COLLIGATIVE

PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTION
 solute

SOLUTION
solvent

a homogeneous mixture of two or more

components
Ex : Sugar solution Solute : sugar
Solvent : water

Solution : Sugar and water

 Concentration of Solution

Molarity

Molality

Mole Fraction
 MOLARITY

M= moles solute M= 1000 x g M = 10 x ρ x %

Liters of solution V Mr Mr

v = volume of solution (ml)

g = mass of solute (g)
ρ = density (g/ml)
Mr = relative molecular mass
Ex :
What is the molarity of a solution of 45 g glucose C6H12O6
(Mr = 180) in 200 ml of water?
g = 45 M= 1000 x 45 = 1.25 M
v = 200 ml 200 180
Mr = 180

What weight of the pure solute will be present in 500 ml of

0.3 M CO(NH2)2 (Mr = 60)

M = 0.3 0.3 = 1000 x g g=9

v = 500 ml 500 60
Mr = 60
The density of a 60 % sodium hydroxide NaOH (Mr = 40) is
1.2 g/ml. Calculate its concentration expressed as molarity.

% = 60
M = 10 x 1.2 x 60
ρ = 1.2 g/ ml = 1.25 M
40
Mr = 40
 DILUTION
to add more solvent without the addition of more solute

M1 . V1 = M2 . V2

Ex :

What volume of 0.250 M KCl is needed to make 100 ml of

0.1 M solution?

M1 = 0.25 M1 . V1 = M2 . V2
V1 = ? ml
M2 = 0.1 0.25 . V1 = 0.1 . 100
V1 = 100 ml
V1 = 40 ml
 MOLALITY

m = moles solute M = 1000 x g

kilogram solvent p Mr

g = mass of solute (g)

p = mas of solvent (g)
Mr = relative molecular mass
 MOL FRACTION
Solute mol fraction ( xA ) Solvent mol fraction (xB)

xA = mole solute xB = mole solvent

mol solute + mol solvent mol solute + mol solvent

xA + xB = 1

Ex :
Determine the mole fraction of solute and solvent when 170 g ethanol C2H5OH
(Mr = 46) is dissolved in 650 g water (Mr = 18).

xA = 170/ 46
170/ 46 + 650/18 = 0.09
 Calculate the mole fraction of 20 % urea CO(NH2)2 (Mr = 60)

Mass of solute = 20 g xA = 20/60

20 % = 0.064
20/60 + 80/18
Mass of solvent = 80 g

18.25% HCl (Mr = 36.5) solution has a density 1.1 g/ml. Determine the
mole fraction of each substance in the solution

Suppose :

Volume of solution = 1000 ml

mass of solution = 1000 x 1.1 =1100 g

mass of solution = 18.25/100 x 1100 = 200.75 g

mass of solvent = 1100 -200.75 = 899.25

100 ml NaOH 5 M is prepared, the density is 1.1 g/ ml. Determine NaOH mole
fraction.

5= 1000 x g
100 40
g = 20

Mass of solute = 20 g

Mass of solution = 100 x 1.1 = 1100 g

Mass of solute = 1100 - 20 = 1080 g
The mole fraction of methanol CH3OH (Mr = 32) in water is 0.5. What is the
concentration of the solution denoted in % mass of methanol

0.5  5 Mole solute = 5 Mass of solute = 5 x 32 = 160 g

10
Mole solute + mole solvent = 10 Mole solvent = 10 – 5 = 5

Mass of solvent = 5 x 18 = 90 g

% = mass of solute x 100%

mass of solution
The definition of colligative properties :
Properties of solutions that depend only on the
number of solute, not on the kind of solute
particles

Colligative properties consists of :

1.Vapor pressure lowering ΔP
.

2. The boiling point elevation ΔTb

3. The freezing point depression ΔTf

4. Osmotic pressure 
1. Vapor Pressure Lowering
If a liquid placed in a closed container, it will evaporate. The
evaporation and condensation process will go on until an
equilibrium is reached.
The figure below shows a microscopic view of the surface of pure
water. Note the interface between liquid water (below) and water
vapor (above).
Substances with high vapor pressure are easily
evaporated, and they called volatile substances,
example : alcohol, ether
Substances with low vapor pressure are hardly
evaporated, and they called non volatile substances,
example : salt, sugar, glycol, glyserol

If we add a non volatile solute to a solvent , the solute

molecules prevents the evaporation of solvent. There
fore that addition of a non volatile solute to a solvent
led the lowering of vapor pressure
Roult’s Law :
For nonelectrolyte solution:

ΔP = PO – P ΔP = xA . PO P = PO . xB

With:

ΔP = the vapor pressure lowering

PO = the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
P = the vapor pressure of the solution
xA = solute mole fraction
xB = solvent mole fraction
For electrolyte solution:

ΔP = PO – P ΔP = xA . PO . i P = PO . xB
With:
ΔP = the vapor pressure lowering
PO = the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
P = the vapor pressure of the solution
xA = solute mole fraction
xB = solvent mole fraction
i = Van’t Hoff factor = {1 + (n -1) }
 = ionization degree
n = total ions
Example:
Calculate the vapor pressure lowering (ΔP) and the vapor pressure
of a solution when 6 g of urea (Mr = 60) is dissolved into 90 g water
at 250 OC. The vapor pressure of pure water at 250 OC is 30.6 mm
Hg.
ΔP = xA . PO
Known :
ΔP = 6/ 60 x 30.6
Mass of solute = 6 g  Mr = 60 6/60 + 90/18
Mass of solvent = 90 g  Mr = 18
PO = 30.6 mm Hg
ΔP = PO – P

P = PO – ΔP
10 g Y is dissolved into 180 g water at 26 C. The
vapor pressure of the solution at 25 mm Hg and the
vapor pressure of pure water at 25.20 mmHg.
Calculate the Mr of Y.
Known :

Mass of solute = 10 g
Mass of solvent = 180 g  Mr = 18
PO = 25.20 mm Hg
P = 25 mm Hg
ΔP = 25.20 – 25 = 0.2
2. The Boiling Point Elevation (ΔTb)

The boiling point is a temperature when the vapor

pressure equals to the external pressure.

Example: the normal boiling point of water is 100 OC at

760 mm Hg

diagram
diagram
 If we add some solute into pure solvent , the boiling point of
solution will increase.
The increasing of the boiling point a solution to the pure
solvent is called the boiling point elevation (ΔTb)

The boiling
 Tb point of
The boiling solution (Tb)
point of pure
solvent
(TBO)
ΔTb = Tb – Tbo

ΔTb = m. Kb nonelectrolyte
ΔTb = 1000 x g x Kb
p Mr

ΔTb = boiling point elevation (OC)

TbO = the boiling point of pure solvent
Tb = the boiling point of solution
Kb = boiling point elevation constant (OC kg/mole)
m = the molality of a solution (molal)
g = the mass of solute (g)
p = solvent mass (g)
Mr = relative molecule mass
ΔTb = Tb – Tbo

ΔTb = m. Kb .i electrolyte
ΔTb = 1000 x g x Kb {1 +(n-1) }
p Mr

ΔTb = boiling point elevation (OC)

TbO = the boiling point of pure solvent
Tb = the boiling point of solution
Kb = boiling point elevation constant (OC kg/mole)
m = the molality of a solution (molal)
g = the mass of solute (g)
p = solvent mass (g)
Mr = relative molecule mass
n = the number of ions
 = the ionization degree
Example:
34.2 g sucrose (Mr = 342) is dissolved into 500 g water.
Calculate the boiling point of that solution, Kb of water
is 0.52 OC kg/ mole
Known :
Mass of solute = 34.2 g ΔTb = 1000 x g x Kb
Mr = 342 p Mr
Mass of solvent = 500 g
Kb = 0.52
ΔTb = 1000 x 34.2 x 0.52
500 342
ΔTb = 0.104
Tb = 100 + 0.104
Tb = 100 + 0.104= 100.104 O C
The boiling point of x g glucose (Mr = 180) is
dissolved into 300 ml ethanol (density = 0.9 g/ml)
was 79.2 OC. The boiling point of ethanol = 78.2 OC
Kb = 1.19O C/m

3 g X is dissolved into 100 g benzene, the

boiling point of solution = 80.74O C.
The boiling point benzene is 80.2 C and Kb
=2.7O C/m, calculate molecular mass (Mr)
X
 The Freezing Point Depression (ΔTf)
Freezing point or melting point is the temperature at which
solid and liquid are in equilibrium. If a solute is added to a
pure solvent, the freezing point of a pure solvent will
depress.

Tf

Coolant Pure water Sugar solution

ΔTf = Tf o - Tf
ΔTf = Kf . m
ΔTf = 1000 x g x Kf
p Mr

with:
ΔTf = freezing point depression (OC)
Tfo = freezing point pure solvent
Tf = freezing point solution
Kf = freezing point depression constant (OC kg/mole)
m = the molality of a solution (molal)
g = the mass of solute (g)
p = solvent mass (g)
Mr = relative molecule mass
Example:

Determine the freezing point of a solution containing 15 g

urea (Mr = 60) in 250 g water. (Kf = 1.86 OC kg/ mole)

Known :
ΔTf = 1000 x g x Kf
g = 15 gram p Mr
p = 250 gram
Mr = 60 ΔTf = 1000 x 15 x 1.86
Kf = 1.86 250 60
= 1.86

ΔTf = 0 – 1.86 = - 1.86 OC

Tb solution > Tb solvent
ΔTb = Tb solution – Tb solvent
= m. Kb
Tb solution =Tb solvent + ΔTb
Tb water = 100OC

Tf solution < Tf solvent

ΔTf = Tf solvent – Tf solution
= m. Kf
Tf solution =Tf solvent - ΔTf
Tf water = 0OC
OSMOSIS

Osmosis is the flow of solvent through a

semi permeable membrane into a solution

The semi permeable membrane allows solvent

molecules to pass, but not solute molecules.
Osmotic pressure is a pressure given to
prevent osmosis process, which is to prevent
the flow of solvent molecule
Solutions having the same osmotic pressure are called
isotonic.
Solutions having lower osmotic pressure than others
are called hypotonic.
Solutions having higher osmotic pressure are called
hypertonic

 = M.R.T or  = 1000 x g x R x T
v Mr

with:
M = the molarity of solution
v = volume of solution (ml)
g = mass of solute (g)
R = gas constant (0.082 atm L/ mole K)
T = temperature (K)