ES III/ADGE 1 - Final - Module 11/Week 11

Objectives: At the end of this module, you will be able to:

a. discuss and apply colligative properties to determine ways of

expressing solution concentrations.
b. perform solution stoichiometry calculations involving Molarity,
molality, Normality of solution and mole fraction.

Topics: SOLUTIONS

 Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solution

 Expressing Concentrations in mass per unit volume units,
Molarity, molality, Normality of solution
 Expressing Concentrations in mass per unit mass units, mole
fraction and mole percent of solution

SOLUTIONS
WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
1. Molarity of a solution – the number of moles of solute contained in 1 L of
solution.

Formula: wt/mass of solute

M = MW of solute__
V ( L of solution)

or M = n
V
Mass of solute = (M) ( L of solution) (MW)

Volume of solution = mass of solute

(M) (MW of solute)
Ex. Calculate the molarity of solution containing 10 g of sulfuric acid in 500 ml of
solution?

Solution: MW of H2SO4 = 1(2) + 32(1) + 16(4) = 98 g/mole

__10 g___
M= 98 g/mole
0.5 L
= 0.2 Molar or mole/L
2. Normality of Solution – the number of equivalence contained in 1 L of
solution.
Formula: wt/mass of solute
N = g-eq. MW of solute
V (L of solution)

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  g - eq. MW of solute =__ MW of solute___
product of the valence
 wt/mass of solute = (N) (V of solution) (g-eq. wt. of solute)
 V =__ wt/mass of solution___
(N) (g-eq.wt of solute)
Ex. Calculate the normality of a solution containing 2.45 g of Aluminun Sulfate in 2
L of solution?
Solution:
g-eq.wt of Al2(SO4)3 = 27(2) + 32(3) + 16(12)
6
= 57 g – eq. wt

2.45 g
N = __57 g/eq.wt___
2L
= 0.0215 eq. wt/L or Normal
3. Molality of a solution – is the number of moles of solute per kg of solvent
contained in the solution.
Formula: wt/mass of solute
m = __MW of solute___
No. of kg of solvent

Wt/mass of solute = (m)(no. of kg of solvent)(MW of solute)

Ex. What is the molality of a solution which contains 20 g of cane sugar C 12H22O11
dissolved in 125 g of H2O?
Solution: ___20 g____
M = 342 g/mole
0.0125 kg
= 0.47 mol/kg or molal

4. Mole fraction of any component of solution is defined as the number of

moles of the components in the solution.
Formula: Mole fraction of solute =_no. of moles of solute__
No. of mole of solute + no. of moles of solvent

Mole fraction of solvent =___no. of moles of solvent__

No. of moles of solute + no. of moles of solvent

Mole % of solute =___no. of moles of solute x 100 %

No. of moles of solute + no. of moles of solvent

Mole % of solvent = __no. of moles of solvent__ x 100 %

No. of moles of solute + no. of moles of solvent

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Ex. Determine the mole fraction and mole % of each component of a solution
composed of 90 g dextrose, C6H12O6 dissolved in 1000 g of water?
Given: wt/mass of C6H12O6 = 90 g
wt/mass of H2O = 1000 g
MW of C6H12O6 = 180 g/mole
MW OF H2O = 18 g/mole
Required:
Mole fraction and mole % of each component?

Solution:
No. of moles of C6H12O (solute) = __90 g___ = 0.5 mole
180 g/mole

No. of moles of water (solvent) = __1000 g___ = 55.56 mole

18 g/mole

Mole fraction C6H12O6 =no. of moles C6H12O6 = _0.5 mole_ = 0.00892

No. of mole of solute & solvent 0.5 mole + 55.56 mole

Mole fraction H2O = no. of moles H2O_= 55.56 moles = 0.991

No. of moles C6H12O6 + H2O 0.5 mole + 55.56 moles

Mole % C6H12O6 = ______0.5_____ X 100%

0.5 + 55.56
= 0.892 %
Mole % H2O = ________55.56 X 100 %
0.5 + 55.56

= 99.1 %
Student Assessment Tasks:
Solve the following problems:
1. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 16.0 g CH3OH in 200 ml of
solution?
2. What is the normality of a solution containing 7.88 g of HNO 3 per liter of
solution?
3. Determine the molality of a solution which contains 30.0 g of sugar cane,
C12H22O11 dissolved in 135 g of water?
4. Determine the mole fraction of each substance in a solution containing 36.0
g of water and 46 g of glycerin, C3H5(OH)3?

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References:

 Fundamentals of Chemistry – 4th Edition

By: Frank Brescia
John Arents
 Chemistry for Engineering Students – 2nd
Edition
By: Larry Brown
Tom Holme
 General College Chemistry – 5th Edition
By: Sienko/Plane
Websites:

https://byjus.com/jee/covalent-bond/

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Palomar_College/PC
%3A_CHEM100_-_Fundamentals_of_Chemistry/
01%3A_The_Chemical_World

https://cas.umw.edu/chemistry/course-offerings/general-chemistry/
general-chemistry-course-objectives/

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