2015-2016
Daily Objectives

• Understand the principle of experimental

methods for determining enthalpy changes
• Work out enthalpy changes from
experimental data
Enthalpy Change of Combustion

Heat given off in combustion rxn

is used to heat a substance of
known specific heat capacity
The mass and temp change of
water must be measured
cH2O = 4.18 J g-1K
Note: ∆1°C = ∆1K
Calculating Enthalpy from Combustion Rxn
The mass of a spirit lamp containing ethanol (C2H5OH) was
determined accurately. The lamp was then lit and placed under
a beaker containing 150. g of pure water. The water was
continually stirred. After the temperature of the water had
increased by 12.0 C the flame was extinguished and the mass
of the lamp containing the unburned ethanol was determined.
Use the following data to determine the enthalpy change when
1 mol of ethanol is burnt completely.
• Mass of lamp + ethanol before burning = 42.597 g
• Mass of lamp + ethanol after burning = 42.200 g
Mass of ethanol burned: 42.597-42.200 = 0.397 g
Molar Mass of ethanol: 46.08 g mol-1
Calculating Enthalpy from Combustion Rxn
0.387 g C2H5OH 1 mol
= 0.00840 mol C2H5OH
46.08 g

How much heat energy required to raise the

temp of 150. g of water by 12.0C
q=mcT = 150. (4.18) (12.0) = 7524 J

It take 7524 J to burn 0.00840 moles of

ethanol so how much to burn 1 mol?
7524 J = 895,714J/mol =
0.00840 mol C2H5OH 896,000J/mol or 896 kJ/mol
Combustion Rxns: Exothermic so
H= - 896 kJmol-1
Enthalpy Change of Combustion
Possible Sources of Error:
• Incomplete combustion (build up of soot, occurring
in air, yellow flame)
• Loss of heat (using a beaker vs. insulated
container)
• Heat loss to system (heating not only water but
also beaker, thermometer, stirring rod, ring stand,
etc)
• Loss of alcohol to evaporation
• Errors will always be lower than actual value
Enthalpy Change of Combustion
Possible Improvements:
• Include the specific heat capacity of the container
you are heating the water in as well
• Use Insulating can
• Use Draught Shield
• Use a Bomb Calorimeter
Enthalpy Change of Combustion

T = 45.7 – 19.5 = 26.2°C

Mass of Ethanol = 121.67 – 120.62 = 1.05 g
Mol Ethanol = 1.05 g (1mol/46.08 g) = 0.022786 mol
q = mc T = 150.00(4.18)(26.2) = 16427.4 J = 164 kJ
H = J/mol = 164.274kJ/0.022768 mol
H= -721 kJmol-1 Lit Value = -1371kJmol-1
Enthalpy Changes in Solution (Hsol)

In Lab:
Measure known amounts of reagents
Record initial temp
Mix reagents in styrofoam cup
Record max/min temp
Specific heat of final solution assumed to =
specific heat of water
Enthalpy Change of Solution(Hsol)

Hsol when 1 mole of a solute is dissolved in

excess solvent to form a solution of “infinite
dilution” under STP
May be endo or exothermic
Example:
Example of Enthalpy Change of Solution
When 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
(NaOH(aq)) at 25.0 C was added with stirring to 50.0 cm3 of
1.00mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution HCl(aq), also at 25.0C,
in a polystyrene coffee cup, the temperature of the resulting
solution rose very quickly to 31.8 C. What is the change in
enthalpy of this reaction?

T = 31.8 – 25.0 = 6.8 C Note: system

heated up so
Total Volume = 100.0 cm3 exothermic
and H is
Assume: resulting solution has
negative
same density & c of water
q=mcT = 100.0(4.18)(6.8) = -2842 J
Example of Enthalpy Change of Solution
When 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
(NaOH(aq)) at 25.0 C was added with stirring to 50.0 cm3 of
1.00 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution (HCl(aq)), also at
25.0C, in a polystyrene coffee cup, the temperature of the
resulting solution rose very quickly to 31.8 C. What is the
change in enthalpy of this reaction?

Amt of HCl = amt NaOH (balance equation

50.0 cm3 1 dm3 1.00 mol
= 0.0500 mol NaOH
1000 cm3 1 dm3

q = mc∆T= 50.0(4.18)(6.8) = 1421.2 J

Positive or negative? Why?
H = -1421.2 / 0.050 = -28424 Jmol-1 = - 28.4 kJmol-1
Enthalpy Change of Neutralization (Hn)
Hn when 1 mole of water molecules are formed
when an acid (H+) reacts with an alkali (OH-)
under STP
Neutralizations are ALWAYS exothermic (-H)

−
+¿ (𝑎𝑞 )+𝑂𝐻 ( 𝑎𝑞) − → 𝐻 2 𝑂 (𝑙 )¿
𝐻
You Try
A 25.0 g sample of an alloy was heated to
100.0C and placed in a beaker containing
90.0g of water at 25.32C . The temperature of
the water rose to a final value of 27.18C.
Neglecting heat losses to the room and the
heat capacity of the beaker itself, Calculate
the specific heat of the alloy.
You Try

Assuming no heat loss to the

surroundings or to the container,
calculate the final temperature
when 100g of silver at 40.0 C is
immersed in 60.0 g of water at
10.0 C. The specific heat
capacity of silver is 0.236 JgC
You Try
When sulfuric acid dissolves in water, a great deal of
heat is given off. The enthalpy change for this process
is called the enthalpy of solution. To measure it, 175 g
of water was placed in a coffee-cup calorimeter and
chilled to 10oC. Then 49.0 g of pure sulfuric acid, also at
10.0oC was added, and the mixture was quickly stirred
with a thermometer. The temperature rose rapidly to
14.9oC. Assume that the value of the specific heat of
solution is 4.184 J/goC. You may assume that the
specific heat of the resulting sulfuric acid solution will
also be 4.184 J/goC. Calculate q for the formation of this
solution, and calculate the enthalpy of solution in
kilojoules per mole of H2SO4. 
Molar Enthalpy Change for a Reaction

1. Write equation for reaction

2. Determine the limiting reagent
3. Measure mass of aqueous solution
4. Use calorimeter and measure initial temperature (probe
should measure temp. every 30 seconds until a constant
temperature is reached)
5. Add other reactant and continue measuring temperature for
about 5 minutes after maximum temperature is reached
6. Produce a temperature vs time graph (Excel)
7. Look at cooling section of curve to extrapolate back to the
point of introduction of reactant.
8. Calculate the heat evolved in the experiment.
9. Find the enthalpy change for the reaction
Molar Enthalpy Change for a Reaction
50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulfate solution was
placed in a polystyrene cup. After 2 minutes 1.20 g of powdered
zinc was added. The temperature was taken every 30 seconds
and the following graph was obtained. Calculate the enthalpy
change for the reaction taking place.
Equation:
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Determine Limiting Reagent:
50.0 cm3 1 dm3 0.200 mol
1000 cm3 1 dm3

= 0.0100 mol CuSO4 LIMITING

1.20 g Zn 1 mol
= 0.0184 mol Zn
65.37 g
Molar Enthalpy Change for a Reaction
50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulfate solution was
placed in a polystyrene cup. After 2 minutes 1.30 g of powdered
zinc was added. The temperature was taken every 30 seconds
and the following graph was obtained. Calculate the enthalpy
change for the reaction taking place.
Extrapolate from Graph:
∆T = 27.5 – 17 = 10.5 °C
Calculate Heat:
q = mc ∆T = 50.0(4.18)(10.5)
= 2194.5 J = 2.1945 kJ
Calculate Change in Enthalpy:

∆H = kJ/mol = 2.1945 kJ/ 0.0100 mol = 2.19 kJ/mol

Endo or Exo? ANSWER -2.19 kJ/mol
STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF REACTION

• ∆Hө
• Ө = at standard conditions
• Temperature 25°C/ 298K
• Pressure 100 kPa
• All species in standard states
• Standard enthalpy change of formation = ∆Hөf is the amount
of energy change to form 1 mole of a compound from
elements in standard states at 298 K and 100 kPa
• Standard enthalpy change of combustion = ∆Hөc is amount of
enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance is completely
combusted in oxygen under standard conditions.
• Data booklet Section 12 – ∆Hөf for common compounds.
Section 13 - ∆Hөc
HOMEWORK

Quick Questions pp
145 & 146