E-CHEM LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 2
Calorimetry

Name: _______________________________Program/ Section: _______ Date: _____

I. ObJectives: At the end of the activity the studenys should be able to:
A. Demonstrate constant pressure calorimemetry using coffee-cup calorimeter.
B. Determine the magnitude of the heat flow by the change in temperature.
C. Differentiate between heat capacity and specific heat of a substance
D. Relate heat of reaction and enthalpy change using coffe-cup calorimeter.

II. Watch the following video:

A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwy-nmp_pfg
B. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28dNPDqk0L4
C. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XnUypVXE88
D. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FtRBCS5opQ

III. Diagram:
Coffee Cup Calorimetry

IV. CONCEPTS:
A coffee cup calorimeter is a constant pressure calorimeter. As such, the heat that is
measured in such a device is equivalent to the change in enthalpy. A coffee cup calorimeter
is typically used for solution based chemistry and as such generally involves a reaction with
little or no volume change. Therefore, while the heat is exactly equal to the enthalpy change
(ΔH) in this case, it will also be approximately equal to the change in the internal energy
(ΔU) since the work will be very small (assuming there are no gas reactants or products).
The more technical name for this type of calorimetry is isobaric calorimetry. The "coffee-
cup" name comes from the fact that most of the time this experiment is done inside of a
simple styrofoam cup. A styrofoam cup makes for a good adiabatic wall and helps keep all
the heat released or absorbed by the reaction inside the cup so we can measure it.
The heat capacity of a coffee cup calorimeter is typically taken to be that of the water in the
calorimeter. However, it could be that the "hardware" and the water heat capacities have
both been measured and you treat it much like in bomb calorimetry. None-the-
less, most coffee-cup calorimeters have virtually no hardware (it's a styrofoam cup!) and
you can ignore that component. So the equation of interest is:

qcal=mwaterCs,waterΔT=−qp,system

Note that for such a measurement, the heat of the reaction is assumed to all go into the
temperature change of the water. This is why the heat can be easily quantified using the
mass of the water, the specific heat capacity of the water, and the temperature
change. Since this measurement is at constant pressure (isobaric), the heat is equal to the
change in enthalpy or ΔH. Note: be careful with the sign on ΔH. Heat out of the reaction
is heat in to the calorimeter and vice versa. So an increase in temperature means the
reaction was "exothermic" and ΔH is negative. Conversely, if the temperature drops during
the reaction, then the reaction must be endothermic and ΔH is positive.

V. Sample Problems:
1.(a) How much heat is needed to warm 250 g of water (about 1 cup) from 22oC (about room temperature) to near its
boiling point, 98oC? The specific heat of water is 4.184J/g-oC. (b) What is the molar heat capacity of water?

ΔT = Tf-Ti = 98oC - 22oC = 76 oC = 76 K

The amount of heat absorbed by the water, q = mass x specific heat x ΔT

q = (250 g) (4.184 J/g-oC) ( 76oC) = 7.9 x 104 Joules

1 mole of H2O = 18.0 g H2O

Molar heat capacity = ( 4.184 J/g-K) ( 18.0g/1mole) = 75.2 J/mol-K

Sample Problem:

2.) When a student mixes 50 mL of 1.0 Molar HCl and 50 mL of 1.0 Molar NaOH in a coffee-cup calorimeter, the
temperature of the resultant solution increases from 21.0oC to 27.5oC. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in
KJ/mol HCl, assuming that the calorimeter loses only a negligible quantity of heat, that the total volume of the solution
is 100 mL; that the density is 1.0 g/mL, and that its specific heat is 4.184 J/g-K.

The chemical reaction: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
Mass of solution = 100 mL x 1.0 g/mL = 100 g
Change in Temperature = 27.5oC - 21.0 oC = 6.5oC = 6.5 K

qrxn = - s x m x ΔT
= - (4.184 J/g-K) ( 100 g) ( 6.5 K) = -2.7 x 103 Joules = 2.7 KJ

ΔH = qrxn = -2.7 KJ

Number of moles of HCl or NaOH = ( 50 mL) ( 1 L/1000 mL) ( 1.0 mol/L) = 0.050 mol HCl = 0.050 mol NaOH

Enthalpy change per mole of HCl ( or NaOH) , ΔH = - 2.7 KJ /0.050 mol = -54 KJ/mol

Note: ΔH is negative (exothermic ), which is expected for thereaction of an acid with a base.
 VI. Questions:
1. Define the following Terms:
A. Calorimetry - __________________________________________________________

B. Calorimeter- __________________________________________________________

C. Heat capacity- _________________________________________________________

D. Molar heat capacity- ____________________________________________________

E. Specific Heat - _________________________________________________________

F. Constant-Pressure calorimetry- ____________________________________________

G. Thermodynamic System- _________________________________________________

H. Thermodynamic Surrounding - _____________________________________________

I. Heat of reaction - ________________________________________________________

J. Exothermic reaction - ____________________________________________________

K. Endothermic reaction- ____________________________________________________

L. Enthalpy change- ________________________________________________________

2. What are the formulas and units of the following quantities:

A. Heat

B. Heat capacity

C. Specific heat

D. Molar heat capacity

E. Enthalpy change

VII. Problem solving on calorimetry

1. How many KJ of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10.5 kg liquid water from
24.6oC
To 56.2oC?

2. A 10.0-gram sample of iron is initially at 414.0 degrees Celsius. It loses 278.0 J of heat to its
surroundings. What is its final temperature?
Specific heat of iron is 0.444 J/g-oC.
 3. If 200 g of water is contained in a 300 g aluminum vessel at 17 degree C and an additional 100
g of water at 100 degree C is poured into the container, what is the final equilibrium temperature of
the mixture? specific heat of aluminum is 0.90 in J/g-oC.

4. When 9.75 g of CaCl2 dissolved in 125 g of water in a coffee-cup calrorimeter, the temperature
of the solution increases by 24.4 degree C. What is the change in enthalpy in KJ per mole of
CaCl2 dissolved in water? Assume that the specific heat of the solution is the same as that of pure
water.

5. When 3.88 g sample of solid ammonium nitrate dissolves in 60.0 grams water in a coffee-cup
calorimeter, the temperature drops from 23.5oC to 18.4oC. Calculate the change in enthalpy ( in
KJ/mol NH4NO3) for the solution process. Assume that the specific heat of the solution is the
same as that of pure water. Is the process exothermic or endothermic?

VIII. Conclusion: