Concentration Units

Prepared by: Mr. Richard L. Nocillado

Concentration of Solutions
Concentration of solution is a measure
of the amount of solute in a given
amount of solvent or solution.
One type of solution may be prepared
and expressed in different
concentration.
 Concentration Units
Different formula is used to solve the
concentration units
Concentration units are:
• Percent by mass or volume
• Mole fraction
• Molarity
• Molality
• Parts per million
Percent by Mass & by Volume
Example:
If 28.5g of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 is
dissolved in enough water to make 185g of
solution, what is the percent by mass of Ca(OH)2
in the solution?
G: 28.5g Ca(OH)2 ; 185g solution
R: percent by mass (%w/w)
E: %w/w = mass of solute x100
mass of solution
Solution: %w/w = 28.5g x100
185g
Answer: 15.41%
A wine contains 12% alcohol by volume.
Calculate the volume (in mL) of alcohol in
350mL of the wine.
G: 12% alcohol (solute);350mL wine (solution)
R: volume of solute
E: volume of solute (% v/v)(volume of solution)
=
100
S: volume of solute
= (12%)(350mL)
100

Answer: 42mL
Mole Fraction (X)
RECALL:
 Mole concept:
re
Molar mass = mass efo Mole = mass
mole her MM
t

 Calculate the molar mass

H2SO4
1.01g/mol x 2 = 2.02g/mol
32.06g/mol
16.00g/mol x 4 = 64g/mol
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98.08g/mol
Example:
Calculate the mole fraction of sulfuric acid (H 2SO4)
in 8% w/w aqueous H2SO4 solution. (molar masses:
H2SO4 = 98.08g/mol ;
H2O = 18.02g/mol)
G: 8%w/w H2SO4; MM H2SO4 = 98.08g/mol ;
MM H2O = 18.02g/mol
R: mole fraction of H2SO4 (X H2SO4)
E: X H SO =
2 4
mole of H2SO4
sum of all moles
S: Assume that the solution is 100g, thus 8%
H2SO4 = 8g of pure H2SO4 and 92% water is
equal to 92g of it.
mole H2SO4 = mass H2SO4 = 8g =0.08
MM H2SO4 98.08g/mol mol

mole H2O = mass H2O = 92g =5.11mol

MM H2O 18.02g/mol
X H2SO4 = 0.08mol
0.08mol + 5.11mol

Answer: 0.02
Example:
Calculate the mole fraction of each component
of a solution containing 65g of ethanol (C2H6O)
in 350g of water

G: 65g C2H6O; 350g of water ;

R: mole fraction of C2H6O and H2O
E: X C H O =
2 6
mole of C2H6O
sum of all moles
X H2O = mole of H2O
sum of all moles
S: MM C2H6O = 46.08g/mol;
MM H20 = 18.02g/mol

mole C2H6O = mass C2H6O = 65g =1.41

MM C2H6O 46.08g/mol mol

mole H2O = mass H2O = 350g =19.42mol

MM H2O 18.02g/mol
X C2H6O = 1.41mol = 0.07
1.41mol + 19.42mol
X H2O = 19.42mol = 0.93
1.41mol + 19.42mol
Molarity (M)
Example:
Determine the molar concentration of a
solution that contains 25g KOH in 250mL of
solution. (MM KOH = 56.01g/mol)
G: 25g KOH (MM 56.01g/mol); 250mL sol’n
R: molarity (M)
moles of solute
E: molarity =
liters of solution
25g
S: mole KOH = =0.45mol
56.01g/mol
molarity = 0.45mol =1.8M
0.25 L
Example:
Calculate the molarity of solution containing
2.80mol of C2H6O in 500mL of solution

G: 2.80mol C2H6O; 500mL sol’n

R: molarity (M)
molarity = moles of solute
E:
liters of solution
2.80mol =5.6M
S: molarity =
0.500 L
Molality (m)
Example:
Calculate the molality of a solution containing
10.8g C2H6O2 in 360g of water.

G: 10.8g C2H6O2 (MM 62.08g/mol); 360g of

water
R: molality (m)
molality = moles of solute
E:
mass of solvent (in kg)
mole C2H6O2= 10.8g =0.17mol
S: 62.08g/mol
molarity = 0.17mol =0.47m
0.36kg
Example:
Calculate the molal concentration of a solution that contains
18g NaOH in 100mL of water. (densityH2O=1.0g/mL; MM
NaOH = 40.01g/mol)

G: 18g NaOH (MM=40.01g/mol); 100mL H2O

R: molality (m)
molality = moles of solute
E:
mass of solvent (in kg)
mole NaOH= 18g =0.45mol
S: 40.01g/mol
molarity = 0.45mol =4.5m
0.1kg
Using density of water (1.0g/mL)
density = mass
volume
Mass = density x volume
mass H2O in kg
x 1kg = 0.1kg
= 1g/mL x 100mL
1000g
Parts per Million (ppm)