SOLUTION AND CONCENTRATION

SOLUTION
• Many reactions occur in solution.

• A solution consists of one or more solutes dissolved in a

solvent.
 Solute, Solvent and Solution.
• It is important to distinguish between three
closely related terms solute, solvent,
and solution.
– Solute: The substance that dissolves to form a
solution
– Solvent: The substance in which a solute dissolves
– Solution : A mixture of one or more solutes dissolved
in a solvent
 Solution of CuSO4

Solution?? Solvent??

Solute ??
• It is also possible to dissolve gases such
as HCl in a liquid to form a solution such
as hydrochloric acid.

• It is even possible to dissolve gases in

solids, such as H2 in platinum metal.

• Or liquids in solids, such as mercury in

sodium to form an alloy or amalgam of the
two metals
 Examples of Solutions
Solute Solvent Solution
NaCl (s) H2O (l) NaCl (aq)
H2(g) Pt(s) H2/Pt(s)
Hg(l) Na(s) Na/Hg(s)
 Concentration

• The concentration of a solution is given by the

quantity of solute present in a given quantity
of solution.

• We need to know the concentration of the

solution, which is the ratio of the amount of
solute to the amount of either solvent or solution.
 Concentration Definitions

Concentration Term Ratio

amount (mol) of solute

Molarity (M)
volume (L) of solution

amount (mol) of solute

Molality (m)
mass (kg) of solvent

mass of solute
Parts by mass
mass of solution

volume of solute
Parts by volume
volume of solution

Mole fraction (X) amount (mol) of solute

amount (mol) of solute + amount (mol) of solvent
 Molarity

• Molarity (M) is often used to express concentration.

Molarity = moles of solute

liters of solution

mol
M=
L
 To calculate molarity:
1. Calculate the number of moles of solute
present.

2. Calculate the number of liters of solution

present.

3. Divide the number of moles of solute by the

number of liters of solution.
Example 1 Calculating the MOLARITY of a Solution

PROBLEM: What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 15.0 g

of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in enough water to make a total
of 225 mL of solution?
PLAN:
Molarity is the number of moles of
solute per liter of solution.
Mass of NaOH
divide by molar mass

mol of NaOH
divide by volume

concentration in mol/mL
103 mL = 1 L

molarity of NaOH
 1 mol NaOH
Mol of NaOH = 15.0 g NaOH x
40.0 g NaOH

= 0.375 mol

Concentration 0.375 mol NaOH x 1000 mL

NaOH in mol/L = 225 mL soln 1L

= 1.67 mol L-1

OR
= 1.67 M NaOH
Example 2 Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

PROBLEM: What is the molarity of an aqueous solution that contains

0.715 mol of glycine (H2NCH2COOH) in 495 mL?

PLAN: SOLUTION:
Molarity is the number of moles of
solute per liter of solution.
0.715 mol glycine x 1000 mL
mol of glycine
495 mL soln 1L
divide by volume
= 1.44 molL-1
concentration in mol/mL
103 mL = 1 L OR
molarity of glycine = 1.44 M glycine
Summary of mass-mole-number-volume relationships in
solution.
Example 3 Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given Volume of
Solution
PROBLEM: How many grams of solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M
sodium monohydrogen phosphate buffer solution?

PLAN: Calculate the moles of solute using the volume of solution

given molarity and volume. Convert multiply by M
moles to mass using the molar mass of
the solute. moles of solute
multiply by M

SOLUTION: grams of solute

1.75 L x 0.460 moles

= 0.805 mol Na2HPO4
1L

0.805 mol Na2HPO4 x 141.96 g Na2HPO4

= 114 g Na2HPO4
1 mol Na2HPO4
Exercise:

What volume of 1.25 M NaOH(aq) is needed in order to give

3.45 g of NaOH?

Answer: 68.8 L
 How many grams of CuSO46H2O
would be required to prepare
2.50 x 102 mL 0.100 M CuSO4 (aq) ?

Answer: 6.25 g
 Preparation of molar solutions from solid reagent in Laboratory

1 2 3

weigh mass of Transfer solid to a beaker and Transfer the solution into
solid (solute) dissolve in a small amount of volumetric flask
solvent

4 5 6

use the dropper to get

Add solvent the correct of Invert the flask 10-15
calibration mark times
Preparation of stock solution from liquid reagent in Laboratory

• e.g. In market, HCl reagent is found as

a concentrated liquid

How to
determine the
molarity of
concentrated HCl
 • Use the information labelled on the reagent
bottle

1. w/w (weight by weight ) Generally 37%

2. Molar weight 36.46 g/mol
3. Density 1.18 g/ml
PROBLEM: Calculate the molarity (M) of hydrochloric acid (37% w/w)?

%w/w

Mass (g) of HCl in 100 g

X density of HCl (g/mL)
37 g HCl 1.18 g
Mass (g) of HCl in 1 mL x = 0.437 g/ml HCl
100 g HCl 1 mL
 molar mass of HCl (g/mol)
0.437 g HCl 1 mol 1000 mL
Molarity (mol/L) x x
mL 36.46 g 1L

= 11.99 mol/L

Molarity (M) of hydrochloric acid (37% w/w) is  12 M

concentrated solution and
dilute solution.
Converting a concentrated solution to
a dilute solution.
Example 4 Preparing a Dilute Solution from a
Concentrated Solution
PROBLEM: “Isotonic saline” is a 0.15 M aqueous solution of NaCl. How
would you prepare 0.80 L of isotonic saline from a 6.0 M stock
solution?
PLAN: To dilute a concentrated solution, we add only solvent, so the moles
of solute are the same in both solutions. The volume and molarity of
the dilute solution gives us the moles of solute. Then we calculate
the volume of concentrated solution that contains the same number
of moles.
volume of dilute soln
multiply by M of dilute soln
moles of NaCl in dilute soln =
mol NaCl in concentrated soln
divide by M of concentrated soln

L of concentrated soln
 Mdil x Vdil = # mol solute = Mconc x Vconc

SOLUTION:
Using the volume and molarity for the dilute solution:

0.80 L soln x 0.15 mol NaCl = 0.12 mol NaCl

1 L soln

Using the moles of solute and molarity for the concentrated solution:

0.12 mol NaCl x 1 L soln

= 0.020 L soln
6.0 mol NaCl

A 0.020 L portion of the concentrated solution must be diluted to

a final volume of 0.80 L.
Example 5 Calculating MOLALITY

PROBLEM: What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 32.0

g of CaCl2 in 271 g of water?

PLAN: Molality is defined as moles of solute (CaCl2) divided by kg of

solvent (H2O). We convert the mass of CaCl2 to moles using the
molar mass, and then divide by the mass of H2O, being sure to
convert from grams to kilograms.

mass (g) of CaCl2

divide by M of (g/mol)

amount (mol) of CaCl2

divide by kg of water

molality (m) of CaCl2 solution

 SOLUTION:

Molality CaCl2 = mol CaCl2 / kg H2O

1 mol CaCl2
mol CaCl2 = 32.0 g CaCl2 x = 0.288 mol CaCl2
110.98 g CaCl2

0.288 mol CaCl2

Molality CaCl2 = = 1.06 m CaCl2
1 kg
271 g H2O x
103 g H2O
 Example 6 Expressing Concentrations in Parts by Mass,
Parts by Volume, and Mole Fraction

PROBLEM: (a) Find the concentration of calcium (in ppm) in a 3.50-g pill
that contains 40.5 mg of Ca.
(b) The label on a 0.750-L bottle of Italian chianti indicates
“11.5% alcohol by volume.” How many liters of alcohol
does the wine contain?
(c) A sample of rubbing alcohol contains 142 g of isopropyl
alcohol (C3H7OH) and 58.0 g of water. What are the mole
fractions of alcohol and water?
PLAN: (a) We convert mg to g of Ca2+, find the mass ratio of Ca2+ to pill
and multiply by 106.
(b) We know the volume % of the alcohol and the total volume, so
we can find the volume of alcohol.
(c) We convert g of solute and solvent to moles in order to
calculate the mole fractions.
SOLUTION:
1g
40.5 mg Ca2+ x
(a) 103 mg
x 106 = 1.16x104 ppm Ca2+
3.5 g

11.5 L alcohol
(b) 0.750 L chianti x = 0.0862 L alcohol
100. L chianti

(c)
moles isopropyl alcohol = 142 g x 1 mole
= 2.36 mol C3H7OH
60.09 g
moles water = 58.0 g x 1 mole
= 3.22 mol H2O
18.02 g
 2.36 mol C2H8O2
X C3H7OH = = 0.423
2.36 mol C3H7OH + 3.22 mol H2O

X = 3.22 mol H2O

H2O = 0.577
2.36 mol C3H7OH + 3.22 mol H2O
Example 7 Interconverting Concentration Terms

PROBLEM: Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidizing agent used in

concentrated solution in rocket fuels and in dilute solution as
a hair bleach. An aqueous solution H2O2 is 30.0% by mass and
has a density of 1.11 g/mL. Calculate its
(a) Molality (b) Mole fraction of H2O2 (c) Molarity

PLAN: (a) To find the mass of solvent we assume the % is per 100 g of
solution. Take the difference in the mass of the solute and
solution for the mass of peroxide.
(b) Convert g of solute and solvent to moles before finding X.
(c) Use the density to find the volume of the solution.
SOLUTION:
(a) From mass % to molality:
g of H2O = 100.0 g solution - 30.0 g H2O2 = 70.0 g H2O
1 mol H2O2
mol solute H2O2 = 30.0 g H2O2 x = 0.882 mol H2O2
34.02 g H2O2

1 kg
Mass solvent H2O = 70.0 g = 70.0 g x
103 g

0.882 mol H2O2

molality = = 12.6 m H2O2
70.0 g x 1 kg
103 g
(b) From mass % to mole fraction:

1 mol H2O
70.0 g H2O x = 3.88 mol H2O
18.02 g H2O
X = 0.882 mol H2O2
H2O2 = 0.185
3.88 mol H2O + 0.882 mol H2O2

(c) From mass % and density to molarity:

1 mL
volume (mL) of solution = 100.0 g x 1.11 g = 90.1 mL

mol H2O2 0.882 mol H2O2

molarity = = = 9.79 M H2O2
L soln 90.1 mL x 1 L soln
103 mL
 EXPERIMENT 3
PREPARATION OF SOLUTION
A. Preparation of stock solution: 0.20 M copper
sulphate.

• You need to prepare a solution of 100 mL, 0.20 M copper

sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) with the aid of glassware
equipment.

• Calculate the mass (g) of copper sulphate that

need to be weighed by completing question 2
in worksheet Experiment 3, Part A before
prepare the solution.
 1. Complete the table as below.

Molarity of copper sulphate (M) 0.2

Volume of volumetric flask (mL) 100

Molar mass of copper sulphate,

CuSO4.5H2O (g/mol) 63.546 + 32.065 + 4(16.000) + 5(18.016)
= 249.691
Mol of copper sulphate
MV/1000 =
2. Calculate mass (g) of copper sulphate that need to be weighed
for preparing 100 mL of 0.20 M CuSO4.

mol = mass* / molar mass

Mass (g) = mol x molar mass (g/mol)

• Since mol of 0.20 M CuSO4 is 0.020; and molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O is

249.691 g/mol, thus:

• Mass (g) of CuSO4 need to be weighed:

0.020 mol x 249.691 g/mol = 4.9938 g
4.9938 g
 maniscus

Volumetric flask
 Preparation of molar solutions from solid reagent in Laboratory

1 2 3

weigh mass of Transfer solid to a beaker and Transfer the solution into
solid (solute) dissolve in a small amount of volumetric flask
solvent

4 5 6

use the dropper to get

Add solvent the correct of Invert the flask 10-15
calibration mark times
3. Briefly explain the steps during the preparation of solution
from solid copper sulphate with appropriate diagram.
A. Preparation of stock solution: 0.20 M copper
sulphate.

• You need to prepare a solution of 100 mL, 0.20 M copper

sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) with the aid of glassware
equipment.

• Calculate the mass (g) of copper sulphate that

need to be weighed by completing question 2
in worksheet Experiment 3, Part A before
prepare the solution.
B. Dilution of 0.20 M copper(II) sulphate

• You need to prepare a solution of 0.05 M and 0.01 M

using 50 mL volumetric flask from the stock solution in
Part A (0.20 M copper sulphate).

Stock solution: 0.20 M Diluted solution: 0.050 M

 How we transfer from stock solution to the
new volumetric flask?

How to calculate the volume that need to be transferred

from stock solution?

Stock solution: 0.20 M Diluted solution: 0.050 M

 M 1V1 = M 2V2

• M1 = molarity of stock solution OR molarity before dilution

• M2 = molarity of diluted solution
• V1 = volume need to be pipetted from stock
• V2 = Volume of volumetric flask (mL) used for dilution

1. Complete the table as below

• M1 = 0.20 M
• M2 = 0.050 M
50 ml
• V1 = ?
Stock solution: 0.20 M Diluted solution: 0.050 M • V2 = 50 ml
 2. Calculate volume (mL) that need to be pipetted from stock
solution by completing question 2 in worksheet Experiment 3,
Part B before start your dilution.

𝑴2 𝑽2 0.05 𝑴 ×50 𝒎𝒍
𝑽 1= 𝑽 1= =12.5 𝒎𝒍
𝑴1 0.20 𝑴

12.5 ml need to be transferred

from stock solution using…?

50 ml

Stock solution: 0.20 M Diluted solution: 0.050 M

3. Briefly explain the steps during the dilution
preparation from stock solution with appropriate
diagram.
C. Preparation of stock solution: 0.5 M Hydrochloric
acid (37% w/w), HCl.

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