Heat of Neutralization for an acid-base reaction

Contents:

- Abstract
- Introduction
- Results and Discussions
- Conclusion
- References

Abstract:
In the experimental procedure we will measure the heat of neutralization when an
acid and base react to form 1 mole of water. This quantity of heat is measured
experimentally by allowing the reaction to take place in a thermally insulated
Styrofoam cup calorimeter. The heat liberated in the neutralization reaction will
cause an increase in the temperature of the solution and of the calorimeter.

Introduction:
What is Heat of Neutralization:

The heat of neutralization is the energy change when one mole of water is
formed from the neutralization between one mole of hydrogen ions, H+ from an
acid and one mole of hydroxide ions, OH- from a base.
Another definition, Neutralization reaction refers to acid and base reaction
producing salt and water.
Acid + Base Salt + Water
Some definitions used in the study of neutralization reaction are :
Equivalence point : The state of acid base reaction when acid and base react in
exact equivalent amounts as determined theoretically.
End point : The state of acid base reaction when acid and base react in exact
equivalent amounts as determined practically (during titration). Clearly, end point
volume measurement is slightly greater than that corresponding to equivalence
point.
Neutral point : The state of acid-base reaction when product solution is neutral
(pH=7).

Heat of neutralization between different strength of Acid and Base:

Theory for the heat of neutralization:

where QNeutralization is quantity of heat, m is the mass of the solution ,and S.P.
is the specific heat capacity of the solution, and T is the temperature change
observed during the reaction.

Results and Discussions:

Objective:
to detemine the heat of nutrilization for this Acid - Base reaction:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + Heat (KJ/mole)

Equipments and materials:

Caloriemeter , Thermometer , DigitalBalance , 2 M NaOH , 2 M HCl , Beakers
and Graduated Cylinder.

Procedure:
1. Add about 50ml(about 50 gram)of 2M NaOH to a caloriemeter connected to a
thermometer and determine the initial temperature of the solution (T1)which is
23C.
2. Add 25 ml (about 50 gram) of 2 M HCl to basic solution in the calorimeter.
3. Observe the rising of temperature and record the value of final temperature at
its maximum(T2) which will be 55C .

4. Now we can measure the heat of nutrilization by using the rule:

QNeutralization = m x S.P. x T= 100 x 4.18 x 32 = 13.376 KJ

Discussions:
1. Why theoretical value different from value obtained?

It may heat loss to the surroundings.

It may have parallax error during taking the reading.

2. Why is usually the cup used in this experiment made of polystyrene?

To prevent heat loss to the surroundings because it is a heatinsulator.

3. Why the heat of neutralization has a negative sign?

The reaction gives out heat that results in the increase of temperature of the
products formed.

Conclusion:

In chemistry, neutralization reactions occur when you combine two extremely

reactive substances together for the purpose of rendering them inactive, or
neutral. one example is combining an acid and a base together. Neutralization
reactions give off energy, which is known as the heat of neutralization and that is
the type of energy we interested in studying it.

References:
1. http://cnx.org/content/m17138/latest/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_neutralization

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_reaction
5. http://ar.scribd.com/doc/60696670/Thermochemistry-Heat-of-Neutralization
6. Practical General Chemistry For Engineering, p 36-39 .