SOLUTION

Reny Rosalina, M.Si

 Definition
A solution is a homogeneous mixture, a mixture in which the components are uniformly intermingled (a sample
from one part is the same as a sample from any other part)

Solvent : The substance present in the largest amount

solution
Solutes : the other substance or substances, the smaller amounts.

solution can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid

Solubility

Glucose molecules
 Principle of solubility : Like dissolves Like

Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are

likely to be soluble in each other.

• non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents

CCl4 in C6H6
• polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
C2H5OH in H2O
• ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents
NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)

1
Composition of Solution
An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to
dissolve at a specific temperature.
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will
dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature.
A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated
solution at a specific temperature.
Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is
added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.

12.1
Concentration Units
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
 Concentration Units Continued

Percent by Mass
mass of solute
% by mass = x 100%
mass of solute + mass of solvent
mass of solute x 100%
=
mass of solution

A solution is prepared by mixing 1.00 g of ethanol, C2H5OH, with 100.0 g of water. Calculate the mass
percent of ethanol in this solution.
 Mole Fraction (X)
moles of A
XA =
sum of moles of all components

n terlarut
X terlarut =
n terlarut + n pelarut
n pelarut X terlarut + X pelarut = 1
X pelarut =
n terlarut + n pelarut

Contoh : sebanyak 2 mol urea terdapat dalam 8 mol air,maka :

2
X terlarut (urea) = = 0,2
2 + 8

8
X pelarut (air) = = 0,8
2 + 8
Concentration Units Continued

Molarity (M)

moles of solute
M =
liters of solution

Molality (m)

moles of solute
m =
mass of solvent (kg)

12.3
 What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH, Mr : 46)
solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL?

moles of solute moles of solute

m = M =
mass of solvent (kg) liters of solution

Assume 1 L of solution:
5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol
927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL)

mass of solvent = mass of solution – mass of solute

= 927 g – 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg

moles of solute 5.86 moles C2H5OH

m = = = 8.92 m
mass of solvent (kg) 0.657 kg solvent

12.3
 Normality (N)
The use of normality focuses mainly on the H and OH available in an acid–base reaction
One equivalent of an acid is the amount of that acid that can furnish 1 mole of H ions
One equivalent of a base is defined as the amount of that base that can furnish 1 mole of OH ions
The equivalent weight of an acid or a base is the mass in grams of 1 equivalent (equiv) of that acid or base

1 mol HCl =1 equiv HCl 1 mol H2SO4 = 2 equiv H2SO4

Molar mass (HCl) = equivalent weight (HCl) Equivalent weight (H2SO4) = ½ molar mass (H2SO4)

1 mol HNO3 = 1 equiv HNO3

Molar mass (HNO3) = equivalent weight (HNO3)

Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 ,Calculate the equivalent weight of H3PO4 (MW : 98)
Normality (N) is defined as the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

Number of equivalen : m/Equivalent weight

Normality = equivalent x M

A solution of sulfuric acid contains 86 g of H 2SO4 per liter of solution. Calculate the normality of this solution.
 Dilution:
V1M1 = V2 M2 Mixture Concentration:
M Mix = V1 M1 + V2M2

(V1 . N1)pekat = (V2 . N2)encer V1 + V 2

(V1 . M1)pekat = (V2 . M2)encer

(V1 . %1)pekat = (V2 . %2)encer

What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid must be used to

prepare 1.5 L of a 0.10 M H2SO4 solution?
Solution Stoichiometry: Calculating Mass of Reactants and Products

Calculate the mass of solid NaCl that must be added to 1.50 L of a 0.100 M AgNO3 solution to precipitate all of
the Ag ions in the form of AgCl. Calculate the mass of AgCl formed.

Answer:
The reaction
AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3

Ag+ + Cl-  AgCl

Calculate the moles of reactants.

Remember that a 0.100 M AgNO3 solution contains 0.100 M Ag ions and 0.100 M NO3 ions.
Calculate the moles of Cl required.

Ag+ + Cl-  AgCl

We have 0.150 mole of Ag ions and, because one Ag ion reacts with one Cl ion, we need 0.150 mole of Cl,

Convert to grams of NaCl required. The mass of AgCl formed is

Exercise
Calculate the percent by mass of the solute in each of these aqueous solutions:
(a) 5.50 g of NaBr in 78.2 g of solution
(b) 31.0 g of KCl in 152 g of water
(c) 4.5 g of toluene in 29 g of benzene.
Although milk is not a true solution (it is really a suspension of tiny globules of fat, protein, and other substrates in water),
it does contain a dissolved sugar called lactose. Cow’s milk typically contains 4.5% by mass of lactose, C 12H22O11.
Calculate the mass of lactose present in 175 g of milk.

Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 11.5 g of solid NaOH in enough water to make 1.50 L of
solution

Calculate the normality of a solution containing 23.6 g of Ca(OH) 2 (Ar Ca:40. O:16, H:1) in 755 mL of solution.

A laboratory assistant needs to prepare 225 mL of 0.150 M CaCl2 solution. How many grams of calcium
chloride will she need?

The density of a 4.86 M aqueous solution of methanol (CH3OH) is 0.973 g/mL. What is the molality of the solution? The
molar mass of methanol is 32.04 g.

How much water must be added to 500. mL of 0.200 M HCl to produce a 0.150 M solution?
 Sifat Larutan Elektrolit Kuat, Elektrolit Lemah dan Non
Elektrolit
Jenis Jenis Zat Terlarut Tes Nyala Tes Elektroda
Larutan Lampu
Elektrolit Senyawa ion (lelehan dan larutan) Terang Terbentuk
kuat Contoh: garam banyak
Senyawa kovalen polar (larutan) gelembung gas
Contoh: asam kuat dan basa kuat
Senyawa tersebut dapat terionisasi dengan
sempurna (α = 1)

Elektrolit Senyawa kovalen polar (larutan) Redup Terbentuk

Lemah Contoh: asam lemah dan basa lemah sedikit
Senyawa tersebut dapat terionisasi dengan gelembung gas
sebagian (0 < α < 1)

Non Senyawa kovalen non polar Tidak Tidak

Elektrolit Contoh: gula, alkohol, urea, dll menyala terbentuk
Senyawa tersebut tidak dapat terionisasi (α = 0) gelembung gas
Syarat Larutan Elektrolit

dapat terurai menjadi ion

positif dan ion negatif

Ion-ion positif dan negatif

dapat bergerak dan
menimbulkan arus listrik
Mengapa padatan senyawa ion tidak bersifat elektrolit?

Dipanaskan (menjadi leburan) /

Dilarutakan (menjadi larutan)

Solid
terurai menjadi
ion-ion nya

Ion-ion inilah yang bergerak dan

menghantarkan arus listrik