Dilute solution

 Dilute solution; Different kinds of solutions,

Concentration units; molarity, molality, mole fraction,
ppm, etc;
Solvent and Solute :

Those molecules, ions, or atoms that dissolve (or are soluble) in

the solvent are known as solutes. The solvent is typically present in
the larger amount in a solution, and the solute is typically the minor
component.

Fig. Copper sulfate (solute) in water (solvent)

 oncentrations of solutions:
Scientists use the term concentration to designate the amount of solute
dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or quantity of solution. The greater
the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent, the more
concentrated the resulting solution.
Molarity:
Molarity (symbol M) expresses the concentration of a solution as the
number of moles of solute in a liter of solution :
Moles of solute Mol
=
Liter of solution L
Concentration of Solution:

 Molarity (M) =
 Molality (m) =
Moles of solute Mo
= l
Liter of solution L
Moles of solute
Kilograms of solvent

Moles of solute
 Mole fraction (C) = Total moles of solution
amount of solute (g or ml)
(102) or (106) or (109)
 Parts ratio amount of solution (g or ml)
Molarity Example Problem 1

NaCl
12.6 g of NaCl are dissolved in water making
344mL of solution. Calculate the molar
concentration.

Answer:

 1molNaCl 
12.6 g NaCl  
moles solute  58.44 gNaCl 
M= =
L solution  1L 
344 mL   solution
 1000mL 
= 0.627 M NaCl

The molarity definition is based on the volume of the solution. This

makes molarity a temperature-dependent definition.
Molarity Example Problem 2

How many moles of NaCl are contained in 250.mL of solution with a

concentration of 1.25 M?

Answer: moles solute

M=  1L 
250. mL 
L solution  = 0.250 L solution
 1000mL 

or, Moles of solute= Molarity × L solution

or, Moles of solute= 1.25 × 0.250
= 0.313 mol NaCl

The molality definition does not have a volume in it and so is

independent of any temperature changes.
% Concentration

mass solute
 % (w/w) = x 100
mass solution

mass solute
x 100
volume solution
 % (w/v) =

volume solute
x 100
volume solution

 % (v/v) =
Mass and volume units must match.
(g & mL) or (Kg & L)
Parts per million/billion (ppm & ppb)

mass solute mg
6 or = ppm
• ppm = × 10 L
volume solution
mass solute 9 or g
× 10 = ppb
• ppb = volume solution L

Mass and volume units must match.

(g & mL) or (Kg & L)

ng
For very low concentrations: parts per trillion = ppt
L
As of January 23, 2006, the maximum allowed level of arsenic in drinking
water is 1.3 × 10−7 M. We can use molarity to discuss the concentrations
of pollutants such as arsenic, but the resulting numbers are, in many cases,
very small. When the concentrations get this small, we often find it
easier to use an alternative measure of concentration. Specifically, we
can talk about the concentration of arsenic in terms of parts per
million (ppm), or parts per billion (ppb), or even parts per trillion
(ppt).
What does percent mean?

In a compound that is “1 percent nitrogen by mass,” the nitrogen

contributes 1 gram out of every 100 grams to the total mass.

 In the same way, a level of one part per million (1 ppm), means
the chemical contributes 1 gram out of every million grams of
the total mass.
 Similarly, one part per billion (1 ppb) corresponds to a level of 1
gram out of every billion grams of the total. One part per trillion
(ppt) corresponds to 1 gram out of every trillion grams.
ppm & ppb: Example Problem 1
An Olympic sized swimming pool contains
2,500,000 L of water. If 1 tsp of salt (NaCl)
is dissolved in the pool, what is the
concentration in ppm?

Answer:
1 teaspoon = 6.75 g NaCl or
mg solute
g solute ppm =
ppm = ×106 L solution
mL solution
6.75 g 6 6.75 g  1000
1 g 
mg
ppm = ×10 ppm =
2.5×106 L  1000
1 L 
mL
2.5×106 L

ppm = 0.0027 ppm = 0.0027

Q. The concentrated sulfuric acid we use in the laboratory is 98.0
percent H2SO4 by mass. Calculate the molality and molarity of
the acid solution. The density of the solution is 1.83 g/mL.
Answer: Assume 100 g solution:

g solute = (0.98)(100 g) = 98 g

mol solute = mass/molar mass

molar mass of H2SO4 = 98.0791 g/mol or 98 g/mol

mol solute = 98/98 = 1 mol

Volume solution = mass/density; Density of solution = 1.83 g/mL

Volume of solution = 100/1.83 = 54.6 mL = .0546 L

Molarity of solution = mol solute/Volume solution = 1 mol/.0546 L

= 18.3 mol/L or 18.3 M
Mole Fraction (c) : B A
A
A A
A B

B A A A
A

moles of A
c A = moles of A + moles of B (all components)

moles of B
c B = moles of A + moles of B (all components)

Since A + B make up the entire

mixture, their mole fractions  A  B  1.00
will add up to one.
 Mole Fraction
Example Problem 1
In our glass of iced tea, we have added 3 tbsp of
sugar (C12H22O11). The volume of the tea (water) is
325 mL. What is the mole fraction of the sugar in
the tea solution?
(1 tbsp sugar ≈ 25 g)
First, we find the moles of both the
solute and the solvent.
 1 mol C12 H 22 O11   1 mol H 2 O 
75.g C12 H 22O11   = 0.219 mol 325mL H 2 O   = 18.1 mol
 342 g C12 H 22 O11   18.0 g H 2
O 
Next, we substitute the moles of both into the mole fraction equation.

χ sugar =
moles solute
total moles solution
=
0.219 mol sugar
(0.219 mol + 18.1 mol)
 0.012
 Mole Fraction
Example Problem 2
Air is about 78% N2, 21% O2, and 0.90% Ar.
What is the mole fraction of each gas?
First, we find the moles of each gas. We assume 100.
grams total and change each % into grams.
 1 mol N 2   1 mol O 2 
78g N 2   = 2.79 mol 21g O 2   = 0.656 mol
 28 g N 2   32 g O 2 
 1 mol Ar  Next, we substitute the moles of each into the
0.90g Ar   = 0.0225 mol
 40. g Ar  mole fraction equation.

χ =
moles N 2
N2 total moles χ =
moles O 2
O2 total moles χ Ar =
moles Ar
total moles
2.79 mol N 2 0.656 mol O 2 0.0225 mol Ar
= = =
(2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225) (2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225) (2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225)

 0.804  0.189  0.00649