o The reason is that it is strong,
Lesson 1 secure, and
Knot tying
Knot tying
 It is a simple mechanical skill, a skill
that you will never forget, but it
takes practice, repetition in other
words so the skills become natural.
 It is an important skill that will save
your life in a survival situation.
 Often times it is the simplest of skills
that you have, which will be the most
useful.
8 basic knots
1. Overhand knot
o The overhand knot is the
simplest type of knot
o It is made by crossing the rope
end around the standing part to
form a loop, bringing the rope’s
end through the loop, and pulling
the rope taut.
o It is often used to prevent the
end of a rope from unraveling
o It should be used if the knot is
intended to be permanent.
2. Figure eight knot
o The figure eight knot is one of
the strongest knots.
o It forms a secure, non-slip loop
at the end of a rope.
o Also known as the Flemish bend,
this the most widely used tie-in
knot by mountain climbers.
easy to visually
inspect.
3. Square (reef) knot
o The knot is formed by tying
left-handed overhand knot and
then a right-handed overhand
knot, or vice versa.
o “Right over left; left over right”
o The reef knot is used to tie the
two ends of a single line
together such that they will
secure something, for example a
bundle of objects, that is
unlikely to move much.
4. Sheepshank knot
o The sheepshank is a simple knot
useful for temporarily
shortening a rope.
o It can be used to strengthen a
rope at its weak point by placing
the weak part in the middle
between the two loops.
5. slip knot
o The slip knot is a stopper knot
which is easily undone by pulling
the tail (working end).
 o It will tighten around an object
when pulled from the “short end”
if not attached to an object it
will pull through (untie).
o Use this when you need to create 8. Bowline
your own shelter or secure o The bowline forms a loop that
something to a post. cannot slip.
o It is frequently referred to as a
rescue knot due to its use in
rescue harnesses.
o It is made by laying the rope’s
end over its standing part to
form a loop over the end, then
taking the end around behind the
6. clove hitch standing part and trough the
o this knot is used to temporarily
loop. King of all knot.
fasten a rope to a spar, mast,
tree trunk, and so on.
o It is made by passing the rope’s
end around an object and then
crossing it over the rope’s
standing part to form a loop,
then passing the end around the
object again to form a second
loop, through which the end is
passed.
o The knot can be detached simply
by lifting it off the object.

7. timber hitch
o beginning for diagonal lashing,
drawing the spars together.
o The timber hitch is a knot used
to attach a single length of rope
to a cylindrical object. Secure
while tension is maintained, it is
easily untied even after heavy
loading.
o It does not jam or slip, no
matter how heavy the load and
is easy to tie and untie.

Lesson 2
Fire
o Additionally, the fire bed must
starting/
o Also make sure that the place
fire making
o Stones, which can be used to
FIRE STARTING
2. Tinder, kindling, fuel wood
 Fire starting or fire making is the
process of starting a fire artificially.
 With the aid of several components and
the recognition of the fire triangle
(heat, oxygen, fuel), a fire could be
made in the wilderness or campsites.
 In Scouting and camping, starting fires
is an essential skill as heat and
warmth could be vital in the outside
environment, and also necessary for
survival.
STEPS TO START A FIRE
 Unless lightning strikes a random tree
branch or the very ground you’re
camping on, you have to produce a
fire by artificial means.
 Included here are the traditional way
of starting fires, which is through the
use of matches, igniters, torches, and
even lighters.
 However, in the wild, one may often
find that they do not have enough
matches or lighters. Also, in camping,
people are usually encouraged to start
fires without the aid of matches.
1. Picking a place
o Usually, the location for starting
a fire must be suitable. For
instance, the ground upon which
the fire bed is placed must be
dry and far from any trees or
establishments that may easily
catch fire.
be bare and free form any plant
materials.
chosen for the fire is clean and
easily accessed, in case of
unintended spreading of fire.
dampen or extinguish the fire if
it gets out of control, must be
kept handy.
a. TINDER
 Every good campfire starts
with good tinder. Tinder
catches fire easily but
burns fast. Material like
dry leaves, dry bark, wood
shavings, dry grass, and
some fluffy fungi make
for good tinder.
b. KINDLING
 Kindling usually consists of
small twigs and branches.
These catch fire from the
tinder and keep the fire
going longer, until such
time that fuel wood could
catch fire.
c. FUEL WOOD
 Fuel wood is what keeps
your fire hot and burning.
These could be large logs
or medium-sized branches
and sticks. These burn the
longest but are also the
slowest to catch fire.
 how fast the fire could spread
evenly across the kindling, and
how long it could last.
a. Teepee fire lay
1. Place your tinder bundle
in the middle of your
campfire site.
2. Above your tinder
bundle, form a teepee
with some kindling. Leave
an opening in your
teepee on the side the
wind is blowing against.
Tips: This will ensure that
1. Collect more tinder, kindling and fuel wood
your fire gets the air
than you need. Fires consume a surprisingly
large amount of materials over time, and
it needs and will blow
you would need a lot to keep it going for an the flames onto the
entire night. kindling.
2. Drier is better when it comes to materials. 3. Continue adding kindling
If leaves, twigs, or sticks are “green” or to the teepee, working
wet, they would not catch fire or would your way up to pencil
otherwise take a long time. sized twigs.
3. Size matters. Wood, when too big or too 4. Create a larger teepee
small, would fail to sustain a fire due to structure around your
their inappropriate size. kindling teepee with
your fuel wood.
5. Place a match under
3. Laying down the fire/ types your tinder. Because
of fire lays this lay directs the
o After gathering all the necessary flame up, the flame
materials for starting a fire, should rise to the
they must be arranged in an kindling and then on to
appropriate manner before they the fuel wood.
could keep anybody warm and 6. The teepee structure
produce heat. will eventually fall, and
o There is no conventional way to at this point you can
arrange or “lay” a fire, but simply add some fuel
campers and enthusiasts alike logs to the fire.
have observed that particular b. Lean-to fire lay
techniques and lays are often 1. Stick a long piece of
fool-proof and most effective in kindling into the ground
starting a fire. at about a 30-degree
o Arrangement is important angle. The end of the
because it affects how much stick should be pointing
oxygen can the fire have, how into the wind.
high the temperature can get,
 2. Place a tinder bundle
underneath the support
stick.
3. Place some small pieces
of kindling around your
tinder nest.
4. Lay small pieces of
kindling against the o Putting out the fire could be
piece stuck in the
ground. Add another
layer with larger pieces
of kindling.
5. Light the tinder, and
watch it burn.
c. Log cabin fire lay
1. Start off by creating a
small teepee lay.
2. Have you played with
Lincoln Logs? Basically,
you’re going to play a
larger version of Lincoln
Logs and burn them
when you’re done.
3. Get large pieces of fuel
wood and place them on
opposite sides of the
tepee.
4. Find smaller pieces of
fuel wood and lay them
across the first set of
fuel wood, parallel on
the other sides of the
tepee. Just like you
would with Lincoln Logs.
5. Repeat laying smaller
and shorter pieces to
form a cabin or
pyramid shape.
6. Light it up.
4. Laying down the fire/ types
of fire lays
o After starting the fire and
having it serve its purpose, it’s
time to put the fire out safely.
o Putting out fires is important,
both for safety and courtesy
reasons. In the United States and
neighboring regions, forest fires
are often started by unattended
campfires that were not put out
properly. Also, cleaning the place
up is respect for the next
camper.
done in a variety of ways, all of
which are safe and essential.
1. Start early
 Putting out a fire
completely takes longer
than you think. Plan when
you’re going to bed or
leaving and start putting
out your fire about 20
minutes before then.
2. Sprinkle, don’t pour
 You should have a
bucketful of water near
your campfire for safety
reasons. When it’s time to
go, this will serve as your
fire extinguisher. Avoid the
impulse to pour all the
water on the fire. You
don’t want to flood the pit
because you or someone
else will need to use it
later. Instead, sprinkle as
much water as you need to
put out the embers and
charcoal.
3. Stir
 As you sprinkle water over
the embers, stir them with
a stick or shovel. This
ensures that all the ashes
get wet. When you don’t
see any steam and don’t
hear any hissing noises,
you know you’re getting
close to a completely
extinguished fire.
4. Touch test
  Don’t actually run your These are considered as important
hands through the ashes. scouting and camping gear.
You don’t want to brand  Tinderboxes keep tinder dry. It could be
yourself with a searing used to keep tinder free from
ember. Put the back of moisture.
your hand near the ashes.  Pocket knives could be used to whittle
If you still feel heat, it’s kindling and tinder, and also serve as
too hot to leave. Keep a fire starter by being struck against
adding water and stirring. flint or other igneous rocks that could
As soon as it feels cool, produce sparks through friction.
you’re good to go.
5. Dispose the ashes.
 You don’t want to leave
the next camper a fire
bed full of old ashes. Also,
if you had to create your
own fire bed, you want to
leave the land in the same
condition as how you found
it. Scoop up the ashes in a
bag and spread them out
around the campsite.
6. Patch up your ground.
 If you made your own fire
bed, replace the dirt and
sod you dug up.
Important reminders
 Keep your fire’s size to an appropriate
level, do not let it get too big or wild.
 Not all stones can be used or rubbed
together to start a fire, as opposed
to cartoons. Only specific igneous
rocks, such as flint, obsidian and
others could induce a spark when
struck quickly and strongly enough.
 Do not put body parts near the fire
to avoid burns and serious injury.
Warmth is radiated well enough from
the fire.
 Never play with fire.
Essential materials
 There are a handful of materials that
can be used to start fires in the
wilderness.
 Flint and steel are artificial fire
starters that could be purchased.
 o Doesn’t intend to complete with
or take place of the physician.
Objects of first aid
o Alleviate suffering
o Prolong life
o Prevent further or added injury
Characteristics of a good
first aider
gentle
Lesson 3  Shouldn’t cause pain

First aid
Resourceful
 make best use of all
things
observant

and
 notice all things
sympathetic
 should be comforting
tactful

bandaging
 shouldn’t be alarming

Conditions
All about First aid
requiring first
aid
first aid 1. fainting
o Caused by a sudden fall in the
 It is the immediate care given to a supply of blood to their brain
person/victim who has suddenly become that results in the temporary
ill or has been injured. loss of consciousness.
3c’s of first aiding Signs and symptoms
o Check  Sweating
o Call  Dizziness
o care  Nausea
 Weakness
roles of a first aider  Paleness
o bridge the gap between the time
 Ringing in the ears
of the accident and the arrival  Blurred vision
of the physician.
o End when the medical assistance First aid
begins 1. Lay the person flat on the
ground.
 2. Elevate the legs to coax and the mishandling of sharp
more blood into your brain. objects, tools, machinery, and
3. Loosen tight clothing. weapons.
4. Avoid crowding the patient. a. Open wound (external)
5. Call a doctor if necessary.  An open wound is a break
If the person is on a in the skin or in a mucous
chair: membrane.
1. push his head down i. abrasion
between his knees.  An abrasion results
2. Loosen tight clothing. from scraping
3. Avoid crowding the patient. (abrading) the skin
4. Call a doctor if necessary. and thereby
2. Nosebleed damaging it. Bleeding
o Occurs when a small blood vessel
in an abrasion is
usually limited to
in the lining of the nose bursts.
oozing of blood from
o It is very common in children and
ruptured small veins
often result from harmless
and capillaries.
activities such as picking their
However, there is a
nose, blowing it too hard or too
danger of
often or from getting knocked
contamination and
on the nose during play.
infection, because of
First aid dirt and bacteria
1. Sit down and lean forward may have been
slightly. ground into the
2. Pinch the lower part of broken tissues.
the nostrils just below the  Abrasions commonly
bony part of the nose for result from falls or
10 minutes while breathing the handing of rough
through the mouth. objects. Examples
3. Release nostrils slowly, are skinned knees,
repeat procedure if rope burns (which
bleeding continue. are actually
4. Do not touch or blow the abrasions, not
nose for about 24hrs. burns), and shallow
5. Do not pact the affected multiple scratches.
nostrils with cotton. ii. puncture
6. Bring patient to hospital if  Puncture wounds are
necessary. produced by bullets
3. wounds and pointed objects,
o Break in the continuity of a such as pins, nails,
tissue either external or internal. and splinters.
o Wounds usually result from External bleeding is
external physical forces. The usually minor, but
most common causes of wounds the puncturing
are motor vehicle accidents, falls object may
 penetrate deeply into commonly caused by
the body and this animal bites and
damage organs and accidents involving
soft tissues and motor vehicle, heavy
sever internal machinery, guns and
bleeding. explosives.
 Because puncture  They are usually
wounds generally are followed immediately
not flushed out by by a heavy bleeding,
external bleeding, a detached finger,
they are more likely toe, nose tip, ear,
than some other or, in rare cases,
wounds to become whole limb may be
infected. Tetanus successfully attached
organisms and other to a victim’s body by
harmful bacteria a surgeon if the
that grow rapidly severed part is sent
deep within body with the victim to
tissues by a the hospital.
penetrating object. o The two most serious first aid
iii. laceration problems caused by open wounds
 Lacerations are are a large, rapid loss of blood,
jagged, irregular, or which may result in shock, and
blunt breaks or contamination and infection of
tears in the soft exposed body tissue.
tissues. Bleeding may First aid
be rapid and Minor wounds can be
extensive. The treated at home.
destruction of tissue i. First, wash and
is greater in disinfect the wound to
Lacerations than in remove all dirt and
cuts. The deep debris.
contamination of ii. Use direct pressure and
wounds that result elevation to control
from accidents bleeding and swelling.
involving moving iii. When wrapping the
parts of machinery wound, always use a
increases the chances sterile dressing or
of later infection. bandage. Very minor
iv. avulsion wounds may heal
 Avulsion wounds without a bandage.
involve the forcible You’ll need to keep the
separation or tearing wound clean and dry
of tissue from the for five days. You
victim’s body. should also make sure
Avulsions are you get plenty of rest.
 iv. Apply ice if you have inflammation, keep
bruising or swelling and the muscle in a
avoid picking at scabs. gentle stretch
v. If you’re spending time position and use the
outdoors, use a RICE protocol.
sunscreen that’s sun R-I-C-E protocol
protection factor (SPF) Rest
30 on the area until it’s o Protect the
completely healed. injured area
When to see a Doctor from further
You should see a harm by
doctor if: stopping play
 an open wound is You may also
deeper than 1/2 inch use a
 bleeding doesn’t stop protective
with direct pressure device (i.e.,
 bleeding lasts longer crutches,
than 20 minutes sling).
 bleeding is the result Ice
of a serious accident o Use cold packs
for 20 minutes
b. closed wound (internal) at a time,
 A closed wound involves several times
underlying tissues without a day Do not
a break in the skin or a apply ice
mucous membrane. directly on the
i. Contusion skin.
 Blunt trauma causing Compression
pressure damage to o Lightly wrap
the skin and / or the injured
underlying tissues area in a soft
(includes bruises). bandage or ace
ii. blister wrap.
 Fluid filled pockets Elevation
under the skin o Raise the
iii. Hematoma injured area
 A blood-filled area to a level
that develops under above the
the skin or body heart.
tissue (occur due to
internal blood vessel 4. fracture
damage to an artery o A medical condition in which there
or vein) is a break in the continuity of
First aid the bone. A bone fracture can be
the result of high force impact
 To control pain,
or stress, or trivial injury as a
bleeding, and
result of certain medical Treatment
conditions that weaken the bones  Use of removable
Signs and symptoms splints, casting
 Pain and swelling at the ii. Transverse Fracture
fracture site.  A fracture at a
 Tenderness close to the right angle to the
fracture. bones axis.
 Paleness and deformity  Transverse fractures
(sometimes). most often occur as
 Loss of pulse below the the result of a
fracture, usually in an strong force applied
extremity (this is an perpendicular to the
emergency). long axis of a bone.
 Numbness, tingling or  They may also be the
paralysis below the result of a stress
fracture (rare; this is an fracture where many
emergency). microscopic breaks
 Bleeding or bruising at the form in the bone
site. from repetitive
 Weakness and inability to stress, such as
bear weight. running.
First aid Treatment
 Initial treatment for  Transverse fractures
fractures of the arms, often require the
legs, hands and feet in the bones to be realigned
field include splinting the before being set.
extremity in the position it iii. Spiral Fracture
is found, elevation and ice.  A fracture in which
Immobilization will be very the break has a
helpful with initial pain curved or sloped
control. pattern.
Types of fracture  Spiral fractures
often occur when the
i. Greenstick Fracture body is in motion
 An incomplete while one extremity
fracture in which the is planted.
bone is bent.  For example, a spiral
 A fracture in a
fracture of the tibia
young, soft bone in (the shinbone) can
which the bone bends occur in young
and breaks. children when they
Greenstick fractures fall short on an
occur most often extended leg while
during infancy and jumping.
childhood when bones
are soft. Treatment
  If the spiral  A fracture in which
fracture is stable, the bone ends are no
treatment will longer touching.
usually involve Treatment
keeping the bone  Almost all open
immobilized with a fractures are
cast for a period of treated in the
four to six weeks. A operating room. It is
stable fracture is important to go to
generally more surgery as soon as
common in children. possible so that your
 Because of the open wound can be
jagged bones that cleaned out to help
characterize a prevent infection.
displaced spiral Depending on your
fracture, more specific injury, you
often than not will be given either
surgery is required regional or general
for treatment. anesthesia during
iv. Comminuted Fracture this procedure.
 A comminuted
fracture is a break
or splinter of the All about bandaging
bone into more than
two fragments.
 Since considerable bandaging
force and energy is
required to fragment
It Three key uses of
bone, fractures of bandages:
this degree occur 1. Applying pressure to bleeding
after high-impact wounds
trauma such as in 2. Covering wounds and burns
vehicular accidents. 3. Providing support and
Treatment immobilization for broken ones,
 External fixation sprains, and strains. These
devices such as includes gauze, triangular,
splints and casts are Elastic, and tubular bandage.
usually inadequate in Types of bandages:
treating this type of 1. Gauze
fracture. Repairing a 2. Elastic
comminuted fracture 3. Triangular
often requires open 4. Tubular
surgery to
restructure the bone
bandages:
to normal anatomy. a. Head Top (for head
v. Compound Fracture injuries)
 1. Fold the base at least
2-3”
2. Place folded base
aligned with eyebrows
3. Pull back and cross-
over at the back,
tucking apex beneath
4. Pull both ends in e. underArm Sling
front/secure with a
square knot at the
center of the folded
base/tuck ends.
5. Pull down apex (tuck
sides neatly)
6. Tuck apex neatly at
cross-over area
b. Chest Bandage
1. Apex at the shoulder of f. Cravat Bandage
injured part
2. Pull back folded base
and secure with square
knot at the center
indention of the back.
3. Knot/tie longer end with
apex
c. Hand Bandage
1. Place the hand in the
middle of the triangular
bandage with the wrist
at the base of the
2. Place the apex over the
g. Cravat Bandage
fingers and tuck any
excess material into the
pleats on each side of
the hand
3. Cross the ends on top
of the hand, take them
around the wrist, and
tie them with a square
knot.
d. Arm Sling
1. Place folded base h. Cravat Bandage (for
vertically over
2. One arm, with pointed
directly under the elbow
of injured arm
3. Lower ends of base at
the side of the neck
using a square knot
4. Make several twists
with apex and tie a
knot
5. Hide the knot
1. Same procedure as arm
sling except that the
lower end of the base
is tucked under the
injured arm.
2. Secure end of base and
apex with a square knot
the center indention at
the back.
(for
the forehead)
1. Place the center of the
cravat over the
compress covering the
wound.
2. Carry the ends around
to the opposite side of
the head, cross them.
Bring them back to the
starting point and tie
them.
(for
the neck)
1. Place the center of the
cravat over the
compress covering the
wound.
2. Carry the ends around
to the neck, cross
them. Bring them back
to the starting point
and tie them loosely.
the cheeks & ears)
1. Use the wide cravat.
Start with the middle
of the cravat over the
 compress covering the
cheek or the ear.
2. Carry one end over the
top of the head and the
other under the chin.
3. Cross the ends at the
opposite side.
4. Bring the short end
back around the
forehead and the long
end around the back of
the head.
5. Tie them down over the
compress
i. Cravat Bandage (for
the eye)
1. Lay center of the first
cravat over top of he
with the front end
falling over uninjured
eye.
2. Bring second cravat
around head, over eyes,
and over loose ends of
first cravat. Tie in
front.
3. Bring ends of first
cravat back over top
of head, tying there
and pulling second
cravat up and away
from uninjured eye.
j. Cravat Bandage (for
the elbow)
1. Bend arm at elbow and
place center of cravat
at point of elbow
2. Bring ends up and
across each other in
overlapping spiral turns.
Continue one end up
arm and the other end
down forearm.
3. Bring ends to front of
elbow and tie.
k. Cravat Bandage (for
the knee)
1. Start on top of the
knees.
2. Cross over and twist 2-
3 times under the knee.
3. Cross over on top/pull
ends to opposite sides.
4. Secure with a square
knot under the knee
l. Cravat Bandage (for
the Forearm, Arm, Leg
and Thigh)
1. Place center of cravat
over the dressing
2. Begin ascending turns
wit upper end and
descending turns with
lower end, with each
turn covering two-third
of preceding turn until
dressing is covered.
3. Terminate by tying both
ends in square knot.
m.Cravat Bandage (for
the Shoulder Armpit)
1. Start at the armpit.
2. Cross-over at injured
shoulder
3. Tie at the opposite
armpit (side of front)