Name:

Surname:
Class: GRADE 11-IB CHEMISTRY
Date: Topic-5-Energetics and Thermochemistry
HESS’ LAW LAB SHEET

Introduction and Background information

Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy involved in chemical reactions and changes of physical
state . Heat energy is always spontaneously transferred from hotter to colder matter.

The First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation) states that the total energy of the universe
must remain constant. Therefore, all energy transferred between a system and its surroundings must be
accounted for as either heat (q) or work (W). For example, the heat lost by a system is equal to the heat gain
by the surroundings. The only difference between these two values is the sign.
-q system = + q surroundings

The standard S.I. unit for heat energy is the joule ( J ). It takes 4.2 joules (1 calorie) to raise the temperature
of one gram of water by 1° C.

The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius is
known as the specific heat (S).

The heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance
or material one degree Celsius. Unlike specific heat, the heat capacity does not account for the mass of the material.

The heat of fusion is the quantity of heat needed to melt one gram of a solid.

Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat energy evolved or absorbed in some
chemical process. In this technique an attempt is made to conserve all the evolved heat by carrying out
the process in a calorimeter. The calorimeter usually contains a suitable liquid that makes good thermal
contact with the process under investigation.
If the process evolves heat energy, the energy transferred to the liquid and to the material of the
calorimeter causes the temperature of the liquid to rise.
The temperature change ( Δ T) can be measured as the difference between the final and initial temperatures
of the liquid in the calorimeter. The heat transfer in a calorimeter may be expressed with the following
equation:

In this experiment you will perform three reactions:

Reaction 1:
NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) ΔH = –Q1

Reaction 2:
NaOH(s) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH = –Q2

Reaction 3:
Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH = –Q3

In these experiments, a calorimeter will be used. The amount of energy involved in these reactions will be calculated
after measuring the temperature change of a known quantity of water. We will assume that the specific heat of the
aqueous solution is equal to the specific heat of water; that is 1 cal/g 0C or 4.2J/ g0C.
 Purpose:

Research Question:

Hypothesis:

Materials
100 ml graduated cylinder
NaOH(s)
Digital thermometer
0.25 M HCl solution
Electronic balance
0.5 M HCl solution
0.5 M NaOH solution Water bottle
Calorimeter safety googles
250 ml beaker lab apron
stirring rod

Method
Procedure
PART A
Reaction 1: Dissolving of NaOH(s) in water
1. Put on your lab apron and safety googles.
2. Obtain your equipment
3. Measure 100 ml water and pour it into the calorimeter cup.
4. Record the temperature of water in 1 minute intervals .
5. Weigh about 1 gram of NaOH(s) to the nearest 0.01g. Do not handle NaOH pellets with your fingers.
6. Add the weighed NaOH(s) to the water, close the insulated stopper and stir with a stirring rod.
Record the maximum temperature reached.
7. Discard the solution and rinse the calorimeter cup with water.

PART B:
Reaction 2: Dissolving of NaOH(s) in an aqueous solution of HCl.
1. Measure 100 ml of 0.25 M HCl and place it in the calorimeter cup. Rinse the graduated cylinder with water.
2. Repeat steps 4, 5, 6, and 7 of part A.

PART C:
Reaction 3: Reaction of aqueous HCl with an aqueous solution of NaOH.
1. Measure 50 ml of 0.5M HCl in a graduated cylinder. Rinse the graduated cylinder with water.
2. Measure 50 ml of 0.5M NaOH in a graduated cylinder and pour it into 250 ml beaker.
3. Check to see that both of the solutions are at the same temperature. Record the temperature in 1
minute intervals .
4. Add the NaOH solution to the HCl solution, close the stopper and stir. Immediately measure the
maximum temperature reached.
 Diagram

Safety & ethical considerations: __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Raw Data Collection: Selecting Variables

Dependent Variable: ___________________________________________________________________

Independent Variable: __________________________________________________________________

Controlled Variables:____________________________________________________________________

Method for Controlling Variables: _________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

dwater = 1 g/cc Cwater = 4.2 Joules/g 0C Relative formula mass of NaOH: 40

Table 1: Temperature vs time data logging for Part A-B-C

 Graph 1: Temperature vs Time graph for Part A

Table 2: Data table after Temperature correction.

T1(0C) T2(0C) ΔT(0C) msolution(g) mNaOH(g) nNaOH

PART

A 100 g

B 100 g

C 100 g

Calculations and Data Processing:

PART A
1. Calculate the heat absorbed by the solution, Qsolution. (which is equal to heat released by
dissolution of NaOH)

2.Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used.

3. Calculate the heat released by 1 mole of NaOH.

4. Determine ΔH1 in kJoule /mole NaOH

 PART B
1. Calculate the heat absorbed by the solution, Qsolution (which is equal to heat released by dissolution and
neutralization)

2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used.

3. Calculate the heat released by 1 mole of NaOH.

4. Determine ΔH2 in kJoule /mole NaOH

PART C

1. Calculate the heat absorbed by the solution, Qsolution(which is equal to heat released by neutralization)

2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used.

3. Calculate the heat released by 1 mole of NaOH.

4. Determine ΔH3 in kJoule /mole NaOH

Conclusion

Evaluation

Assumptions

Systematic Errors

Random Errors

Percentage Error

Improvements