Required:

Lesson 1  ppm=?

Quantitative
Solution:

volume of solute 6
ppm= x 10 ppm

Measure of
total volume of solution
0.0060 L 6
 ppm= 100 L x 10 ppm
 60 ppm

Solution 2. If 0.0015 g of NaCl in 2500 g

solution, how many ppm of NaCl
is present?
Given:
Nature of solution  v = 0.0015 g
 VT = 2500 g
Concentration of Solutions Required:
 Solutions can be describe qualitatively  ppm=?
or quantitatively based on the amount Solution:
of solute relative to a given amount 
of solvent. mass of solute 6
ppm= x 10 ppm
dilute total mass of solution
o solution contains a relatively 0.0015 g 6
 ppm= 2500 g x 10 ppm
small amount of solute.
Concentrated  0.6 ppm NaCl
o Solution contains a relatively Mass or volume Percent
large amount of solute.  One of the simplest ways to express
Parts per Million (ppm) concentration of solutions is by mass
or volume percent.
 is a unit of expressing very dilute
concentrations. Percent by Mass
 is commonly used to express the o is the ratio of the mass of
concentration of pollutants in air or solute to the mass of the
water. solution, multiplied by 100.

Example:
Example: 1. If A solution is prepared by
1. If 100 L of a gas mixture over dissolving 10 g of glucose,
a metropolitan area contains C6H12O6 in 100 g of water.
0.0060 L of CO, how many ppm What is the percentage by mass
of CO is present? of glucose in the solution?
Given: Given:
 v= 0.0060 L  m= 10 g
 VT= 100 L  mT= 100 g
 Required: Molarity
 % by mass = ? o It is the most common way of
solution expressing the concentration of
 solution. The number of moles of
mass of solute solute per liter of solution.
% by mass= x 100
total mass of solution
10 g
 100 g x 100
 9.09%
Percent by volume
o Is the ratio of the volume of
solute to the volume of the Molality
solution, multiplied by 100.
o It is the number of moles of
solute dissolved per kilogram of
solvent

Example:
2. What is the percent by volume of
a solution that contains 3.5 mL
acetic acid and 100 mL water?
Given:
 v = 3.5 mL Example:
 VT = 103.5 mL 1. A solution is prepared by
Required: dissolving 4.00 g of NaOH in 100
 % by volume = ? g of water. The volume of the
solution resulting solution is 102.00 mL.
Calculate the following:

volume of solute A. mole fraction of NaOH
% by volume= x 100 B. molarity of the solution
volume of solution
3.5 mL C. molality of the solution
 103.5mL x 100 D. mass percent of NaOH
 3.38% Given:
 mass of solute = 4.00 g NaOH
Quantitative measures of  mass of solvent = 100.00 g
concentration of solutions H₂O
Mole fraction  volume of solution = 102.00
o is the ratio of the number of mL
moles of one component to the Required:
total number of moles in the  mole fraction of NaOH
solution.  molarity of the solution
 molality of the solution
 mass percent of NaOH
solution
 First, determine the number
of moles of NaOH and Water
using the molar masses

A. mole fraction of NaOH

B. molarity of the solution

C. molality of the solution

D. mass percent of NaOH


Lesson 2
Colligative
Properties
of Solution
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
DEFINITION
 COLLIGAIVE PROPERTIES ARE CHARACTERISTICS
OF A SOLUTION THAT DEPEND ON THE
RATION OF THE NUMBER OF SOLUTE
PARTICLE TO SOLVENT PARTICLES.
 COLLIGATIVE MEANS ‘DEPENDING UPON THE
COLLECTION’
 PROPERTIES THAT DEPEND ON THE AMOUNT
OF DISSOLVED SOLUTE AND NOT ON THE KIND
OR CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SOLUTE.
A. Vapor pressure lowering
o the pressure exerted by the
vapor in equilibrium with its
liquid or solid state.
Volatile substances
 those that can easily
converted to gas.
Vapor pressure of the liquid
at this temperature
RAOULT’S LAW
 PROPOSED BY FRANCOIS-
MARIE RAOULT (1830-1901)
 THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE
SOLUTION IS EQUAL TO THE
MOLE FRACTION OF THE
SOLVENT TIMES THE VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE PURE
SOLVENT.
B. BOILING POINT Elevation
o the Boiling point of solution is
the temperature at which its
vapor pressure is equal to the
external atmospheric pressure.
o Non- volatile solutes lower the
vapor pressure of a solution, it
also affects the boiling point of
the solution.
o The dissolve solute makes the
boiling point of a solution higher
than the boiling point of the
pure
solvent.
o Boiling point elevation of a
solution is directly proportional
to the number of solute
particles.
C. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
o The temperature at which the
first crystals of a pure solvent
begin to form in equilibrium with
the solution.
D. Osmotic pressure
be
o If a solution is placed on one
side of a membrane and pure
solvent is placed on the other
side, there is a net flow of
solvent to the solution side called
as Osmosis.
 o the pressure required to stop  IS THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY BETWEEN A
this is called as osmotic SYSTEM AND SURROUNDINGS DUE TO
pressure (). TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE.
o The pressure difference at Assigned convention for Heat, Q
equilibrium System absorbs heat + Q Endothermic
o The pressure required to prevent reaction
the net movement of water System releases - Q Exothermic reaction
heat

Lesson 3 SYSTEM
all about  THE PART OF THE UNIVERSE ON WHICH YOU
FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION
three types of system
Thermochemistry 1. OPEN SYSTEM
 TRANSFER OF MATTER AND
ENERGY OCCURS BETWEEN THE
thermochemistry SYSTEM AND SURROUNDINGS
2. CLOSED SYSTEM
 A branch of science that focuses on  ONLY ENERGY CAN TRANSFER
the relationship of heat and chemical BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND
reaction. SURROUNDINGS
 IS THE STUDY OF ENERGY CHANGES THAT
3. ISOLATED SYSTEM
OCCUR DURING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
 MATTER AND ENERGY CANNOT
CHANGES OF STATE.
TRANSFER BETWEEN THE SYSTEM
Energy and Its Forms AND SURROUNDINGS
lAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SURROUNDINGS
o ENERGY IS NEITHER CREATED NOR  EVERYTHING ELSE THAT SURROUNDS THE
DESTROYED BUT IS CONVERTED FROM SYSTEM
ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.
o In chemistry, chemical reactions
UNIVERSE
either required or release energy  THE SYSTEM AND ITS SURROUNDINGS AS A
usually in a form of heat. WHOLE

Energy Changes In
Chemical Reactions
JOULE (J)
 THE FUNDAMENTAL SI UNIT FOR ENERGY.
HEAT (Q)
 energysys + energysur = constant
 Whatever energy is released by the
system is gained by the surroundings
Work (w)
 the force applied over a given
distance.
 the energy transfer between a system
and the surroundings due to a force
acting through a distance.
 work done by the system or work done
on the system

Lesson 4

all about
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
 IS the study of the relationship
between heat and other forms of
energy.
EXAMPLE
1. How much work is needed in a
THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES: system to expand from 25 to 50
NUMBER liters against a pressure of 5 atm?
o MAGNITUDE OF THE CHANGE Is work done by the system or on
the system?
SIGN
o THE DIRECTION OF THE FLOW GIVEN
o Vi= 25 L
THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES: o Vf= 50 L
First law of Thermodynamics o p= 5 atm

(Law of Conservation of REQUIRED

o w?
Energy) SOLUTION
 THE states that energy is neither
created nor destroyed but is converted
from one form to another.
energyuniv = constant
 In any chemical or physical process,
energy in the universe remains
unchanged.
 “the sum of the energy in the system 2. How much work is needed in a
and in the surroundings is constant.” system to expand from 15 to 65
 liters against a pressure of 4.7
atm?
GIVEN
o Vi= 15 L
o Vf= 65 L
o p= 4.7 atm
REQUIRED
o w?
SOLUTION

3. How much work is needed in a

system to expand from 40 to 82
liters against a pressure of 9.7
atm? Is work done by the system or
on the system?
GIVEN
o Vi= 40 L
o Vf= 82 L
o p= 9.7 atm
REQUIRED
o w?
SOLUTION