SHS STEM

CHAPTER 4:
SOLUTIONS
 SOLUTIONS
01 02 03

Definition Composition Types

04 05 06

Concentration Solubility Calculation

 RESOURCES

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 SHS STEM

CHAPTER 4:
SOLUTIONS
Calculations
Calculations Involving SOLUTIONS

o Percent by Volume o Molarity

o Percent by Mass o Molality

o Percent by Mass/Volume o Mole Fraction

o Normality

o Dilution
Percent by Mass
o One of the methods of making a mixture with a
specific composition is to measure the masses of
each of the parts and express the concentration as a
percentage of the solute in the entire mixture.
o This method is especially useful for mixtures of solids
like alloys.
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%mass = 𝑥 100 = x 100
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Percent by Volume
o Solutions formed from two liquids are often expressed as
volume percent with respect to the solute.
o The volume percent is the volume of a liquid in 100 mL of a
solution.
volume of 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%volume = 𝑥 100
total volume of solution
Percent by Mass/Volume
o This method expresses concentrations as grams of solute per
100 mL of solution.

mass (g) of 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

%mass/vol = 𝑥 100
volume (mL) of solution
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
An ethanol-water solution is prepared by dissolving 35.0 mL of ethanol,
(density = 0.789 g/mL), in a sufficient volume of water to produce 250.0
mL of solution with a density of 0.982 g/mL . What is the concentration of
ethanol in this solution expressed as (a) volume percent; (b) mass percent;
(c) mass/volume percent?

Given:
Rqd:
Soln:
(Box the final Answer)
Molarity (M) (molar) (mol/L)
o Molarity refers to the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution. It is expressed in moles/liter.

1. M = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2. Moles = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

3. Express volume of solution in liters, 𝑉

SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
To prevent dehydration, intravenous (IV) solution is given to
hospital patients. Commonly used are solutions containing sodium
chloride and glucose. A 150.0 mL IV solution contains 6.60 grams of
glucose (C6H12O6). What is the molarity of this solution? The molar
mass of glucose is 180 g/mol.
Solution:
Molarity

150.0 mL IV soln
6.60 g glucose
180 g/mol glucose
Mass of Solute
Moles of the solute =
Molar Mass of Solute

6.60 g glucose

180 g/mol glucose

= 0.0366 mol glucose

Solution:
Molarity

150.0 mL IV soln
6.60 g glucose
180 g/mol glucose
mol of solute
Molarity (M) =
L of Soln

0.0366 mol

0.150 L

=0.244 M
=0.244 mol/L
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
How do we prepare 300.0 mL of a 0.2 0 M aqueous solution of
NaOH?
Given:
0.20 M
300 mL ~ 0.3 L
Rqd:
mass of solute?
Formula:
mol of solute
Molarity (M) =
L of Soln
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
How do we prepare 300.0 mL of a 0.2 0 M aqueous solution of
NaOH?
Given:
0.20 M
300 mL ~ 0.3 L
Formula:
Moles of Solute = (Molarity) x (L of soln)
(0.20 M) x (0.3 L)

= 0.060 mol
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
How do we prepare 300.0 mL of a 0.20 M aqueous solution of NaOH?
Given:
0.20 M
300 mL ~ 0.3 L 40 g NaOH
0.06 mol 0.06 mol NaOH x = 2.4 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH
Molar Mass
Na = 23 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol
H= 1 g/mol

40 g/mol NaOH
Molality (m) (molal) (mol/kg)
o A molal solution (m) is one that contains one mole of solute in
1000 g (1 kg) of solvent.
mol of solute
Molality (m) =
kg of solvent

o Since moles of solute = grams/molecular mass (g/mole) and

substituting from the first formula.
grams of solute
Molality (m) =
molar mass x kg of solvent
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
A 15 g rams of H2SO4 is dissolved in 500 g of water. What is the
molality of the solution?
Given:
15 g
500 g ~ 0.5 kg
Rqd:
molality = ?
Formula:
grams of solute
Molality (m) =
molar mass x kg of solvent
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
A 15 g rams of H2SO4 is dissolved in 500 g of water. What is the
molality of the solution?
grams of solute
Given: Molality (m) =
molar mass x kg of solvent
15 g
15 g
500 g ~ 0.5 kg
Rqd: 98 g/mol x 0.5 kg
molality = ?
Formula: = 0.3 m
grams of solute
Molality (m) =
molar mass x kg of solvent
Mole Fraction (1)
o The mole fraction of a substance in solution is the number of
moles of that substance divided by the sum of the number of
moles of the solvent and solute.
o It represents the ratio of the particles in solution.

moles of substance
Mole Fraction =
moles of solute + moles of solvent
SAMPLE PROBLEM #5
A solution was prepared by dissolving 100.0 grams of NaCl in 900.0 grams
of water. What are the mole fractions of the components of the solution?

Given:
mass of solute= 100.0 g NaCl
mass of solvent= 900.0 g H20
Rqd:
mole fraction?
Formula:
moles of substance
Mole Fraction =
moles of solute + moles of solvent
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #5
Molar Mass
molar mass of solute= 58 g/mol NaCl
molar mass of solvent= 18 g/mol H20
SOLUTE
1 mol NaCl
100.0 g NaCl = =1.724 mol NaCl
58 g NaCl

SOLVENT
1 mol H2O
900.0 g H2O = =50.00 mol H2O
58 g H2O
SAMPLE PROBLEM #5

SOLUTE
1.724 mol NaCl
Mole Fraction = =0.03333 mol
1.724 mol NaCl + 50.00 mol H2O

SOLVENT
50.00 mol H2O
Mole Fraction = =0.9667 mol
1.724 mol NaCl + 50.00 mol H2O
 Normality (N) (eq/L)
o Normality (N) refers to the number of equivalent of solute per
liter of solution.
o One equivalent (gram equivalent weight (GEW) of a substance is
the weight (1), which (as an acid) contains 1 mole of replaceable
hydrogen; or (2) which (as base) reacts with 1 mole of hydroxide.
o Equivalent weight for:
Molar mass
GEW (acids)=
No. of replaceable H

Molar Mass
GEW (bases) =
No. of replaceable OH
Normality (N) (eq/L)
o Normality (N) refers to the number of equivalent of solute per
liter of solution.
equivalents (eq)
Normality (N) =
L of Soln

o Since equivalents = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠/GEW, substitute from the above

formula

grams of solute
Normality (N) =
GEW x L of Soln
SAMPLE PROBLEM #6
Calculate the normality (N) of a solution containing 2.45 g of H2SO4 in
2.0 L of solution.

Given:
mass of solute= 2.45 g H2SO4
L of soln= 2.0 L

Rqd:
Normality=?
SAMPLE PROBLEM #6
Soln:
Molar Mass of H2SO4 = 98 g/mol
1 mol of H2SO4 contains TWO (2) atoms of replaceable
Hydrogen.
Molar mass
GEW (acids)=
No. of replaceable H

98 g/mol
GEW (acids)=
2 mol/eq

= 49 g/eq
SAMPLE PROBLEM #6
Soln:
mass of solute= 2.45 g H2SO4
L of soln= 2.0 L
GEW= 49 g/eq
grams of solute
Normality (N) =
GEW x L of Soln

2.45 g H2SO4

49 g/eq x 2.0 L

= 0.025 eq/L
 Dilution
o Dilution is the process whereby the concentration of a solution is
lessened by the addition of solvent.
o Dilution is also a common means of preparing solutions of a
desired concentration. By adding solvent to a measured portion
of a more concentrated stock solution, we can achieve a
particular concentration.
o Dilution calculations can be performed using the formula:
𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2
o Where M is for the molarity or the concentration and V is for the
volume (mL or L).
SAMPLE PROBLEM #7
A 0.6 M HCl was diluted to a final volume of 500 mL. (a) If the new
concentration is 0.24 M, what was the original volume of the
solution? (b) How much water was added to make this happen?
Given:
M1 = 0.6 M HCl
M2 = 0.24 M HCl
V2= 500 mL
Rqd:
(a) Original Volume (V1) = ?
(b) amount of water added=?
SAMPLE PROBLEM #7
Soln:
M1 = 0.6 M HCl
M2 = 0.24 M HCl
V2= 500 mL 𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2

𝑀2 𝑉2
𝑉1 =
𝑀1
0.24 M HCl x 500 mL

0.6 M HCl

= 200 mL
 SHS STEM

CHAPTER 4:
SOLUTIONS
Calculations