Colligative Properties of
Solutions
Prepared by: Mr. Richard L. Nocillado
Colligative Properties
Properties that depend only on the
number of solute particles in solution
and not on the nature of the solute
particles.
Colligative properties are:
• Vapor pressure lowering
• Boiling point elevation
• Freezing point depression
• Osmotic pressure
Vapor Pressure Lowering
If a solute is nonvolatile (does not
vaporize quickly), the vapor pressure of
its solution is always lower than that of
the pure solvent
Relationship between vapor pressure of
solution & vapor pressure of solvent
depends on the concentration of the
solute in the solution
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Raoult’s Law: states that the vapor
pressure of a solvent over a solution () is
equal to the product of the vapor
pressure of the pure solvent () and the
mole fraction of the solvent in the
solution ()
= () ()
Raoult’s Law
= () ()
In solution containing only one solute,
1–
Thus, Psolvent = (1 - Xsolute)(P0solvent)
Manipulating the equation gives:
= (Xsolute) (P0solvent)
Decrease in vapor pressure is directly
proportional to the solute concentration
(mole fraction)
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Sample Problem: Calculate the vapor
pressure of a solution made by dissolving
218g of glucose (molar mass=180.20g/mol)
in 460g of water at 300C. What is the
vapor pressure lowering? The vapor
pressure of pure water at 300C is
31.82mmHg
G: 218g of glucose (MM =180.20g/mol),
460g of H2O, =31.82mmHg
R: Psolution and
E: = () ()
= (Xsolute) (P0solvent)
S: Solve for the mole fraction of solvent
218g
mole glucose = =1.21 mol
180.20g/mol
460g
mole H2O = =23.31 mol
18.02g/mol
23.31mol
X H2O = =0.95
1.21mol + 23.31mol
S:Solve for the vapor pressure of solution
= () ()
Psolvent = (0.95)(31.82mmHg) = 30.23mmHg
Solve for the vapor pressure lowering
= (Xsolute) (P0solvent)
= (0.05) (31.82mmHg) = 1.59 mmHg
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Calculate the vapor pressure lowering of a
solution containing 600g of sugar
(C12H22O11) and 1000g of H2O at 250C. The
at 250C is 23.6 torr.
G:600g sugar, 1000g H2O, @250C=23.6torr
R:
E: = (Xsolute) (P0solvent)
S: Solve for the mole fraction of solute
600g
mole sugar = =1.75 mol
342.34g/mol
mole H2O = 1000g =55.49 mol
18.02g/mol
1.75mol
X sugar = =0.03
1.75mol + 55.49mol
Solve for
= (0.03) (23.6torr) = 0.71 torr
Freezing Point Depression
Freezing point depression (f) is defined as
the freezing point of pure solvent ( Tpure
solvent) minus the freezing point of the
solution (Tsolution)
f = Tpure solvent – Tsolution
is proportional to the concentration of the
solution f = Kf m
Where, Kf = molal freezing-point depression
constant (unit 0C/m)
m = molality
Freezing Point Depression
Sample Problem: Calculate the freezing
point depression of a solution containing
651g of ethylene glycol in 2505g of water.
The molar mass of ethylene glycol is
62.01g/mol, the Kf of water is 1.860C/m
G: 651g ethylene glycol (MM = 62.01g/mol)
2505g H2O; Kf H2O =1.860C/m
R: freezing-point depression of solution (f)
E: f = Kf m
S: Solve for the molality
moles solute 651g
= =10.50 mol
(ethylene glycol) 62.01g/mol
10.50 mol
molality = =4.19 m
2.505kg
Solve for
= (1.860C/m) (4.19m) =7.790C
Boiling Point Elevation
Boiling point elevation (b) is defined as the
boiling point of the solution (Tsolution) minus
the boiling point of the pure solvent ( Tpure
solvent)
b = Tsolution – Tpure solvent
The value of b is proportional to the
concentration of the solution: b = Kb m
Where, Kb = molal boiling-point elevation
constant (unit 0C/m)
m = molality
Boiling Point Elevation
Sample Problem: Calculate the boiling point
of a solution containing 4.27g of sucrose
and 50.0g of water. (molar mass of sucrose
= 342.0g/mol, Kb H2O=0.520C/m)
G: 4.27g of sucrose (MM = 342.0g/mol)
50.0g H2O; Kb H2O = 0.520C/m
R: boiling-point of solution (solution)
E: Tsolution = Tpure solvent +
S: Solve for the molality
4.27g
moles sucrose = =0.01mol
342.0g/mol
0.01 mol
molality = =0.2 m
0.05kg
Solve for
= (0.520C/m) (0.2m) =0.100C
Solve for boiling point of solution (Tsolution)
Tsolution = Tpure solvent +
= (1000C) + (0.100C) =100.100C
Sample Problem
Calculate the freezing point and boiling
point of a solution containing 478g of
ethylene glycol in 3202g of water. The
molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01g/mol
(Kb H2O = 0.520C/m; Kf H2O = 1.860C/m)
G: 478g ethylene glycol (MM = 62.01g/mol)
3202g H2O; KbH2O =0.520C/m; Kf H2O =1.860C/m
R: boiling-point & freezing-point of solution
E: (boiling point) Tsolution = Tpure solvent +
(freezing point) Tsolution = Tpure solvent -
S: Solve for the molality
478g
moles solute = =7.71mol
62.01g/mol
7.71 mol
molality = =2.41m
3.202kg
Solve for
= (0.520C/m) (2.41m) =1.250C
Solve for boiling point of solution (Tsolution)
= (1000C) + (1.250C) =101.250C
Solve for
= (1.860C/m) (2.41m) =4.480C
Solve for freezing point of solution (Tsolution)
= (00C) - (4.480C) = -4.480C
Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis is a process through which a
solvent flows through a semipermeable
membrane from a less concentrated
solution to a more concentrated one.
Osmotic pressure is the amount of
pressure required to stop osmosis.
Isotonic – two solutions are of equal
concentration
Hypotonic – more dilute solution
Hypertonic – more concentrated solution
Osmosis in Blood Cell
