Concentration of Solution

Solvent Solute
 Concentration of Solution

Moles of solute Mol

(M) = =
•Molarity Liter of solution L
amount of solute (g or ml)
= amount of solution (g or ml) (10 2
) or (10 6
) or (10 9
)
•Parts ratio

•Mole Fraction
()= Total moles of solution
Moles of solute

Moles of solute
•Molality (m) = Kilograms of solvent
 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 1

12.6 g of NaCl are dissolved in water making

344mL of solution. Calculate the molar
concentration.

 1molNaCl 
12.6 g NaCl  
moles solute  58.44 gNaCl 
M= =
L solution  1L 
344 mL   solution
 1000mL 
= 0.627 M NaCl
 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 2

How many moles of NaCl are contained in 250.mL

of solution with a concentration of 1.25 M?

moles solute therefore the

M= solution contains
L solution
 1L  1.25 mol NaCl
250. mL   = 0.250 L solution
 1000mL  1 L solution
Volume x concentration = moles solute
 1.25 mol NaCl 
0.250 L solution   = 0.313 mol NaCl
 1 L solution 
 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 3

What volume of solution will contain 15 g of NaCl

if the solution concentration is 0.75 M?

moles solute therefore the

M= solution contains
L solution
 1 mol NaCl  0.75 mol NaCl
15 g NaCl   = 0.257 mol
 58.44 g NaCl  1 L solution
moles solute ÷ concentration = volume solution
 1 L solution 
0.257 mol NaCl  = 0.34 L solution
 0.75 mol NaCl 
 % Concentration

mass solute
• % (w/w) = x 100
mass solution

mass solute
x 100
volume solution
• % (w/v) =

volume solute
x 100
volume solution

• % Mass
(v/v) =and volume units must match.
(g & mL) or (Kg & L)
 % Concentration
Example Problem 1
What is the concentration in %w/v of a solution containing 39.2 g
of potassium nitrate in 177 mL of solution?
mass solute 39.2 g
% (w/v) =  100  100 = 22.1 % w/v
volume solution 177 mL

Example Problem 2
What is the concentration in %v/v of a solution containing 3.2 L of
ethanol in 6.5 L of solution?
volume solute 3.2 L
% (v/v) =  100  100 = 49 % v/v
volume solution 6.5 L
 % Concentration
Example Problem 3
What volume of 1.85 %w/v solution is needed to
provide 5.7 g of solute?
1.85 g solute
% (w/v) =
100 mL solution
We know: We want to get:
g solute
g solute and mL solution
mL solution

 100 mL solution 
5.7 g solute   = 310 mL Solution
 1.85 g solute 
g solute ÷ concentration = volume solution
 Parts per million/billion (ppm & ppb)
mass solute mg
• ppm = × 106 or = ppm
volume solution L
mass solute g
× 109 or = ppb
• ppb = volume solution L

AND
Mass and volume units must match.
For very low
(g & mL) or (Kg & L) concentrations:
ng
parts per trillion = ppt
L
 ppm & ppb
Example Problem 1
An Olympic sized swimming pool
contains 2,500,000 L of water. If 1 tsp of
salt (NaCl) is dissolved in the pool, what
is the concentration in ppm?
1 teaspoon = 6.75 g NaCl
or
g solute mg solute
ppm = ×106 ppm =
mL solution L solution

6.75 g 6 6.75 g  1000

1 g 
mg
ppm = ×10 ppm =
2.5×106 L  1000
1 L 
mL
2.5×106 L

ppm = 0.0027 ppm = 0.0027

 ppm & ppb
Example Problem 2
An Olympic sized swimming pool
contains 2,500,000 L of water. If 1 tsp of
salt (NaCl) is dissolved in the pool, what
is the concentration in ppb?
1 teaspoon = 6.75 g NaCl
or
g solute  g solute
ppb = ×109 ppb =
mL solution L solution

ppb =
6.75 g
×10 9
ppb =
6.75 g  106 mg
1 g 
2.5×106 L  1000
1 L 
mL
2.5×106 L
ppb = 2.7 ppb = 2.7
 Mole Fraction
B A
A B
A A
A B

B A B A A
A

Mole Fraction ()

moles of A A
 A = sum of moles of all components A + B

moles of B B
 B = sum of moles of all components A + B

Since A + B make up the

entire mixture, their mole
fractions will add up to one.
 A  B  1.00
 Mole Fraction
Example Problem 1
In our glass of iced tea, we have added 3 tbsp
of sugar (C12H22O11). The volume of the tea
(water) is 325 mL. What is the mole fraction
of the sugar in the tea solution?
(1 tbsp sugar ≈ 25 g)
First, we find the moles of both the
solute and the solvent.
 1 mol C12 H 22 O11   1 mol H 2 O 
75.g C12 H 22 O11   = 0.219 mol 325mL H 2 O   = 18.1 mol
 342 g C12 H 22 O11   18.0 g H 2
O 
Next, we substitute the moles of both into the mole fraction equation.

χ moles solute
sugar = total moles solution =
0.219 mol sugar
(0.219 mol + 18.1 mol)
 0.012
 Mole Fraction
Example Problem 2
Air is about 78% N2, 21% O2, and 0.90% Ar.
What is the mole fraction of each gas?
First, we find the moles of each gas. We assume
100. grams total and change each % into grams.
 1 mol N 2   1 mol O 2 
78g N 2   = 2.79 mol 21g O 2   = 0.656 mol
 28 g N 2   32 g O 2 
 1 mol Ar  Next, we substitute the moles of each into
0.90g Ar   = 0.0225 mol
 40. g Ar  the mole fraction equation.

χ =
moles N 2
N2 total moles χ O2
=
moles O 2
total moles
χ =
moles Ar
Ar total moles
2.79 mol N 2 0.656 mol O 2 0.0225 mol Ar
= = =
(2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225) (2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225) (2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225)

 0.804  0.189  0.00649

 Molal (m)
Example Problem 1
If the cooling system in your
car has a capacity of 14 qts,
and you want the coolant to be protected from freezing
down to -25°F, the label says to combine 6 quarts of
antifreeze with 8 quarts of water. What is the molal
concentration of the antifreeze in the mixture?
mol solute antifreeze is ethylene glycol C2H6O2
m= 1 qt antifreeze = 1053 grams
Kg solvent
1 qt water = 946 grams

 1053 g C 2H 6O 2   1mol C2 H 6O 2 
6 Qts    62.1 g C H O 
 1 Qt C H O
2 6 2   2 6 2 
m= = 13 m
 946 g H 2O   1 Kg 
8 Qts    1000 g 
 1 Qt H 2 O   