Speed Control of a Switched Reluctance Motor

Using Microcontroller
Major Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
DEEPTHI.S

(08241A0207)

JHANSI RANI.CH (08241A0213)

MOUNICA.P

(08241A0223)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

& TECHNOLOGY,
BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72
2008 2012

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

DEPARTME

NT OF

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the major-project report entitledSPEED CONTROL

OF A SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR USING MICROCONTROLLERthat is being

submitted byMOUNICA.P, JHANSI RANI.CH, DEEPTHI.Sin partial fulfillment for the

award of the Degree ofBachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried
out by them under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project
report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any
Graduation degree.

Mr.P.M.Sarma

Mr. C.K.sarma

HOD, EEE

Professor

GRIET

Dept. of EEE

Hyderabad

GRIET

External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to place on record my appreciation and deep gratitude to the persons
Without whose support this project would never seen the light of day.
I wish to express my propound sense of gratitude toMr. P. S. Raju, Director,
G.R.I.E.T for his guidance, encouragement, and for all facilities to complete this project.
I also express my sincere thanks toMr.P.M.Sarma, Head of the Department,
G.R.I.E.T and for extending their help.
I have immense pleasure in expressing my thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my
guideMr. C.K.Sarma, Professor, Department of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering,
G.R.I.E.T for his guidance throughout this project.
Finally I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. S. N.Saxena, Professor, Department

of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering, G.R.I.E.T and Mr.R.Anil Kumar, Assistant

Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.R.I.E.T, and all the

members of faculty and my friends who contributed their valuable advice and helped to
complete the project successfully.

DEEPTHI.S

(08241A0207)

JHANSIRANI.CH (08241A0213)
MOUNICA.P

(08241A0223)

ABSTRACT
Switched reluctance motor (like the stepper motor) carries windings only on the stator and
operates on the reluctance principle .Its rotor position is sensed and used to switch on and switch off
phase windings. It is now being made up to 0.5 to 80 KW and it is used in applications like washing
machine, fans, aircrafts, vacuum cleaner, servo drives, Fuel pump operations etc
Inductance of a phase winding in a switched reluctance motor varies with rotor position. Direction of
the developed torque does not depend on the direction of current, but it does depend on change in
inductance with respect to rotor position. For a unidirectional torque, current must be present in the
coil only when the rate of change of coil inductance with rotor position is positive. Study of switching
methods to obtain currents of the desired waveforms in an inductance are the main aim of the project.

ii

CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3

About Switched Reluctance Motor

Advantages and Disadvantages of Switched Reluctance Motor
Desired Waveform of Current In a Stator Coil

2. Switched Reluctance Motor Controllers

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

Construction
Principle of Operation
The Relationship Between Inductance and Rotor Position
Aligned Inductance and Unaligned Inductance
To Obtain the Current Waveform

3. Converters For Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

3.1
3.2
3.3

Power Converter Topology

Energizing the Switched Reluctance Motor
Torque Speed Characteristics of a Switched Reluctance Motor

4. Software Code
5. Hardware Description
5.1

Power Supply Section

5.1.1 Power supply circuit to the microcontroller
5.1.2 Power supply circuit for Switched Reluctance Motor

6. Schematic Connections in Proteus

6.1

Switching for MOSFET

6.1.1 Pulses for MOSFET Q1
6.1.2 Pulses for MOSFET Q2
6.2 Switching Circuit of Switched Reluctance Motor for Single Phase
6.2.1 Current waveform
6.3 Switching Circuit of Switched Reluctance Motor for Two Phases
6.3.1 Current waveform
6.4 Switching Circuit of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Phases
6.4.1 Current waveforms
6.5 Simulation In MATLAB Software
6.5.1Specification of Switched Reluctance Motor
6.5.2Switched Reluctance Motor characteristics in MATLAB
6.6 EAGLE designs
6.6.1 Schematic layout of power supply circuit
6.6.2 Board layout of power supply circuit
iii

6.6.3 Schematic layout of driver circuit

6.7 Difficulties Encountered During Simulation
6.7.1 Simulation in Proteus
6.7.2 Simulation in MATLAB

7. Hardware Implementation
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

Power Supply Circuit

Driver Circuit
Microcontroller Circuit
Interfacing Microcontroller with Driver Circuit
Complete Circuit Testing
7.5.1 current waveform
7.6 Difficulties Encountered on Hardware
7.6.1 First Difficulty
7.6.2 Second Difficulty

8. Conclusion and Scope for Future Work

References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E

iv

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 ------------------------------ 6/4 pole machines
Figure 2.2 ------------------------------ Four distinct inductance regions emerge
Figure 2.3 ------------------------------ Inductance profile
Figure 2.4 ------------------------------ Aligned Position
Figure 2.5 ------------------------------ Voltage PWM-Hard/Soft chopping
Figure 2.6 ------------------------------ General Motor Control Design
Figure 3.1------------------------------- Variation of reluctance of the flux path of a phase
Figure 3.2 ------------------------------ Half-Bridge Inverter
Figure 3.3 ------------------------------ Torque Speed Characteristics of a Switched
Reluctance Motor
Figure 5.1 ------------------------------ Power supply Circuitfor microcontroller
Figure 5.2 ------------------------------ Power Supply Circuit for Switched Reluctance
Motor
Figure 6.1 ------------------------------ Switching circuit of Switched Reluctance Motor for
three phases
Figure 6.2 ------------------------------ Current waveform across three phase windings
Figure 6.3 ------------------------------ Circuit connections in MATLAB
Figure 6.4 ------------------------------ Switched Reluctance Motor characteristics in
MATLAB simulation

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR
Electrical machines can be classified into two categories on the basis of how torque is developed in
them: electromagnetically or through variation of reluctance.
In the first category, motion is produced by the interaction of two magnetic fields, one generated by
the stator and the other by the rotor. Two magnetic fields, mutually coupled, produce an electromagnetic
torque tending to bring the fields into alignment. The same phenomenon causes opposite poles of bar
magnets to attract and like poles to repel. The vast majority of motors in commercial use today operate
on this principle.
In the second category, motion is produced as a result of the variable reluctance in the air gap
between the rotor and the stator. When a stator winding is energized, producing a single magnetic field,
reluctance torque is produced by the tendency of the rotor to move to its minimum reluctance position.
This phenomenon is analogous to the force that attracts iron or steel to permanent magnets. In those
cases, reluctance is minimized when the magnet and metal come into physical contact. Switched
reluctance motor falls into this class of machines.
In Switched reluctance motor, switching of supply from one stator to the next causes minimum
reluctance position of the rotor to change continuously thus producing rotation. By controlling the
switching strategy, and the current flowing through the stator coils, we can control the torque and the
speed of the motor. Because of their simple mechanical construction switched reluctance motors are of
low cost. This has motivated a large amount of research on these motors in the last decade. The
mechanical simplicity of the device, however, comes with some limitations. Like the brushless dc
motor, switched reluctance motors cannot run directly from a dc bus or an ac bus, but must always be
electronically commutated. Also, the saliency of the stator and rotor, necessary for the machine to
produce reluctance torque, causes strong non-linear magnetic characteristics, complicating the analysis
and control of the Switched Reluctance Motor.

1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Switched Reluctance Motor:

Advantages:
The switched reluctance motor possess a few unique features that makes it a vigorous
competitor to existing AC and DC motors in various adjustable-speed drive and servo applications.
1. The torquespeed characteristics of the motor can be modified to the application requirement more
easily during the design stage than in the case of induction and permanent magnetic machines.
2. The starting torque can be very high without the problem of excessive in-rush current due to its higher
Self inductance.
3. There are independent stator phases, which do not prevent drive operation in the case of loss of one or
more phases.

Disadvantages:
The Switched Reluctance Motor also comes with a few disadvantages among which torque ripple
and acoustic noise are the most critical. The higher torque ripple also causes the ripple current in the DC
supply to be quite large, necessitating a large filter capacitor.

1.3 Desired waveform of current in a stator coil

The ideal waveform of current in a stator phase will be shown to be a square waveform. The
attempt is to get the actual waveform as close to the ideal as possible.

CHAPTER 2
SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR CONTROLLER
2.1 CONSTRUCTION
Switched Reluctance Motor has wound field coils of a dc motor for its stator windings and has no
coils or magnets on its rotor. Both the stator and rotor have salient poles, hence the machine is referred
to as a doubly salient machine.
Switched Reluctance Motors are made up of laminated stator and rotor cores with Ns=2mq poles on
the Stator and Nr poles on the rotor. The number of phases is m and each phase is made up of
concentrated coils place on 2q stator poles. Most favored configuration amongst many options are 6/4
three phase and 8/6 four phase Switched Reluctance Motorss as shown in the figure 2.1. These two
configurations correspond to q = 1(one pair of stator poles and coils per phase) but q may be equal to 2
or 3 also.

Figure 2.1
6/4 pole machines
2.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
With only one phase switched on; the rotor will be at rest in a position which provides minimum
reluctance for the flux produced by that phase. In this position, there will not be any developed torque on
the rotor.
Now if that phase is switched off and another phase switched on; the rotor experiences a torque
tending to move it to a minimum reluctance position corresponding to the new phase. Whichever
direction of movement offers the least distance to be moved by the rotor to reach the new minimum
reluctance position is the direction of rotor motion.

Expression for Developed Torque:

Singly excited electromagnetic relays have been analyzed using the principles of electromechanical
energy conversion Expressions for electromagnetic torque have been developed. These results can be
extended to the switched reluctance motor, and the expression for the torque is obtained as

The following are the implications of equation (1):

1. The torque is proportional to the square of the current so, current can be in either direction, still
unidirectional torque is produced. This is a distinct advantage in that only one power switch is
required for control of current in a phase winding. This feature reduces the number of power
switches in the converter and thereby makes the drive economical

2. The torque constant is given by the slope of the inductance vs. rotor position characteristic. It is
understood that the inductance of a stator winding is a function of both the rotor position and current,
thus making it nonlinear. Because of its nonlinear nature, a simple equivalent circuit development for
this motor is not possible.
3. Since the torque is proportional to the square of the current hence, it has a good starting torque.
4. The direction of rotation can be reversed by changing the sequence of stator poles excitation, which is
a simple operation.

2.3 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUCTANCE AND ROTOR

POSITION
Since the torque characteristics are dependent on the relationship between flux Linkages and rotor
position as a function of current, it is worthwhile to conceptualize the control possibilities and
limitations of this motor drive. For example, a typical phase inductance vs. rotor position is shown in
Figure below 2.5 for a desired phase current. The significant inductance profile changes are determined
in terms of the stator and rotor pole arcs and number of rotor poles. The rotor pole arc is assumed to be
greater than the stator pole arc for this illustration, which is usually the case. From Figures 2.3(a) and
2.3 (b), the various angles are derived as:

Figure 2.2
Four distinct inductance regions emerge

Where s and r are stator and rotor pole arcs, respectively, and

is the number of rotorpoles.

Figure 2.3
Inductance profile

1. 0 1 and 4 5:
The stator and rotor poles are not aligned in this region and the flux is predominantly determined
by the air path, thus making the inductance minimum and almost a constant. Hence, in this region there
is no torque production. The inductance in this region is known as

2. 1 2:
Poles are aligned, so the flux path is mainly through stator and rotor laminations. This increases
the inductance with the rotor position, giving it a positive slope. A current impressed in the winding
during this region produces a positive (i.e., motoring) torque. This region comes to an end when the
aligning of poles is complete.
3. 2 3:
During this period, movement of rotor pole does not alter the complete align of the stator pole and
does not change the dominant flux path. This has the effect of keeping the inductance maximum and
constant, and this inductance is known as

4. 3 4:
The rotor pole is moving away from aligned stator pole in this region. This is very much similar to
the 1 2 region, but it has decreasing inductance and increasing rotor position contributing to a
negative slope of the inductance region. The operation of the machine in this region results in negative
torque (i.e., generation of electrical energy from mechanical input to the switched reluctance machine).It
is not possible to achieve the ideal inductance profiles shown in Figure above in an actual motor due to
saturation.

2.4 ALIGNED AND UNALIGNED INDUCTANCE

Let LA be the aligned inductance of a coil/Phase and LU be the unaligned inductance of the coil /
phase. s and r are stator and rotor pole arcs, respectively. Let us assume that r > s and LA >LU.

Figure 2.4
Aligned Position
CASE 1: When =0
Axis of the stator pole is in alignment with the rotor pole as shown in the figure 2.4(a). Therefore the
inductance of the coil is LA, because the stator reference axis and rotor reference axis are in alignment.
At this position flux linkage of phase winding of stator has maximum value and hence inductance of
phase winding has maximum value for given current.

Figure2.4(a)

of rotor pole is along the edge of stator pole. At this position reluctance is minimum. Thenthe

Figure 2.4(b)

In thisposition, the flux pattern is such that the flux linkages / unit current of the stator is less than
the previous case but not minimum. Therefore L < LA and L > LU.

Figure 2.4(c)

Figure 2.4(d)

Figure 2.4(e)

2.5 TO OBTAIN THE CURRENT WAVEFORM

Figure 2.5
Voltage PWM-Hard/Soft chopping
Voltage PWM chopping can be realized in two ways with this drive topology, soft chopping and hard
chopping. Figure 2.5 shows the difference and the phase current, flux linkage, voltage and inductance
profile. Soft chopping is when only the high side power switch is chopping; the other switch remains
permanently on. Hard chopping is when both transistors are switched on/off together. It generally
produces more electric noise, it also generates more current ripples, and therefore soft chopping was
realized in this application.

The Figure2.6 shows a schematic for general motor control design with a microcontroller.

Figure 2.6
General Motor Control Design
The function of the components in detail:
Main supply: Provides circuits energy.
Microcontroller power supply: Regulates voltage and current for the microcontroller
Microcontroller: Produces the accurate signals for switching the MOSFETS also contains protection
circuit, which ensures that a certain current value is not exceeded.
Driver: Switches the power necessary for the motor phases

CHAPTER 3
CONVERTERS FOR SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR
DRIVES
3.1 POWER CONVERTER TOPOLOGY:
As indicated by its name, phase-to-phase switching in the Switched Reluctance Motor drive must be
precisely timed with rotor position to obtain smooth rotation and the optimal torque output. Rotor
position feedback, or "sensor less" feedback method, is needed for proper control. It is well known that
this phase-to-phase switching is realized by power semiconductors. The power converter topology has
great influence on the Switched Reluctance Motors performance.

Switching Strategy:
Switched Reluctance Motors are controlled by synchronizing the energizations of the motor phases
with the rotor position.

Figure 3.1
Variation of reluctance of the flux path of a phase
The shape of this curve is decided by number of teeth on stator and rotor, which will be different. As
long as dR/d is negative; torque will aid the motion and we would like to keep the current going. When
dR/d becomes positive; torque opposes motion and we switch off current in that phase. To achieve an
approximation to this current, we have to use PWM for supply voltage .Control of speed is achieved by
varying the magnitude of the phase voltage.
(Larger voltage
larger current
larger torque
larger steady state speeds)

3.2 ENERGIZING THE SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

The Switched Reluctance Motor is energized using an Asymmetric Half Bridge Inverter shown in
figure 3.2. This is a common topology used for this type of motor as it allows each phase to be energized
independently. There are three voltages that can be applied to the stator windings. Consider phase-A, the
voltage applied to the phase winding is +Vs when the Q1 and Q2 are on (+Vs-Q1-phase a-Q2- -Vs).
Phase current then increases through both switches. If Q1 is off while the Q2 is still on, the winding
voltage will be zero. Phase current then slowlydecreases by freewheeling through Q1and D1.When Q1
and Q2 are off, the phase winding will experience Vs voltage. Phase current then quickly decreases

10

through both diodes (-Vs-D2-phase a-D1-+Vs). By appropriately coordinating the above three switching
states, phase current of the Switched Reluctance Motor controlled.

Figure 3.2
Half-Bridge Inverter

3.3 TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF A SWITCHED RELUCTANCE

MOTOR
1) In a Switched Reluctance Motor, a dc voltage is used to switch on the phases in succession.
2) During the period a phase is ON.
a) Current in it is assumed constant
b) Its inductance is assumed to increase linearly
3) V vs. I equation while a phase is ON

Rresistanceofcoil

Where

=fluxlinkagesofcoilduetocurrent

isafunctionofrotorposition and i(t),bothofwhicharefunctionoft.

11

( ,i)

Transformerrotational
EmfEmf
Ifweassumei(t)isaconstant;

V=Ri(t)

5) Low Speed Operation:

Because of low speed, neglect induced emf.

With I constant at Irated; Td=constant= KIrated2.

If we keep increase V such that i is Irated; power input increases, while developed torque is constant at
Td. But for power balance,

This continues till a speed called base speed is reached .Beyond that speed, supply voltage cannot
be increased any more, EMF increases. So current will decreases, torque will decreases.

12

Figure 3.3
Torque Speed Curve for a Switched Reluctance Motors

13

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE CODE
//Program for switching the MOSFETS using AT89S52
#include<reg51.h>
sbit pulse=P1^0;
sbit pulse1=P1^7;
sbit pulse2=P2^0;
sbit pulse3=P2^7;
sbit pulse4=P3^0;
sbit pulse5=P3^7;
void delay();
void delay1();
void main()
{
int i;
while(1)
{
for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
pulse=1;
pulse1=1;
pulse2=0;
pulse3=0;
pulse4=1;
pulse5=1;
delay1();
pulse1=0;

14

pulse5=0;
delay1();
}
for(i=1;i<=2;i++)
{
pulse=1;
pulse1=1;
pulse2=0;
pulse3=0;
pulse4=0;
pulse5=0;
delay1();
pulse1=0;
delay1();
}
for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
pulse=1;
pulse1=1;
pulse2=1;
pulse3=1;
pulse4=0;
pulse5=0;
delay1();
pulse1=0;
pulse3=0;
delay1();
}

15

for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
pulse=0;
pulse1=0;
pulse2=1;
pulse3=1;
pulse4=0;
pulse5=0;
delay1();
pulse3=0;
delay1();
}
for(i=1;i<=2;i++)
{
pulse=0;
pulse1=0;
pulse2=1;
pulse3=1;
pulse4=1;
pulse5=1;
delay1();
pulse3=0;
pulse5=0;
delay1();
}
for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
{

16

pulse=0;
pulse1=0;
pulse2=0;
pulse3=0;
pulse4=1;
pulse5=1;
delay1();
pulse5=0;
delay1();
}
}
}
void delay1()
{
TMOD=0X01;
TL0=0XC0;
TH0=0XFD;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TF0=0;
TR0=0;
}

17

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1 POWER SUPPLY SECTION
5.1.1 Power Supply to the Microcontroller

Figure 5.1
Power supply Circuit for microcontroller

Power supply block consists of following units:

1) Step down transformer.
2) Full wave rectifier circuit.
3) Input filter.
4) Voltage regulators.
5) Output filter.
6) Indicator unit.

Step down transformer:

The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply voltage of 230v ac from mains to
lower values, as the various devices used in this project require reduced voltages. The outputs from the
secondary coil which is center tapped are the ac values of 0v, 15v and-15v.The conversion of these ac
values to dc values is done using the full wave rectifier unit.

Rectifier Unit:
The rectifier circuit is used to convert the ac voltage into its corresponding dc voltage. The most
important and simple device used in rectifier circuit is the diode. The simple function of the diode is to
conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in reverse bias.

Regulator unit:
Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value. The output voltage is maintained irrespective
of the fluctuations in the input dc voltage. Whenever there are any ac voltage fluctuations, the dc voltage
also changes.

18

Regulators used in this application are:

1.7805 which provides 5v dc
2.7812 which provide 12v dc

Output Filter:
This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output
received finally. Capacitors used here are of value 10UF.

5.1.2 Power Supply Circuit for Switched Reluctance Motor

As indicated by its name, phase to phase switching in the Switched Reluctance Motor drive must be
precisely timed with rotor position to obtain smooth rotation and the optimal torque output. Rotor
position feedback or sensor less feedback method, is needed for proper control topology has great The
most common approach to the powering of a switched reluctance motor is to use an asymmetric bridge.

Figure5.2
Power Supply Circuit for Switched Reluctance Motor

Operation:
This is a common topology used for this type of motor as it allows each phase to be energized
independently. Consider phase-A, the voltage applied to the phase winding is +12V when the Q1 and Q2
are on (+Vs-Q1-phase a-Q2- -Vs). Phase current then increases through both switches. If Q1 is off while
the Q2 is still on, the winding voltage will be zero. Phase current then slowlydecreases by freewheeling
through Q1and D1.When Q1 and Q2 are off, the phase winding will experience -12V voltage. Phase
current then quickly decreases through both diodes (-Vs-D2-phase a-D1-+Vs). By appropriately
coordinating the above three switching states, phase current of the Switched Reluctance Motor
controlled.

19

CHA
APTER
R6
EMATIC
C CONN
NECTIO
ONS
SCHE
6.1 SWIT
TCHING
G FOR MOSFET
T
We considerr a circuit haaving a 10ohhm resistancee, 20mH of inductance as
a shown bellow.

o cycle into
o fourteen parts.
We divide one

A t=0, sw
At
witch is at position 2

20

Time

Periods T1

T2

(msec) 2.23 6.93

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

T13

T14

T15

3.56

4.05

5.1

2.87

6.93

2.23

9.1

1.82

1203

1.54

16.09

5.52

80

6.1.1Pulses for MOSFET Q1

6.1.2Pulses for MOSFET Q2

21

6.2 SWITCHING CIRCUIT OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

FOR SINGLE PHASE

6.2.1 Current Waveform

22

6.3 SWITCHING CIRCUIT OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

FOR TWO PHASE

6.3.1 Current Waveforms

23

6.4 SWITCHING CIRCUIT OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

FOR THREE PHASE

Figure 6.1
Switching circuit of Switched Reluctance Motor for three phases

24

6.4.1 Current Waveforms

Figure 6.2
Current waveform across three phase winding

25

6.5 SIMULATIONS IN MATLAB SOFTWARE

6.5.1 Specifications of Switched Reluctance Motor:
Stator resistance

: 0.01 Ohm/phase

Inertia

: 0.0082 Kg.m2

Friction

: 0.01N m s

Initial speed

: 0 rad/sec

Position

: 0 rad

Unaligned Inductance

: 0.7mH

Aligned Inductance

: 20mH

Maximum Current

: 450A

Maximum Flux Linkage

: 0.486 Weber-turn

Figure 6.3
Circuit connections in MATLAB

26

6.5.2 Switched Reluctance Motor Characteristics in MATLAB

Figure 6.4
Switched Reluctance Motor characteristics in MATLAB simulation

27

6.6 EAGLE DESIGNS

6.6.1 Schematic Layout of Power Supply Circuit

6.6.2 Board Layout of Power Supply Circuit

28

6.6.3 Schematic Layout of Driver Circuit

6.7 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING SIMULATION

6.7.1 Simulation in Proteus

Here the inductance value is 5mH and this is the current waveform which is not accurate. Hence we
have find out the inductance range i.e.; 15mH to 30mH with resistance of below 20

29

6.7.2 Simulation in MATLAB

Current and Speed Waveforms

This is for the frequency of 200Hz, the speed oscillates continuously and after certain time period it
oscillates in the negative direction. For which the motor stops running.

30

CHAPTER 7
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

The power supply circuit consists of two IRFZ540N mosfets, two diodes, one inductor of 20mH with
1ohm internal resistance is considered as one phase winding of the motor.The MOSFET Q2 is on and
off for eight times,where as MOSFET Q1 is continously on.After that the two MOSFETS should be
turned off for some period.And then the cycle repeats. when the MOSFET Q1 and Q2 are on (+Vs-Q2phase winding-Q1- -Vs). Phase current then increases through both switches. If MOSFET Q2 is off
while the Q1 is still on, the voltage through phase winding will be zero. Phase current then slowly
decreases by freewheeling through Q2and D2.When Q1 and Q2 are off, the phase winding will
experience -12V voltage. The current through phase winding quickly decreases through both diodes (Vs-D1-phase a-D2-+Vs). By appropriately coordinating the above three switching states, phase current
of the SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR can be controlled.

7.2 DRIVER CIRCUIT

The Driver circuit is used to turn on MOSFETS, the gate terminal must be set to a voltage at least 15
volts greater than the source terminal.One feature of power MOSFETs is that they have a large stray
capacitance between the gate and the other terminals. The effect of this is that when the pulse to the gate
terminal arrives, it must first charge this capacitance up before the gate voltage can reach the 15 volts
required. The gate terminal then effectively does take current. Therefore the circuit that drives the gate
terminal should be capable of supplying a reasonable current so the stray capacitance can be charged up
as quickly as possible. The best way to do this is to use a dedicated MOSFET driver chip.

31

This is the driver circuit we are using for switching the MOSFETS.74LS 40 IC an TLP250 IC are used
in this circuit.The pins used in microcontroller are connecte to input pin of 74LS 40 IC, then this is
connected to output pin.At this pin voltage is step up.That output Voltage is given to the gate terminals
of the MOSFET. In this way the MOSFETS are on.

7.3 MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT

The microcontroller is embedded with a C program. It is designed in such a way that the ports
should be on/off at appropriate times. These pulses are giving to MOSFETS. The output is checking
with an oscilloscope.

32

8051 chips are used in a wide variety of control systems, telecom applications, and robotics as well as
in the automotive industry. By some estimation, 8051 family chips make up over 50% of the embedded
chip market.
The 8051 architecture developed by Intel has proved to be the most popular and enduring type of
microcontroller, available from many manufacturers and widely used for industrial applications and
embedded systems as well as being a versatile and economical.

7.4 INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLER WITH DRIVER

CIRCUIT

The pins used in microcontroller are giving to the inputs of driver circuit,then the output pins of
the driver circuit is giving to the gate terminal of the MOSFETS.

33

7.5 COMPLETE CIRCUIT TESTING

Checking the current waveform across the phase winding (inductor of 20mH).Here we are connecting a
10ohm resistor in series with an inductor, the probes of oscilloscope are put across the resistor. The
output is seen in the oscilloscope.
The current waveform is as shown below.

7.5.1 Current waveform

34

7.6 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED ON HARDWARE:

7.6.1 First Difficulty

We have considered secondary winding of the transformer, rating of 15v-0v-15v, 500MA L=62.5mH
with internal resistance of R=65 . The resistance value is very high, due to this reason the required
waveform is not obtained.

The current waveform looks like this

35

7.6.2 Second Difficulty

We have considered an rectangle core material, and we have turned 200 turns, the inductance of the
core coil 1mH and resistance is 140 ohms, which is not sufficient to get the required waveform.

The current waveform looks like this

36

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF FUTURE
By the end of this project
---> Switched Reluctance Motor Characteristics are studied.
--->Connections and testing in Proteus is studied.
--->Coding and compiling of a C program in Keil u Vision software is studied.
--->Hardware implementation by connecting Schematic and making Board layout EAGLE is done
successfully.
---->Connections in MATLAB software are studied. Switched Reluctance Motor characteristics are
verified.
--->The hardware kit is tested successfully by embedding the C program Hex file in the AT89C51
Microcontroller.
--->The operation of microcontroller is analyzed in simulation and practically.

Scope of the Project:

We have considered an inductor as one phase winding of the motor. In future, when motor is available
the same pulses are given to the MOSFETS through a driver circuit and the output current waveform is
observed. Even the speed control of Switched Reluctance Motor is to be verified.

37

REFERENCES
[1] Website: www.wikipedia.com/8051
[2] Website: www.google.com/eagle_software
[3] Website: http://www.ti.com/lit/an/spra420a/spra420a.pdf
[4] Michael T.DiRenzo, Switched Reluctance Motor Control,
[5] Website: www.isis.com/proteus
[6] A K Ray, Microprocessor and Microcontroller,

38

APPENDIX A
SOFTWARE USED PROTEUS
It is used for the real time simulation of the Circuits involving complex ICs, Microcontrollers,
Electromechanical devices etc.

System components
ISIS Schematic Capture - a tool for entering designs.
PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation - industry standard
SPICE3F5 simulator combined with a digital simulator.
ARES PCB Layout - PCB design system with automatic component placer, rip-up and retry
auto-router and interactive design rule checking.

VSM - Virtual System Modeling lets co simulate embedded software for popular
microcontrollers alongside hardware design.
System Benefits Integrated package with common user interface and fully context sensitive
help.

39

APPENDIX B
SOFTWARE USED KEIL uVISION
Keil was founded in 1986 to market add-on products for the development tools provided by
many of the silicon vendors. Keil implemented the first C compiler designed from the ground-up
specifically for the 8051 microcontroller.
Keil provides a broad range of development tools like ANSI C compiler, assemblers,
debuggers and simulators, linkers, IDE, library managers, real-time operating systems and
evaluation for 8051, 251, ARM, and XC16x/C16x/ST10 families.

COMPILING A C PROGRAM IN KEIL

40

APPENDIX C
SOFTWARE USED EAGLE
EAGLE is an EDA program by Cad Soft for creating printed circuit boards. The name is an
acronym formed from Easy Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. Cad Soft Eagle and the
company in September 2009, Premier Farnell sells a supplier of electronic components.
The software consists of several components: Layout Editor, Schematic Editor, Auto router
and an extensible component database. It is for the platforms Microsoft Windows, Linux and
Mac OS X available.
It exists for non-commercial use; a free version on a schematic sheet, half Euro card mm
80 mm and two signal layers is limited to 100.
The schematic editor can be used by a special component library for programming a MicroSPS
is used.

Schematic and Board Layout in EAGLE

41

APPENDIX D
SOFTWARE USED MATLAB
A high-performance language for technical computing (Math works, 1998). MATLAB works
with matrices. Everything MATLAB understands is a matrix (from text to large cell arrays and structure
arrays) .Various data types exist within MATLAB. Performance of MATLAB scripts can be improved
using vector operations (more on this later).MATLAB has advanced data structures including object
oriented programming functionality and over loadable operators.

42

APPENDIX E
DATA SHEETS

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

AT89S52:

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60