Kiel Benedick M.

Gianan

12 – Canary

Chapter 1 – What Hold Solids and Liquids?

Practice Exercises

Practice Exercise 1.1

What type of intermolecular force will act in the following substances/solution? Justify your answer.

1. carbon dioxide ( CO 2 )
London dispersion force; because CO2 is composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms, and
both carbon and oxygen are nonmetals It also contains covalent bonds.
2. neon (Ne) gas
London dispersion force; They are the weakest sort of intermolecular force since they are only
temporary, yet their total influence is sufficient to generate significant attraction between particles.
Dispersion forces are caused by the random mobility of electrons within the atom.
3. magnesium chloride ( MgCl 2 ) dissolved in water
Ion-dipole force; Magnesium chloride and water have an ion-dipole interaction. This interaction
is caused by polar water molecules interacting with a magnesium ion. A water molecule's oxygen
atom has a slight negative charge, which attracts the positively charged magnesium ion. These are
significantly weaker forces than covalent or ionic bonding.

Self-checks

 What phase of water exists at 100° C and 5 atm? at 200° C and 1 atm?

The phase of water that exists at 100° C and 5 atm is liquid, and at 200° C and 1 atm is gas.

 What phase of carbon dioxide exists at - 120° C and 10 atm? at 80° C and 100 atm?

The phase of carbon dioxide that exists at - 120 ° C and 10 atm is solid, and at 80 ° C and 100 atm
is supercritical fluid.
Kiel Benedick M. Gianan
12 – Canary

Chapter 2 – Solutions and Their Properties

Practice Exercises

Practice Exercise 2.1

1. Calculate the mass (in grams) of magnesium chloride ( MgCl 2 ) that would be needed to prepare 150
mL of a 20% by mass aqueous solution of the salt. The density of the solution is 1.1 g/mL.
Let x be the mass of solute in g.
x
percent by mass= × 100
165 g
( 20 % ) ( 165 g )
¿
100
¿ 33 g
2. Calculate the percent by mass of the solution containing 8.60 g of salt in 95.0 g of solution.
mass of solute ∈ grams
percent by mass= ×100
mass of solution∈ grams
8.60 g
percent by mass= × 100
95.0 g
¿ 9.05 %
3. A solution is prepared by dissolving 20 mL of pure hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ) in enough water to

make 200 mL of solution. What is the concentration of the H 2 O2 solution?

volume of solute
percent by volume= × 100
volume of solutio
20 mL
percent by volume= ×100
200 mL
¿ 10 %
Practice Exercise 2.2
1. Calculate the molality of a solution containing 10.8 g of ethylene glycol ( C 2 H 6 O2 ) in 360 g of water.
Solution:
10.8 g
mole C 2 H 6 O 2= =0.17 mol
62.06 g/mol

mol C2 H 6 O 2 0.17 mol

molality = = =0.47 m
kg H 2 O 0.36 kg
2. What is the molality of a 60.5% by mass of nitric acid ( HNO3 ) solution?
Solution:
mass of H 2 O=100 g
mass of HNO3 =60.5

¿ 100 g−60.5=0.04 kg

60.5 g
mole HNO 3= =0.96 mol
63.01 g/mol
 mol HNO3 0.96 mol
molality = = =24 m
kg HNO3 0.04 kg
3. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 2.80 moles of ethyl alcohol ( C 2 H 6 O ) in 500 mL of
solution.
Solution:
mol C 2 H 6 O 2.80 mol
molarity = = =5.6 M
L solution 0.5 L

4. Determine the molarity of a solution containing 2.40 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 40.0 mL of
solution. (molar mass of NaCl = 58.45 g/mol)
Solution:
2.40 g
mole NaCl= =0.04 mol
58.44 g /mol

mol NaCl 0.04 mol

molarity = = =1 M
L solution 0.04 L
SELF-CHECK

Express the concentration of a solution (in % w/w, % v/v, and % w/v) containing 5 g of NaCl and 50 mL
of water. ( ρ of NaCl = 2.16 g/mL)

Solution:

Mass of Solute (NaCl)= 5g Volume of solvent ( H 2 O )=50 mL

Density of NaCl= 2.16 g/ml Density of water¿ 1 g /mL

5g
Volume of solute (NaCl) = =2.31 mL Mass of solvent ( H 2 O )=50 ×1=50 g
2.16 g /mL

mass of solute
a.) Percent by mass(% w /w)= × 100
mass of solution

mass of solute
¿ × 100
mass of solute +mass of solvent

5g
¿ ×100
50 g+5 g

5g
¿ ×100
55 g

¿ 9.09 %

volume of solute
b.) percent by volume (%v/ v)= × 100
volume of solution

volume of solute
¿ ×100
volume of solute +volume of solvent

2.31 mL
¿ ×100
2.31mL +50 mL
 2.31mL
¿ ×100
52.31mL

¿ 4.42 %

mass of solute∈ grams

c.) percent by mass−volume (%w /v )= × 100
volume of solution∈mL

5g
¿ ×100
52.31mL

¿ 9.60 %

Kiel Benedick M. Gianan

12 – Canary

Chapter 3 – Energy in Transit

Practice Exercises

Practice Exercise 3.1

1. Exothermic, combustion is used to liberate energy.

2. Exothermic, the formation of salt and water is involved.
3. Exothermic, as stated in number one, combustion has occurred.
4. Endothermic, because it is poorly soluble in water and necessitates the use of heat energy.
5. Exothermic, because it emits heat in some way.

Practice Exercise 3.1

1.

a. dw = work done b. heat released

du = Δ in interval ΔQ = Δu + ΔW
dq = Δ in heat = 23 J + (-45 J)
dw = du - dq = 12 – 47 = -35 J ΔQ = 22 J
work done by the system dw = -35 J

2.
a. W = -(P)(ΔV)
W = -(1 atm) (0.5L)
W = -0.5 L ⋅ atm ⋅ 101.325 J
1L ⋅ atm
W = -50.6625 J work done

b. q = 50.6625 J heat absorbed

Love of Lab

1. N2(g) + O2 (g) → 2NO 2NO2(g) → 2NO (g) + O2 (g)

 2NO2 → N2 + 2O2 ΔH = 112 KJ
ΔH = 68 KJ
ΔH = 180 KJ

2. m (CH2N2) = 4.00 n (CH2N2) = m (CH2N2) = 4.0 = 0.09 mol

M (CH2N2) = 46.1 M (CH2N2) = 46.1

Q (reactant) =113.013 KJ or 113.013 x 103 J

Q (reactant/mol) = 113.013 x 103 J / 0.09 mol = 1.30 x 106 J/mol

Kiel Benedick M. Gianan

12 – Canary

Test Yourself

Chapter 1

1. C 6. B 11. C
2. D 7. A 12. B
3. C 8. B 13. A
4. D 9. B 14. C
5. D 10. D 15. A

Chapter 2
1. A 6. C 11. B
2. A 7. A 12. A
3. C 8. D 13. D
4. C 9. C 14. B
5. C 10. D 15. B

Chapter 3

1. D 6. 3051 J 11. B
2. C 7. C 12. D
3. B 8. C 13. B
4. D 9. B 14. A
5. C 10. C 15. C