PROPERTIES OF WATER

Properties of water was used

Freezing Point/Melting point of water: 0°C in comparison to other physical
Boiling point of water: 100°C properties of most substances
Density of water at room temp. 1.00 g/mL

Chemical properties: polar covalent compound as explained by EN differences

among its atoms. And neutral based on the following ions and species present in its
aqueous form:
H2O H+ + OH-
acid conjugate base conjugate
Types of Solutions:
1. Unsaturated – enough solvent to dissolve the solute at room temperature.
2. Saturated – the solvent can no longer dissolved fully the solute and needs the aid
of higher temperature.
3. Supersaturated – the solvent and presence of heat can no longer dissolve the
remaining solute.

Factors affecting solubility of solute in water:

1. Temperature
2. Amount solute
3. Pressure
4. Particle size of the solute

Solutions and determining its concentrations:

mass of solute
% by mass = x 100
mass of solute∧solvent (mass of solution)

volume of solute weight of the substance

% by volume = x 100 moles = =
total volume ofthe solution molecular wt . substance
unit ∈grams
unit∈ grams/mole

moles of substance A
Mole fraction =
mole of Substance A+ mole of Substance B+… ..

moles of solute
Molarity (M) = expressed as mol/L
total volume of the solution ( L)

moles of solute
Molality (m) = expressed as mole/Kg of solvent (water)
mass of the solvent only( Kg)

Normality is also expressed as eq. mole/L

 moles of solute
Normality (N) = total volume of solution( L) = moles of solute x eq .
total V of solution
equivalent of H ∨OH ions
N = M x eq
Determine equivalents of H+ or OH-
Ex. NaOH – only 1 OH- = 1
Mg(OH)2 – has 2 OH -
= 2
Al(OH)3 – has 3 OH- = 3
HCl – only H +
= 1
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) = 2
HNO3 (nitric acid) = 1
H2CO3 (carbonic acid) = 2
H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) = 3

Sample Problem
1. How much in grams present in 1liter of 70% ethyl alcohol (Density of ethanol =
0.79 g/mL)? ethanol is C2H5OH = (12x2=24 + 6x1=6 + 16x1=16) = 46 g/mole
Given: total volume = 1 liter = 1,000 mL
% solute = 70% ethanol
Density of solute = 0.79 g/mL
Since 70% in 1000 mL = 0.7 x 1000 = 700 mL and D= mass/volume
0.79 g
Hence; mass = Density x Volume = 700 mL x = 553 g
mL
The volume of water = 300 mL = 300 g ; thus total volume of 1 L solution or 70%
ethanol = 300 g + 553 g = 853 g

2. What is the mole fraction of the solute and solvent based on problem # 1?
Need to determine mole of ethanol (solute) = mole of A
 Mole of water = mole of B

553 g 300 g
Mole of A = = 12.02 mole s Mole of B = = 16.67
46 g/mole 18 g /mole
moles

Total mole fraction = mole fraction of A + mole fraction B = 1.00

12.02 moles
Mole fraction of A = = 0.4190 for ethanol
12.02moles +16.67 moles

Mole fraction of B = 1.00 – 0.4190 = 0.581 for water

3. Determine the molarity of 1% HCl prepared in 100 mL of solution (D of HCl = 1.2

g/mL).
1.2 g
Since 1% HCl is % by volume; 1 mL of HCl therefore = 1 mL x = 1.2 g HCl
mL
Mol. Wt. HCl = 36.45 g/mole
Recall:
wt
moles of solute n wt
Molarity (M) = = = mol wt =
total volume of the solution ( L) V V x mol wt
V

1.2 g
M= = 0.3292 mol/L = 0.3292 M
0.1 L x 36.45 g/mole

4. How much grams of sucrose (C12H22O11) is present in half kilogram of solution

containing 35% solute?
(12 x 12 = 144) for C + (22) for H + (11 x 16 = 176) = 342 g/mol
Total mass of solution = 500 g = mass of solute + mass of water (solvent)
For solute = 500 g x 0.35 = 175 g of sucrose and for water = 500 – 175 = 325 g
wt
n wt 175 g
Molality (m) = = mol wt = =
Kg Kg x mol wt 0.325 Kg x 342 g/mol
Kg

Molality (m) = 1.5744 mole/Kg = 1.5744 molal or m

5. What is the normality and molarity of phosphoric acid (H 3PO4) present found in
500 mL beverage as it contains 2%? (Density = 1.6845 g/mL)
Molar mass of H3PO4 = 97.99 g/mol or 98 g/mol
Vol. of H3PO4 = 500 mL x 0.02 = 10 mL x 1.6845 g/mL = 16.845 g

wt 16.845 g
Molarity (M) = V x mol wt = 0.5 L x 98 g /mol = 0.3438 M

Normality = M x eq = 0.3438 mol/L x 3 = 1.0313 N

ACIDS, BASES and SALTS
Acid – pH of less than 7
Base – pH of greater than 7

Salt – it the product of neutralization of acid and base

Concepts of Acids and Bases

Concept Acid Base
Arrhenius any substance that yields H+ any substance that yields OH-
ex. HCl, CH3COOH, H2CO3, ex. NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3
HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4 Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, KOH
Bronsted – Lowry Proton donor (since it yields H+) Proton acceptor
since H+-simplest NH3 does not give of its H atom,
proton instead it accepts H atom to
form: NH3 + H+ -- NH4+
NH3 + H2O -- NH4OH
NH4OH ---NH4+ + OH-
Conjugate acid & base
Lewis Electron pair acceptor Electron pair donor
According to him, As it releases H+, automatically H2O <----> H+ + OH-
electrons were the it gets the electron coming from Conjugate acid & base
ones involved in the hydrogen ion which is
chemical reactions released

Ionization and strength of acid, bases and salts – if 100% ionized for strong acid and
bases.
Strong Acids and Strong Bases are all inorganic substances
Ex. For Strong Acid – HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4
For weak acid – acetic acid (CH3COOH) though H+ was yielded bud the CH3COO-
does not produce strong ions like inorganic substances do.

Ex. For Strong Base – metal containing OH-

NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3
For Weak Base – non-metal containing OH -
Ex. NH4OH <-----------> NH3 + H2O

Inorganic Salts are all strong electrolytes

Neutral Salt is the product of strong acid and strong base. pH = 7.00
Ex. NaCl ---------- Na+ + Cl-

Acidic Salt is the product of weak base and strong acid pH < 7.00
Ex. NH4Cl --------- NH3 + HCl
Weak base strong acid
Basic Salt is the product of strong base and weak acid
Ex. NaCH3COO + H2O ----------- NaOH + CH3COOH
Basic salt strong base weak acid

 Strong acids and strong bases are 100% ionized – strong electrolytes
 Inorganic salts are also strong electrolytes
 But substances containing organic substances are weak or almost non-
electrolytes.

Colligative properties of solutions:

1. Boiling point elevation – addition of solute to increase the boiling point of solution.
e.g. adding glycerol or ethylene glycol as engine coolant in the radiator of
automobiles
2. Freezing point depression – addition of solute to lower the freezing of solution.
e.g. putting reagents on refrigerants to avoid fluid to solidify inside refrigerant.
3. Osmosis – fluid passes through a semipermeable membrane (biological cells)
e.g. inside the cell %salt is around 0.9% - consuming salty foods, %salt
solution surrounding our cells becomes higher, therefore it will attract more
water inside cell as water inside the cell decreases and our cell shrinks.
4. Osmotic Pressure/Reverse Osmosis – application of pressure for the solute to
settle down and which will be on the upper portion will the solvent (with lower
density).

Sample problem for mole fraction:

a. 5 grams of salt (NaCl) was dissolved in 45 ml or 45 g of water to prepare salt

solution (saline solution). Determine their mole fractions.
b. Accidentally another 5 grams of solute was added but this time it was sucrose
(C12H11O22) was added on the solute. Determine now the new mole fractions of
the 3 substances in the solution.

5g
moles A = = 0.0856 moles
58.44 g /mol

45 g
moles B = = 2.5000 moles
18 g /mol

0.0856 moles
XA = = 0.0331
(0.0856+ 2.5000)moles
 2.5000 moles
XB = = 0.9669
(0.0856+ 2.5000)moles

5g
moles C = = 0.0146 moles
342.3 g /mol

0.0856 moles
XA = = 0.0329
(0.0856+ 2.5000+ 0.0146)moles
2.5000 moles
XB = = 0.9615
(0.0856+ 2.5000+ 0.0146)moles
XC = 1.0000 – 0.9615 – 0.0329 = 0.0056

Calculations for grams and mole relationship

1. KClO3 ---------------- KCl + 3/2 O2

2KClO3 ------------- 2KCl + 3O2

1.65 moles KClO3 --------- moles O2

3 moles of O 2
1.65 moles KClO3 x = moles of O2
2moles of KClO 3
2. ______ moles of KClO3 in 3 moles of KCl
Ratio and proportion is 2:2 is like 1:1

3. Fe3+ + O2 -------------- Fe2O3

4Fe3+ + 3O2 ------------ 2Fe2O3

0.275 moles Fe3+ to produce _______ moles of Fe2O3

2 moles of Fe 2 O3
0.275 moles Fe3+ x = 0.1375 moles of Fe2O3
4 moles of Fe3+ ¿ ¿

4. ______ grams of Fe2O3 when 42.7 g Fe3+ is reacted

4Fe3+ + 3O2 ------------ 2Fe2O3
55.845 g/mol 32 g/mol 159.69 g/mol
¿ 2 moles of Fe 2 O3 159.69 g Fe 2O 3
42.7 g Fe3+ x 1 mol Fe 3+ 55.845 g Fe 3+¿ ¿ ¿ x x
4 moles of Fe3+ ¿ ¿ 1 mole Fe 2 O3
= 61.05 g Fe2O3

5. _________ moles of Fe3+ produced in 50 g O2

4Fe3+ + 3O2 ------------ 2Fe2O3

50 g
_______ moles
 1mol O 2 4 mol Fe 3+ ¿ ¿
50 g O2 x x 3 mol O 2 = 2.08 moles Fe
3+
32 g O2

Limiting and Excess Reagent

35 grams of nail (Fe2+) was reacted to 50 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (Density

= 1.2 g/mL).
a. How much mol of iron and HCl is present in the reaction
b. Which between the nail and HCl was consumed or all converted to product?
c. Which between the 2 remained?
d. How much grams of the excess reagent (compound) is present?

Fe2+ + 2HCl ----------- FeCl2 + H2

55.845 g/mol 36.46 g/mol 126.75 g/mol 2 g/mol
35 g 60 g
¿
mol Fe = 35 g Fe x 1 mol Fe 2+ 55.845 g Fe 2+¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.6267 mol Fe2+
2+ 2+

1 mol HCl
mol HCl = 60 g HCl x = 1.6456 mol HCl
36.46 g HCl

36.46 g HCl
0.3922 mol HCl x = 14.2996 g HCl
1 mol HCl