LAPORAN RESMI PRAKTIKUM

LABORATORIUM : Organic Chemistry

PRAKTIKUM : Organic Chemistry

JUDUL PERCOBAAN : Soap Making and Unsaturated Fats Testing

Oleh:

Nama : ERA MELANIA No. Reg : 18030194085 /Kls: PKU 2018

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Program/Jurusan: S1 Chemistry Education

JURUSAN KIMIA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DANN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

A. Experiment Title : Soap Making and Unsaturated Fats Testing
B. Experiment Started Date : Wednesday, March 11st 2020 at 07.00 am
C. Experiment Finished Date : Wednesday, March 11st 2020 at 01.00 pm
D. Experiment Purpose :
1. Make the procedure of soap making
2. Determine the reaction of soap making
3. Explain the differences in soap products which made using NaOH and
KOH
4. Make soap emulsion
5. Explain the forming process of soap emulsion and oils
6. Determine the quality of oil based on peroxide number
7. Testing the unsaturated of fats
E. Basic Theory
1. Soap
Soap is a chemical compound produced from the reaction
of fats or oils with alkali. Soaps are also monovalent salts of
carboxylic acids with the general formula RCOOM, R is a long
(aliphatic) long chain with varying amounts of C atoms, ie between
C12 - C18 and M are cations of alkaline groups or ammonium ions
(Austin, 1984).
Soap dissolves in alcohol and is slightly soluble in fat
solvents. Soap is colloidal in water and is a surface active substance.
R - COOL. The R group as an alkyl is water-repellent (hydrophobic)
and the COOL group is water-attractive (hydrophilic) when L is a
cation from Na, K or NH4. Colloidal solutions will form quickly at
increasingly high temperatures (Harold, 1982).
Soap is produced by the saponification reaction, namely
the hydrolysis of fats into fatty acids and glycerol in alkaline
conditions. Makers of basic conditions that are usually used are NaOH
and KOH. These fatty acids that bind with sodium or potassium are
later called soaps. But sometimes also using NH4OH. Soaps made
with NaOH are slower to dissolve in water compared to soaps made
using KOH. Soap made from strong alkali (NaOH, KOH) has a pH
value between 9.0 to 10.8 while soap made with weak alkali
(NH4OH) will have a lower pH value of 8.0 to 9.5.
A soap molecule contains a long hydrocarbon chain plus
ions. The hydrocarbon portion of the molecule is hydrophobic and is
soluble in non-polar substances. While the ion tip is hydrophilic and
soluble in water. Because of the presence of hydrocarbon chains, a
soap molecule as a whole does not form micelles, ie, clusters (50-150)
of water molecules whose hydrocarbon chains cluster with the ends of
their ions facing the water (Fessenden and Fessenden, 1986). The
structure of the soap molecule is represented below:

When soap molecules are present in water, the molecules

arrange themselves in the form of a cluster in such a manner that their
hydrophobic ends are away from the water molecules and their
hydrophilic or ionic ends are towards the water molecules. This is
known as micelle formations.
When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends
attach themselves to the dirt and remove it from the clothes. Then, the
molecules of soap arrange themselves in micelle formation and trap
the dirt at the centre of the cluster. These micelles remain suspended
in water like particles in a colloidal solution. The various micelles
present in water do not come together to form a precipitate as each
micelle repels the others because of ion-ion repulsion. Thus, the dust
particles remain trapped in the micelles (which remain suspended),
and are easily rinsed away by water. Hence, soap micelles remove the
dirt by dissolving it in water.
A number of things affect the soap-making process
andthe quality of this soap produced. The characteristics of this
soap depend on the quality of oil, and the amounts of the caustic soda
 and water used to make it. The speed of the reaction between
the oil and the caustic soda is influenced by free fatty acid
content of the oil, the heat of the components before mixing, and
how vigorously the mixing is to be done. Free fatty acid
contents, vigorous mixing, and heat, speed up the given soap-
making process.
Fats and oils commonly used in soap making are
triglycerides with three irregular fatty acids esterified with glycerol.
Each fat contains a number of fatty acid molecules with a long carbon
chain between C12 (lauric acid) to C18 (stearic acid) in saturated fat
and so is unsaturated fat. Triglyceride mixture is processed into soap
through the process of saponification with sodium hydroxide solution
liberating glycerol (Baysinger, 2004).
A good soap is biodegradable when it does not contain
chemicals that cannot be made to their natural elements. Neither
does it contain chemicals that can be harmful to the environment
or cause undue destruction to the environment.
2. Saponification Reaction
The word saponification or saponify means making soap,
where (sapon = soap and fy = making). Soap is made from the process
of saponification of animal fat (tallow) and from oil, the
saponification reaction is nothing but the base hydrolysis of an ester
with alkali (NaOH, KOH) (Poedjiadi, 2006).
The saponification process occurs because of the reaction
of triglycerides with alkali which occurs at a temperature of 800C. A
triglycerdehyde saponification produces a salt from fatty acids to a
long chain which is soap (Spitz, 1996).

The result of this reaction is a mixture of soap and glycerol

which is easily soluble in water and alcohol. To separate the soap with
 glycerol above is done by adding NaCl salt to the mixture. Soap in
water forms colloidal solutions. In general, the addition of NaCl salt,
glycerol and alcohol will be in NaCl solution while the soap settles
(Anwar, et al., 1994).
3. Emulsion Properties of Soap
The soap can improve the emulsion properties because soap
is a surfactant material. This material can reduce the surface interface
pressure of the solution. The ability of soap to emit the oil dirt is due
to the presence of two properties of soap. First, the hydrocarbon
chains of a soluble soap molecule in non-polar substances, such as oil.
Second, the anion end of the soap molecule that is attracted to the
water, is rejected by the anion end of the molecules between the oil-
soap drops, the oil does not join but remains suspended in water of
soap (Anwar, et al., 1994).
Emulsion is a dispersion in which the dispersed phase
is composed of small globules of a liquid distributed throughout
a vehicle in which it is immiscible.The dispersed phase is the
internal phaseand the dispersion medium is the external phaseor
continuous phase.A third phase which is essential for emulsion
formation is the emulsifying agent (Chiappetta, et al., 2006).
Emulsifiers have a similar structure to fats and oils. One or
two fatty acid groups can be added to a molecule of glycerol. They are
made by reacting edible oils with glycerol. While they form ester links
with the glycerol backbone, there are still unused hydroxyl group(s)
on the molecule.
4. Acid Number
The acid value is defined as the number of milligrams of
Potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acids present
in one gram of fat. It is a relative measure of rancidity as free fatty
acids are normally formed during decomposition of triglycerides.
Determination of acid numbers is used to measure the
amount of free fatty acids present in oil or fat. The amount of acid
 depends on the purity and age of the oil or fat. A large acid number
indicates a large free fatty acid, derived from oil or fat hydrolysis, or
due to poor processing. The higher the acid number, the lower the
quality. In this experiment, acid numbers are calculated by the
following equation

Acid Number =

V KOH = volume of KOH used in titration

N KOH = normality of KOH
Mr KOH = molecular relative mass of HCl
W = weight of oil
5. Saponification Number
The saponification number is the amount of milligrams of
KOH needed to soap one gram of oil or fat. If a number of examples
of oil or fat are soaped with excessive KOH solution in alkhol, KOH
will react with triglycerides, ie three KOH molecules react with one
oil or fat molecule. The remaining alkaline solution is determined by
titration using acid, so that the amount of alkali that reacts can be
known.

The saponification number can be determined by:

Saponification Number =

Whereas,
N HCl = normality of HCl
V HCl = volume of HCl
Mr HCl = molecular relative mass of HCl
W = weight of samples
(Winarno, 1991)
6. Fats and Oils
 Fat and oil commonly used in making soap are triglycerides
with three irregular fatty acids which are esterified with glycerol. Each
fat contains a number of fatty acid molecules with a long carbon chain
between C12 (lauric acid) to C18 (stearic acid) in saturated fats and so
is unsaturated fat. The triglyceride mixture is processed into soap
through the saponification process with sodium hydroxide solution to
free glycerol (Baysinger, 2004).
Most of the fats and oils contained in nature are mixed
triglycerides, meaning that the three parts of the fatty acids from the
glycerides are not the same. Almost all of the fatty acids in nature
have an even number of carbon atoms because this acid is
biosynthesized from a two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl coenzyme A
(Fessenden and Fessenden, 1986).
More than 100 different fatty acids are known and about 40
occur widely. Palmitic acid (C16) and stearic acid (C18) are the most
abundant saturated fatty acids; oleic and linoleic acids (both C18) are
the most abundant unsaturated ones. Oleic acid is monounsaturated
because it has only one double bond, whereas linoleic, linolenic, and
arachidonic acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids because they have
more than one double bond. Linoleic and linolenic acids occur in
cream and are essential in the human diet; infants grow poorly and
develop skin lesions if fed a diet of nonfat milk for prolonged periods.
Linolenic acid, in particular, is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid,
which has been found to lower blood triglyceride levels and reduce
the risk of heart attack. The name omega-3 means that there is a
double bond three carbons in from the noncarboxyl end of the chain
(McMurry, 2016).
1. Types of Fats and Oils
 Tallow (Cow Fat)
Tallow is beef fat or lamb produced by the meat
processing industry as a by-product. Tallow with
good quality is usually used in making low quality
 bath and tallow soaps used in making laundry soap.
Oleate and stearic are the most common fatty acids in
tallow. The amount of FFA from tallow ranges from
0.75 to 7.0%. Titer points in tallow are generally
above 40 ° C. Tallow with a titer point below 40 ° C
is known as grease. The main contents of tallow are:
oleic acid 40-45%, palmitic acid 2437%, stearic acid
14-19%, myristic acid 2-8%, linoleic acid 3-4%, and
lauric acid 0.2%.
 Palm Oil
Palm oil is reddish orange because of the carotenoid
dyestuff so if it is to be used as a raw material for
making soap it must be blanched first. Soap made
from 100% palm oil will be hard and hard to foam.
Therefore, if it is to be used as raw material for
making soap, palm oil must be mixed with other
ingredients. The fatty acid content is 42-44% palmitic
acid, 35-40% oleic acid, 10% linoleic acid, 0.3%
linolenic acid, 0.3% arachidonic acid, 0.3% lauric
acid, and 0.5 myristic acid -1%.
 Coconut Oil
Coconut oil is a vegetable oil that is often used in the
soap making industry. Coconut oil is pale yellow and
is obtained through the extraction of dried fruit flesh
(copra). Coconut oil has a high saturated fatty acid
content, especially lauric acid around 44-52%, so
coconut oil is resistant to oxidation which causes a
rancid odor.
 Marine Oil
Marine oil comes from marine mammals (whales) and
marine fish. Marine oil has a high content of
unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid), so it must be
 partially hydrogenated before being used as raw
material.
 Castor Oil
Castor oil is clear and can be used as cosmetics, the
raw material for making biodiesel and soap. Castor oil
has a density of 0.957-0.963 kg/liter, iodine number
82-88 g I2/100 g, saponification number 176-181 mg
KOH/g. Castor oil contains a component of glyceride
or known as an ester compound. The composition of
castor oil fatty acids consisted of 86% riccinoleic
acid, 8.5% oleic acid, 3.5% linoleic acid, 0.5-2.0%
stearic acid, 1-2% dihydroxy stearate acid.
 Olive Oil
Olive oil comes from the extraction of olives. High
quality olive oil has a yellowish color. Soap derived
from olive oil has properties that are hard but soft for
the skin. Olives naturally contain several non-soaped
compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, sterols,
pigments, and squalenes. Olive oil also contains triacil
glycerol, most of which is in the form of oleic
monounsaturated fatty acids. The oleic acid content
can reach 55-83 percent of the total fatty acids in
olive oil.
F. Equipments and Materials
a. Equipments
Test tube 6 pieces
Pipette 8 pieces
Measuring flask 1 pieces
Analytical balance 1 piece
Beakers glass 2 pieces
Reflux condenser 1 piece
Burette 2 pieces
Thermometer 1 piece
Spiritus burner 1 piece
Heating mantle 1 piece
Stative 1 piece
Clamp 1 piece
Spatula 1 piece
Hose 1 piece
b. Materials
Palm oil 17 grams
Bulk oil 17 grams
Coconut oil 17 grams
Aquades sufficiently
Ethanol 75 ml
Stearic acid 3 grams
KOH 0,5 N sufficiently
KOH 0,1 N sufficiently
NaOH 1,4 grams
Glycerin 12 mL
Olive oil 3 mL
HCl 0.5 N sufficiently
Alcohol 36 grams
Phenolphtalein Indicator sufficiently
Parfume sufficiently
G. Procedure
1. Soap Making
Making of NaOH Solution
NaOH
- Weighed 1,4 grams
- Dissolved in 3,3 mL of water
- Waited until cool
NaOH solution
Reaction: NaOH (s) + H2O (l)  NaOH (aq)

The Making of Soap

Coconut oil Palm oil Bulk oil

- Weighed 10 grams
- Added 1 grain of stearic acid
- Heated until 70oC

Brownish
colored mixture
- Let it until temperature of 50oC
- Added NaOH solution and stirred
continuously
- Added 12 grams of alcohol and 4
grams of glycerin
- Heated until 50oC
- Stirred

Clear solution
- Let it until cool
- Added 1 mL of olive oil
- Poured into a mold

Soap

Reaction:
Soap Emulsion Properties
a. Making Soap Solution
Soap
- Weighed 0,1 grams
- Dissolved with 6 mL of water

Soap solution

b. Soap Emulsion
3 mL aquades + 3 mL aquades +
5 drops of 5 drops of
coconut oils coconut oils

- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test tube 2

- Added 2 mL of soap
solution from coconut oils
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion
- Allowed to stand and observed until water and oil separated
- Noted the time taken to separating

Soap emulsion

3 mL aquades + 3 mL aquades +
5 drops of palm 5 drops of palm
oils oils

- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test tube 2

- Added 2 mL of soap
solution from coconut oils
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion
- Allowed to stand and observed until water and oil separated
- Noted the time taken to separating

Soap emulsion
3 mL aquades + 3 mL aquades +
5 drops of bulk 5 drops of bulk
oils oils

- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test tube 2

- Added 2 mL of soap
solution from coconut oils
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion
- Allowed to stand and observed until water and oil separated
- Noted the time taken to separating

Soap emulsion
Acid Number
a. Palm oil
Palm oils
- Weighed 5 gram
- Put into erlenmeyer
- Added 25 mL of ethanol
- Added 5 drops of phenolphtalein
- Titrated with 0,1 N of saturated KOH
- Repeated until 3 times
- Calculated the acid number

Acid number

b. Coconut oil
Coconut oils
- Weighed 5 gram
- Put into erlenmeyer
- Added 25 mL of ethanol
- Added 5 drops of phenolphtalein
- Titrated with 0,1 N of saturated KOH
- Repeated until 3 times
- Calculated the acid number

Acid number
c. Bulk oil
Bulk oils
- Weighed 5 gram
- Put into erlenmeyer
- Added 25 mL of ethanol
- Added 5 drops of phenolphtalein
- Titrated with 0,1 N of saturated KOH
- Repeated until 3 times
- Calculated the acid number

Acid number

Reaction:
Saponification Number
a. Coconut oils
2 grams of coconut oils
- Entered into erlenmeyer
- Added 25 mL of 0,5 N KOH
- Refluxed for 30 minutes
-Waited until cool
- Added PP indicator
- Titrated with 0,5 N HCl
- Observed the changes
- Calculated the HCl volume
- Calculated the saponification number

Saponification number

b. Palm oils
2 grams of palm oils
- Entered into erlenmeyer
- Added 25 mL of 0,5 N KOH
- Refluxed for 30 minutes
-Waited until cool
- Added PP indicator
- Titrated with 0,5 N HCl
- Observed the changes
- Calculated the HCl volume
- Calculated the saponification number

Saponification number
c. Bulk oils
2 grams of bulk oils
- Entered into erlenmeyer
- Added 25 mL of 0,5 N KOH
- Refluxed for 30 minutes
-Waited until cool
- Added PP indicator
- Titrated with 0,5 N HCl
- Observed the changes
- Calculated the HCl volume
- Calculated the saponification number

Saponification number

Reaction:
KOH (aq) + C17H33COOH (aq)  C17H33COOK (aq) + H2O (l)
KOH (aq) + HCl (aq)  KCl (aq) + H2O (l)
 2. Unsaturated Fats Testing
Chicken fat Butter Cow fat

- Added 1 mL of chloroform
- Added iodine or bromwater drop by
drop
- Shaked until the color of iodine or
bromwater is unchanged
- Counted the drops

Result

Reaction:
CH3(CH2)14COOH + I2 
CH3(CH2)14COOH + Br2 

Bulk Oil Coconut Oil Palm Oil

- Added 1 mL of chloroform
- Added iodine or bromwater drop by
drop
- Shaked until the color of iodine or
bromwater is unchanged
- Counted the drops

Result
Reaction:
H. Result of Experiment
Result of Observation
No. Procedure Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
1. Making of NaOH Solution - NaOH = - NaOH + NaOH (s) + H2O (l) 
NaOH white solid water = NaOH (aq)
- Weighed 1,4 grams - Water = colorless
- Dissolved in 3,3 mL of water colorless solution
- Waited until cool liquid

NaOH solution

2. The Making of Soap - Coconut Coconut Oil The principle of

Coconut oil oil = - added soap making is
- Weighed 10 grams colorless stearic acid = saponification
- Added 1 grain of stearic acid liquid not dissolve
- Heated until 70oC - Palm oil = - heated 70oC
Brownish yellow = yellow
colored mixture liquid solution (+)
(clear) - added
- Bulk oil = NaOH =
 yellow oil yellow
- Let it until temperature of 50oC (turbid) solution (+)
- Added NaOH solution and stirred - Stearic - added
continuously acid = white alcohol =
- Added 12 grams of alcohol and 4 grams of granule yellow
glycerin - NaOH = solution
o
- Heated until 50 C colorless - added
- Stirred solution glycerin =
-Alcohol = yellow
Clear solution
colorless solution
- Let it until cool solution - added olive
- Added 1 mL of olive oil - Glycerin = oil = become
- Poured into a mold colorless clump

Soap solution
Parfume =
colorless
solution
-Olive oil =
green liquid Palm Oil
 - added
Palm Oil stearic acid =
- Weighed 10 grams not dissolve
- Added 1 grain of stearic acid - heated 70oC
- Heated until 70oC = yellow
Brownish solution (++)
colored mixture - added
- Let it until temperature of 50oC NaOH =
- Added NaOH solution and stirred become
continuously thicker
- Added 12 grams of alcohol and 4 grams of - added
glycerin alcohol =
o
- Heated until 50 C yellow
- Stirred solution
- added
Clear solution
glycerin =
become
clump
- added olive
 oil = become
- Let it until cool clump
- Added 1 mL of olive oil
- Poured into a mold

Soap
Bulk Oil
Bulk Oil - added
- Weighed 10 grams stearic acid =
- Added 1 grain of stearic acid not dissolve
- Heated until 70oC - heated 70oC
Brownish = dissolve
colored mixture - added
o
- Let it until temperature of 50 C NaOH =
- Added NaOH solution and stirred become
continuously thicker
- Added 12 grams of alcohol and 4 grams of - added
glycerin alcohol =
become
thicker
 - added
- Heated until 50oC glycerin =
- Stirred become
clump
Clear solution
- added olive
oil = become
clump
3. Soap Emulsion Properties - Coconut Coconut Oil Emulsion can formed An oil emulsion
a. Making Soap Solution oil = - Soap + H2O because oil is a hydrofob with water
Soap colorless = white so they can't dilute well in added a soap
- Weighed 0,1 grams liquid solution water abd there are an solution will be
- Dissolved with 6 mL of water - Palm oil = - H2O + 5 emulgator with liquid phase long separated

Soap solution light yellow drops of oil = as a soap than the oil
liquid unsoluble (2 emulsion with
- Bulk oil = layers) water that do
yellow - time = 6 s not added a
liquid - H2O + 5 soap solution
- Aquades = drops of oil +
colorless soap solution
b. Soap Emulsion liquid = white
3 mL aquades 3 mL aquades solution
+ 5 drops of + 5 drops of - time = 80 s
coconut oils coconut oils
Palm Oil
- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test - Soap + H2O
- Added 2 mL of soap tube 2 = colorless
solution from coconut oils solution
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion - H2O + 5
- Allowed to stand and observed until water drops of oil =
and oil separated light yellow
- Noted the time taken to separating in the top and
Soap emulsion colorless in
the bottom
- time = 6 s
- H2O + 5
drops of oil +
soap solution
= white
solution with
 bubble on top
3 mL aquades 3 mL aquades - time = 50 s
+ 5 drops of + 5 drops of Bulk Oil
palm oils palm oils
- Soap + H2O
- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test = white
- Added 2 mL of soap tube 2 solution
solution from coconut oils - H2O + 5
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion drops of oil =
- Allowed to stand and observed until water yellow on top
and oil separated and colorless
- Noted the time taken to separating in the bottom
Soap emulsion - time = 6 s
- H2O + 5
drops oil +
soap solution
= white
solution with
bubble on top
- time = 37 s
3 mL aquades 3 mL aquades
+ 5 drops of + 5 drops of
bulk oils bulk oils

- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test

- Added 2 mL of soap tube 2
solution from coconut oils
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion
- Allowed to stand and observed until water
and oil separated
- Noted the time taken to separating
Soap emulsion
4. Acid Number - Palm oil = Palm Oil  Acid number
a. Palm oil yellow - Added of palm oil =
Palm oils liquid (++) ethanol = not 18,3
- Weighed 5 gram - Ethanol = dissolve  Acid number
- Put into erlenmeyer colorless (yellow of coconut oil
- Added 25 mL of ethanol solution color) = 2,8
- Added 5 drops of phenolphtalein - PP = - Added PP =  Acid number
- Titrated with 0,1 N of saturated KOH colorless not dissolve of bulk oil =
- Repeated until 3 times solution - Titrated 19,5
- Calculated the acid number - KOH = with KOH =
SNI 01-3741-2002 =  The quality of
Acid number colorless become two oil from the
maximum 0,60 mg KOH/g
solution layers (top best to the
oil
layer = worst is
yellow, coconut oil -
bottom layer palm oil -
= soft bulk oil
pink(++) )
-V KOH =
16,3 mL
b. Coconut oil - Coconut Coconut Oil
Coconut oils oil = - Added
- Weighed 5 gram colorless ethanol = not
- Put into erlenmeyer liquid dissolve (pale
- Added 25 mL of ethanol yellow color)
- Added 5 drops of phenolphtalein - Added PP =
- Titrated with 0,1 N of saturated KOH not dissolve
- Repeated until 3 times - Titrated
- Calculated the acid number with KOH =

Acid number become two

layers (top
layer = pale
yellow (+),
bottom layer
= soft pink
(+) )
-V KOH =
2,5 mL
c. Bulk oil - Bulk oil = Bulk Oil
Bulk oils yellow - Added
- Weighed 5 gram liquid (+++) ethanol = not
- Put into erlenmeyer dissolve (pale
- Added 25 mL of ethanol yellow color)
- Added 5 drops of phenolphtalein - Added PP =
- Titrated with 0,1 N of saturated KOH not dissolve
- Repeated until 3 times - Titrated
- Calculated the acid number with KOH =

Acid number become two

layers (top
layer = pale
yellow (+++),
bottom layer
= soft pink
(+++) )
-V KOH =
17,4 mL
5. Saponification Number - Coconut Coconut Oil KOH (aq) + C17H33COOH The
a. Coconut oils oil = - Added (aq)  C17H33COOK (aq) saponification
2 grams of coconut oils colorless KOH = + H2O (l) number of:
- Entered into erlenmeyer liquid turbid  Coconut oil =
- Added 25 mL of 0,5 N KOH - Palm oil = solution KOH (aq) + HCl (aq)  91,25
- Refluxed for 30 minutes yellow - Refluxed = KCl (aq) + H2O (l)  Palm oil =
-Waited until cool liquid yellow 85,775
- Added PP indicator - Bulk oil = solution SNI No. 01-3741-2002:  Bulk oil =
- Titrated with 0,5 N HCl yellow - Added PP = 180-256 mg KOH/g 58,4
- Observed the changes liquid brownish
- Calculated the HCl volume - KOH = orange The quality of
- Calculated the saponification number colorless solution soap from the
Saponification number solution - Titrated best to worst
- PP with HCl = are: coconut oil
indicator = yellow soap > palm oil
colorless solution soap > bulk oil
solution (light) soap
- HCl = -V HCl = 10
colorless mL The soap that
b. Palm oils solution - Saponifica- has been made,
2 grams of palm oils tion number did not reach
- Entered into erlenmeyer = 91,25 the
- Added 25 mL of 0,5 N KOH Palm Oil saponification
- Refluxed for 30 minutes - Added number in SNI.
-Waited until cool KOH = So it does not
- Added PP indicator turbid worthy
- Titrated with 0,5 N HCl solution
- Observed the changes - Refluxed =
- Calculated the HCl volume yellow
- Calculated the saponification number solution

Saponification number - Added PP =

brownish
orange
solution
- Titrated
with HCl =
light yellow
solution
c. Bulk oils - V HCl = 9,4
2 grams of bulk oils mL
- Entered into erlenmeyer - Saponifica-
- Added 25 mL of 0,5 N KOH tion number
- Refluxed for 30 minutes = 85,775
-Waited until cool Bulk Oil
- Added PP indicator - Added
- Titrated with 0,5 N HCl KOH =
- Observed the changes turbid
- Calculated the HCl volume solution
- Calculated the saponification number - Refluxed =

Saponification number yellow

solution
- Added PP =
brownish
orange
solution
- Titrated
with HCl =
 light yellow
solution
- V HCl = 6,4
mL
- Saponifica-
tion number
= 58,4
6. Unsaturated Fats Testing - Chicken Added CH3(CH2)14COOH + I2   Fat dissolves
Chicken fat fat = white chloroform CH3(CH2)14COOH + Br2  in organic
- Added 1 mL of chloroform solid - Chicken fat solvent such
- Added iodine or bromwater drop by drop - Butter = = colorless as cloroform
- Shaked until the color of iodine or yellow solid solution  Chicken fats,
bromwater is unchanged (cream) - Butter = butter, and
- Counted the drops - Cow fat = yellow cow fats are
white redish solution saturated fats
Result
solid - Cow fat = because
- color less they're do not
Chloroform solution react with
= pinkish Added iodine and
 solution Iodine bromwater
Butter - Iodine = - Chicken fat  The order
- Added 1 mL of chloroform orange = (7 drops) saturation is:
- Added iodine or bromwater drop by drop brownish become 2 cow fats >
- Shaked until the color of iodine or solution layers, pink chicken fats >
bromwater is unchanged - Bromine = and yellow butter
- Counted the drops solution
- Butter = (5
Result
drops) orange
Cow fat solution
- Added 1 mL of chloroform - Cow fat =
- Added iodine or bromwater drop by drop (18 drops)
- Shaked until the color of iodine or become 2
bromwater is unchanged layer, pink
- Counted the drops and yellow
solution
Result
Added
Bromine
- Chicken fat
= (4 drops)
separated into
2 layers,
turbid and
colorless
solution
- Butter = (3
drops)
separated into
2 layers,
colorless (top
layer) and
yellow
(bottom
layer)
- Cow fat =
(7 drops)
separated into
2 layers
7. - Bulk oil = Bulk oil  Bulk oil,
Bulk Oil yellow - added coconut oil,
- Added 1 mL of chloroform liquid chloroform = and palm oil
- Added iodine or bromwater drop by drop (turbid) colorless is saturated
- Shaked until the color of iodine or - Palm oil = solution fats
bromwater is unchanged yellow - added  Based on the
- Counted the drops liquid iodine = experiment,
(clear) yellow the order of
Result
- Coconut orange unsaturated of
Coconut Oil oil = solution (19 fats is bulk oil
- Added 1 mL of chloroform colorless drops) - palm oil -
- Added iodine or bromwater drop by drop liquid - added Br2 = coconut oil
- Shaked until the color of iodine or - become 2
bromwater is unchanged Chloroform layers, yellow
- Counted the drops = pinkish and colorless
solution (11 drops)
Result
- Iodine = Coconut Oil
orange - added
brownish chloroform =
 solution colorless
Palm Oil - solution
- Added 1 mL of chloroform Bromwater - added I2 =
- Added iodine or bromwater drop by drop = colorless become 2
- Shaked until the color of iodine or solution layers pink
bromwater is unchanged and yellow
- Counted the drops (12 drops)
- added Br2 =
Result
become 2
layers turbid
and colorless
(6 drops)
Palm Oil
- added
chloroform =
colorless
solution
- added I2 =
become 2
layers yellow
and pink (8
drops)
- added Br2 =
become 2
layers white
and yellow (8
drops)
I. Analysis and Explanation
1. Soap Making
The first experiment is soap making. This experiment has purpose
to know the process of soap making, determine the reaction of soap
making and explain the differences between soap products which made
using NaOH and KOH.
There are three oil sample that would be made as soap. There are
coconut oil, palm oil, and bulk oil. The first step is making the NaOH
solution because in this experiment, we will made the solid soap. NaOH
(white solid) is weighed until 10 grams in the analytical balance to make
the corret sample mass. After that, the NaOH is dissolved in 3,3 mL of
water. The water that used to dissolve the NaOH is not-so-hot water
because this reaction is exothermic reaction so it generates heat and if we
use the hot water, it can generates more heat and can break the beaker
glass . Let it until cool before doing the next step. The reaction is:
NaOH (s) + H2O (l) → NaOH (aq)
After make the NaOH solution, then is the soap making process.
The three oil sample, coconut oil (colorless liquid), palm oil (clear yellow
liquid), and bulk oil (turbid yellow) are weighed as much as 10 grams in
the analytical balance and put in to erlenmeyer. Then, add stearic acid
(white granule) into each erlenmeyer. Stearic acid is used in the soap-
making process because stearic acid can harden the soap and foam
stabilizer. Then heat the mixture in the temperature of 70oC. It is done
because to make the stearic acid melts. The temperature used when heating
must not be too hot because the temperature is too hot will oxidize the oil
which causes the brown color, this is closely related to the number of
peroxide that is the value to determine the degree of damage to the oil or
fat caused by auto-oxidation. If it is below 50℃, the saponification process
on soap will be difficult. Stearic acid will react at its melting point at 69oC.
Then, let the mixture in the erlenmeyer cool in the temperature of
o
50 C. This temperature is setting to make the optimum saponification
reaction which is reaction between base (NaOH) and oil. The reaction is:
 When triglycerides are reacted with alkali (NaOH), the bond
between the oxygen atoms in the carboxylic group and the carbon atoms in
the glycerol will be separated. This process is called "saponification".
After added the NaOH solution, then add 12 grams of alcohol
(colorless solution) and 4 grams of glycerin ( colorless solution). Alcohol
is the most important ingredient for forming transparent texture soaps. On
the other hand, combining ethanol with fatty acids will produce soap with
high solubility. And glycerin is used as a hygroscopic component that can
hold water and glycerin is also a humectant that serves as a skin
moisturizer. Its effectiveness depends on the humidity of the surrounding
environment. For example glycerin and propylene glycol, can moisturize
the skin under ordinary atmospheric conditions or in high humidity
conditions. Then heated until the temperature of 50oC until the solution
become colorless.
Then, let it until cool and add 1 mL of olive oil as an active agent
and skin moisturizer. After that, add some parfume and dye to make the
soap smells good and has an interesting look. The parfume that used is
better if it is a non-alcohol parfume because alcohol is volatile so that the
parfume contain alcohol, the smells will easy to dissapear. Pour to the
mold quickly before the soap is getting hard and solid.
2. Soap Emulsion Properties
The next experiment is soap emulsion properties. This experiment
has purpose to make a soap emulsion. Emulsion is a type of colloid with a
dispersed phase in the form of liquid. The properties of soap emulsion is
used as emulgator, so soap can combine oil with water that separate.
The first step is making soap solution from the soap that has been
made in the first experiment by taken 0,1 gram of each soap (coconut oil
soap, palm oil soap, and bulk oil soap) and dissolved in the 6 mL of water.
Then prepare 2 test tube for each kind of soap. Then add 3 mL of water
and 5 drops of every oil sample. Then, in the first test tube of coconut oil,
palm oil, and bulk oil, add 2 mL of soap solution.
 Test tube 1 that contain coconut oil and water is added with 2 mL
of soap from coconut oil
 Test tube 1 that contain palm oil and water is added with 2 mL of
soap from palm oil
 Test tube 1 that contain bulk oil and water is added with 2 mL of
soap from bulk oil.
Then, shake the test tube to get the emulsion. Wait and observe
until the mixture of oil and water separated. Write down the time taken
using stopwatch. Then compare the time required to separate between
using coconut oil soap, palm oil soap, and bulk oil soap.
The time to separate of oil and water is faster when it doesn't add a
soap because soap is an emulgator. The working mechanism of emulgator
is:
1. Form a monomolecular layer; surfactants that can stabilize the
emulsion work by forming a single layer that is absorbed by
molecules or ions on the surface between oil / water. According to
Gibbs' law the presence of an excess of important meetings reduces
surface tension. This results in a more stable emulsion because the
real reduction in the amount of surface free energy is the fact that
the droplet is surrounded by a single coherent layer that prevents
the approaching droplets from combining.
2. Forming a multimolecular layer; Liopholic colloids form a
multimolecular layer around the droplets of oil dispersion. While
hydrophilic colloids are absorbed at the junction, they do not cause
a decrease in surface tension. Its effectiveness depends on being
able to form strong, coherent multimolecular layers.
3. Crystal formation of solid particles; they show strong double
refraction and can be seen microscopically polarization. Optical
properties that correspond to crystals lead to the labeling "Liquid
 Crystal". If more is known through its special mesifase-specific
structure, which is largely formed in its dependence on the
chemical structure of tensid / water, temperature and art and how to
prepare emulsions. The area of structuring of different liquid
crystals can be due to their influence on the distribution of the
emulsion phase.
4. Emulsions used in pharmaceuticals are a preparation consisting of
two immiscible liquids, in which one is completely dispersed as
globules against the other. Although we generally think that
emulsions are liquid, emulsions can be used for internal and
external use and can be used for a number of different purposes.

The more longer the time taken to separate, the better quality of oil
so the soap will be better if the time needed to emulsify the oil is getting
longer. Based on the experiment, the order of time taken to separated from
the faster to the slower is bulk oil > palm oil > coconut oil.
3. Acid Number
The third experiment acid number. The purpose of this experiment
is to determine the quality of soap which is shown by the acid number.
Acid number is the number of milligrams of KOH needed to neutralize
free fatty acids from one gram of oil or fat. Acid numbers are used to
measure the amount of free fatty acids contained in oil or fat.
The first step is weighed 5 grams of coconut oil, palm oil, and bulk
oil with analytical balance. Then, put the oils in the three different
erlenmeyer. And then, add 25 mL of ethanol into each erlenmeyer. The
addition of ethanol has a function as a solvent for oil to react with alkaline,
in this case is 0.1 M KOH (colorless solution) base solution. Before doing
the titration, add 5 drops of phenolphtalein (colorless solution) indicator
into the solution. The function of the addition of PP indicator is as a sign
for the end point of the titration, which is when the color of the solution
turns pink. It means that the free fatty acids contained in the oil sample
have been neutralized by the KOH solution. The PP indicator was chosen
 because the titrant used was basic (KOH) and the analyte contained acid
which was free fatty acid. The PP indicator is classified as a very weak
acid because it contains a phenol group, in an un-ionized state, the PP
indicator does not change color. But if in an alkaline environment, PP will
ionize more and give a bright color.
The method used is acid-base titration. Titration is based on a
reaction obtained by adding a certain volume of standard solution needed
to react perfectly with an unknown concentration until the equivalent point
is reached. In this titration, 0.1 N KOH was used as a titrant and the
analyte in the form of oil samples consisting of palm oil, coconut oil, and
bulk oil. The acid number is determined by counting the number of
milligrams of KOH required to neutralize free fatty acids contained in 1
gram of oil. The reaction is:

After reach the end point, write down the volume of KOH in every
sample oil. And repeated in three times and calculate the volume average.
Then, we can calculate the acid number using:

Acid number =

The acid number of coconut oil is 2,8 ; then the acid number of
palm oil is 18,3 ; and the acid number of bulk oil is 19,5. Acid number in
oil according to SNI 01-3741-2002 is a maximum of 0.60 mg KOH/g of
oil. The smaller the value of acid number, the better the quality of soap. So
the order of soap quality based on the acid number from the best to the
worst is coconut oil - palm oil - bulk oil.
4. Saponification Number
The next experiment is saponification number. The purpose of this
experiment is to depend the saponification number of each oil. The
saponification number is the number of milligrams of KOH needed to
lather one gram of oil or fat.
 The first step is weighed 2 grams of coconut oil, palm oil, and bulk
oil in the analytical balance. Then, entered into three different erlenmeyer.
Then add 25 mL of 0,5 N KOH. The function of alcoholic KOH, which is
alcohol which is used to dissolve fatty acids resulting from hydrolysis in
order to facilitate reaction with bases to form soap.
Next is refluxed for 30 minutes. he principle of the reflux method
is that the volatile solvent used will evaporate at high temperatures, but
will be cooled with a condenser so that the solvent that was in the form of
steam will condense on the condenser and down again into the reaction
container so that the solvent will remain there during the reaction. The
solution is refluxed so that alcoholic KOH and oil can blend perfectly and
react quickly. The reflux process can incorporate alcoholic KOH with oil.
Warming up the reflux process will make it easier for oil to converge with
alcoholic KOH. The other function of reflux process is to evaporate and
liquefy volatile substances. It doesn't use water bath because the solvent
that used is volatile. When using water bath it will easy to evaporate and
usually the solvent is also reactive to fire so that it will be dangerous if the
steam is exposed to fire.
After refluxed for 30 minutes, then let the solution cool. After that,
add phenolphtalein as an indicator in titration process with 0,5 N HCl
(colorless solution). Observed the changes when the indicator start to
change its color. Write down the volume of HCl needed in titration of
coconut oil sample, palm oil sample, and bulk oil sample. The reaction is:
KOH (aq) + C17H33COOH (aq)  C17H33COOK (aq) + H2O (l)
KOH (aq) + HCl (aq)  KCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Then calculate the saponification number using:

The saponification number of coconut oil is 91,25 ; palm oil

85,775 ; and bulk oil 58,4. The more greater the number of saponification
number, the better quality of soap. So the order of saponification number
from the greater to the smaller is coconut oil > palm oil > bulk oil. But,
 based on SNI No. 01-3741-2002 is 180-256 mg KOH/g of oil or fats. So
the soap isn't worthy.
5. Unsaturated Fats Testing
The last experiment is unsaturated fats testing. This experiment has
purpose to testing the saturation of fats. First, prepare the equipments and
materials needed. The first fats that used in this experiment are chicken fat
(white solid), cow fat (redish white solid), butter (yellow cream), coconut
oil (colorless liquid), palm oil (clear yellow liquid), and bulk oil (turbid
yellow liquid).
First step is taken a little slice of chicken fat, cow fat, and butter in
the test tube. Then heat the all the test tube that contain cow fat, chicken
fat, and butter in the water bath to melt them. After perfectly melted, take
the fats liquid in the different test tube about 4 drops.
 Test tube 1 and 2 contain 4 drops of chicken fats
 Test tube 3 and 4 contain 4 drops of cow fats
 Test tube 5 and 6 contain 4 drops of butter
Then add 1 mL of chloroform (pinkish solution) in each test tube.
The function of chloroform is used as a solvent. After that add drop by
drop of I2 (orange brownish solution) in the test tube 1,3, and 5 and add
drop by drop of Br2 in the test tube 2,4 and 6 until the color of the solution
has the same color with I2 solution and Br2 solution then write down the
drops. The function of I2 and Br2 is to test the unsaturating properties of
fats by doing an addition to the double bond in the parents chain of fats.
In the chiken fats, the amount of the drops of I2 is 7 drops and then
separated into 2 layers the bottom layer is pink color and the upper layer is
yellow color. And the amounts of the drops of Br2 is 4 drops then become
2 layers, turbid and colorless.
In the cow fats, the amounts of the drops of I2 is 18 drops and then
separated into 2 layers, pink and yellow. And the amounts of the drops of
Br2 is 7 drops then separated into 2 layers, turbid and colorless.
In the butter, the amounts of the drops of I2 is 5 drops then become
orange solution. And the amounts of the drops of Br2 is 3 drops then
become 2 layers the upper layer is colorless and the bottom is yellow. The
reaction is:
CH3(CH2)14COOH + I2 
CH3(CH2)14COOH + Br2 
Next we also doing the same procedure but with the different kind
of fats. There are coconut oil, palm oil, and bulk oil. It also has the
different result with the first.
 Test tube 1 and 2 contain 4 drops of coconut oil
 Test tube 3 and 4 contain 4 drop of palm oil
 Test tube 5 and 6 contain 4 drops of bulk oil
After the addition of I2, the bulk oil become yellow orange
solution and need 19 drops of I2. Palm oil become 2 layers yellow and
pink and need 8 drops of I2. Coconut oil become 2 layers yellow and pink
and need 18 drops of I2.
And the addition of Br2, the bulk oil become 2 layers yellow and
colorless solution and need 11 drops of Br2. Coconut oil become 2 layers
turbid and colorless and need 6 drops of Br2. Palm oil become 2 layers
white and yellow and need 8 drops of Br2. The reaction is:
J. Conclusion
Based on the experiment that we have done, we can conclude that:
1. The reaction of making soap is called saponification by reacting oil
(triglycerides) and the NaOH solution (base).
2. The fastest oils forming emulsions are coconut oil > palm oil > bulk
oil.
3. The order of oil quality from high to low is coconut oi l> palm oil >
bulk oil. Oil quality is inversely proportional to the acid number. The
smaller the acid number, the higher the quality of oil and the higher
the acid number, the lower the quality of oil.
4. The higher the saponification number, the greater the quality of oil
and the lower the saponification number, the lower the quality of oil.
The order of oil quality based on the saponification number is coconut
oil > palm oil > bulk oil.
5. Bulk oil, palm oil and coconut oil is unsaturated fats. And the order of
unsaturated fat is bulk oil - palm oil - coconut oil
K. References
Anwar, Chairil, et al. 1994. Pengantar Praktikum Kimia Organik.Yogyakarta:
FMIPA Universitas Gadjah Mada
Austin. Gorge T. 1984. Shereve’s Chemical Process Industries. 5th ed.
Singapure: McGra- Hill Book Co
Baysinger, Grace.Et all. 2004. CRC Handbook Of Chemistry and Physics.
85th ed. New York: CRC
Chiappetta, E.L and Koballa, Jr. 2006 . Science Instruction in the Middle and
Secondary Schools 6th Edition.Pearson education Inc. NJ
Fessenden, R. J. and Fessenden, J.S. 1986. Kimia Organik 3rd Edition.
Penerbit Erlangga: Jakarta.
Hard, Harold. 1982. Kimia Organik Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga
Ketaren, S. 1996. Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. Jakarta:
Universitas Indonesia (UI-Press)
McMurry, J. 2016. Organic Chemistry (9 ed.). United States: Cengage
Learning
Poedjiadi, A. 2006. Dasar – Dasar Biokimia. Jakarta: UI - Press.
Spitz, L., 1996. Soap and Detergent a Theoritical and Practical Review.
USA: AOCS Press
Winarno, F. G. 1991. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. Jakarta: Gramedia
L. Attachments
Answer of the Question
1. How is the procedures to make solid soap and liquid soap in a flowchart
NaOH
- Weighed 1,4 grams
- Dissolved in 3,3 mL of water
- Waited until cool
NaOH solution

Coconut oil Palm oil Bulk oil

- Weighed 10 grams
- Added 1 grain of stearic acid
- Heated until 70oC

Brownish
colored mixture
- Let it until temperature of 50oC
- Added NaOH solution and stirred
continuously
- Added 12 grams of alcohol and 4
grams of glycerin
- Heated until 50oC
- Stirred

Clear solution
- Let it until cool
- Added 1 mL of olive oil
- Poured into a mold

Solid Soap
 Coconut oil Palm oil Bulk oil

- Weighed 10 grams
- Added 1 grain of stearic acid
- Heated until 70oC

Brownish
colored mixture
- Let it until temperature of 50oC
- Added KOH solution and stirred
continuously
- Added 12 grams of alcohol and 4
grams of glycerin
- Heated until 50oC
- Stirred

Clear solution
- Let it until cool
- Added 1 mL of olive oil
- Added parfume

Liquid Soap

2. Write down the complete reaction of making soap!

3. How is the flow chart of making soap emulsion?

a. Making Soap Solution
Soap
- Weighed 0,1 grams
- Dissolved with 6 mL of water

Soap solution
b. Soap Emulsion
3 mL aquades + 3 mL aquades +
5 drops of 5 drops of
coconut oils coconut oils

- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test tube 2

- Added 2 mL of soap
solution from coconut oils
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion
- Allowed to stand and observed until water and oil separated
- Noted the time taken to separating

Soap emulsion

3 mL aquades + 3 mL aquades +
5 drops of palm 5 drops of palm
oils oils

- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test tube 2

- Added 2 mL of soap
solution from coconut oils
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion
- Allowed to stand and observed until water and oil separated
- Noted the time taken to separating

Soap emulsion
 3 mL aquades + 3 mL aquades +
5 drops of bulk 5 drops of bulk
oils oils

- Put into test tube 1 - Put into test tube 2

- Added 2 mL of soap
solution from coconut oils
- Shaken strongly to get an emulsion
- Allowed to stand and observed until water and oil separated
- Noted the time taken to separating

Soap emulsion

4. How the process of soap emulsion?

Emulsions that are formed by dispersing a water-immiscible liquid into an
aqueous phase are termed oil-inwater (o/w), while those having aqueous
droplets dispersed in a continuous oil phase are termed water-in-oil (w/o).
Soap is an example of an emulsifier. Ways of working:
 Water and oil are liquids that do not blend into each other, but want
to separate from each other because they have different densities.
 In an emulsion there are usually three main parts:
1. The dispersed portion comprising fat
2. The second part is called the dispersing medium also known as
the continuous phase, which usually consists of water
3. The third part is an emulsifier that serves to keep the oil grains
remained suspended in water.
 When oil and water are shaken together, it will form fatty grains and
form an emulsion, but when allowed oil particles will rejoin and
separate from water molecules. Here is the emulsifier function. With
the emulsifier it will be able to form a membrane around the
dispersed granules, thus preventing the reunion of the grains. This is
temporary, because oil and water will separated again in few times
5. Write down the problem formulation of making soap by using alkaline
solution (NaOH and KOH) with the same concentration, procedures,
apparatus and materials!
 How is the procedure and result of soap making with NaOH solution?
 How is the procedure and reslut of soap making with KOH solution?
 What is the characteristic difference between liquid soap and solid
soap?
6. Identify the variables (manipulation, response, and control)!
 Controlled variable: Sample mass (oil), glycerin mass, alcohol
mass, olive oil mass, temperature
 Manipulation variable: The kind of oil (coconut oil, palm oil, and
bulk oil)
 Response variable: The quality of soap product
7. Write down the experiment procedures!
1.4 grams of NaOH is dissolved in 3.3 mL of water and waited until cool.
Samples of oil (palm oil, coconut oil and bulk oil) were weighed 10 grams,
then added 1 gram of stearic acid, after that heated in the temperature of
70°C.Wait until the temperature of 50°C. then, add the NaOH solution that
has been made before and stir continuously. After that add 12 grams of
alcohol and 4 grams of glycerin. Heated again until the temperature of
50oC and stirred. Let it until cool then added 1 mL of olive oil and
parfume. Then, poured into a mold. Let it be hard and dry. Then the result
is a soap product of coconut oil, palm oil, and bulk oil.
 Calculation
Acid Number
N KOH = 0,1 N
Mr KOH = 56 gr/mol
Oil weight = 5 grams
1. Palm Oil

= = 18,3

2. Coconut Oil

= = 2,8

3. Bulk Oil

= = 19,5

Saponification Number
N HCl = 0,5 N
Mr HCl = 36,5 gr/mol
Sample weight = 2 grams
1. Coconut Oil

= = 91,25

2. Palm Oil

= = 85,775

3. Bulk Oil

= = 58,4
 Documentation
1) Soap Making
No Procedure Picture Explanation
1 Making of NaOH solution weighed 1,4
grams NaOH
solid to make
NaOH
solution for 3
different kind
of soap

1,4 grams of
NaOH solid +
3,3 ml of
aquades.
Become
colorless
NaOH
solution
 Making Of Soap
2 Making Of Soap weighed 4
grams of
glycerin for
three
differents
kind of soap

weighed 12
grams of
alcohol for
three
differents
kind of soap
 olive oil

Coconout Oil
weighed 10
grams of
coconout oil
weighed 1
gram of
steraic acid

10 grams of
coconout oil
+ 1 gram of
steraic acid

10 grams of
coconout oil
+ 1 gram of
steraic acid
and then
heated until
70
let the
mixture until
50

the mixture
after 50 +
NaOH
solution and
strired

added 12
grams of
alcohol and 4
grams of
glycerin

heated until
50
 let the
mixture until
cool

added 1 ml of
olive oil and
poured into a
mold.

soap from
coconout oil

Palm Oil
weighed 10
grams of
palm oil

weighed 1
gram of
stearic acid

added 1 gram
of stearic acid
into 10 grams
of palm oil

heated the
mixture until
70
let until the
temperature
of 50

added NaOH
solution and
stirred
continously

added 12
grams of
alcohol and 4
grams of
glycerin

and then
heated until
50
 soap from
palm oil

Bulk Oil
weighed 10
grams of bulk
oil

weighed 1
gram of
stearic acid

hadded 1
gram of
stearic acid
and heated
until 70

let the
temperature
of mixture
until 50
the mixture
added 12
grams of
alcohol and 4
grams of
glycerin

heated until
50

let it cool and

added 1 ml of
olive oil
 soap from
bulk oil

Soap Emulsion Properties

3 soap emulsion soap solution

a. coconout oil 3 mL aquades

+ 5 drops of
coconut oil +
1 mL soap
solution and
shake it
strongly.

3 mL aquades
+ 5 drops of
coconut oil
and shake it
strongly.
 b. Palm Oil 3 mL aquades
+ 5 drops of
palm oil + 1
mL soap
solution and
shake it
strongly.

3 mL aquades
+ 5 drops of
palm oil and
shake it
strongly.

c) bulk oil 3 mL aquades

+ 5 drops of
bulk oil + 1
mL soap
solution and
shake it
strongly.

3 mL aquades
+ 5 drops of
bulk oil and
shake it
strongly.

Acid Number
4 acid number wighed 5
grams of
palm oil
palm oil + 25
of ethanol + 5
drops of
phenolphtalei
n + titrated
with 16,3 ml
of KOH
Solution
wighed 5
grams of
coconout oil

coconout oil
+ 25 of
ethanol + 5
drops of
phenolphtalei
n + titrated
with 2,5 ml of
KOH
Solution
wighed 5
grams of bulk
oil
 bulk oil + 25
of ethanol + 5
drops of
phenolphtalei
n + titrated
with 2,5 ml of
KOH
Solution
Saponification Number
4 saponification number weighed 2
grams of
coconout oil

2 grams of
palm oil + 25
ml of 0,5 N
KOH and
then refluxed
for 30
minutes (· the
same steps is
done for palm
oil and bulk
oil)
the mixture of
coconout oil
+ 5 drops of
pp indicators
the mixture of
coconout oil
+ 5 drops of
pp indicators
after titrated
with 10 ml of
HCl

weighed 2
grams of
palm oil
2 grams of
palm oil + 25
ml of 0,5 N
KOH then
refluxed for
30 minutes
and the.
Added 5
drops of PP
indicator and
titrated with
9,4 ml HCl
solution
.
weighed 2
grams of bulk
oil

the mixture of
bulk oil + 5
drops of pp
indicators
the mixture of
bulk oil + 5
drops of pp
indicators
after titrated
with 6,4 ml
of HCl
2) Unsaturated Fats Testing
No Procedure Picture Explanation
chicken fat
Chicken fat

Chicken fat +
1 ml of
chloroform

Chicken + 1
ml of
chloroform
and 5 drops of
Bromine water

chicken + 1 ml
of chloroform
and 7 drops of
iodine

Margarine
Margarine
 Margarine + 1
ml of
Chloroform

Maragrine + 1
ml of
chloroform + 3
drops of
Bromine water

Margarine + 1
ml of
chloroform + 5
drops of iodine

Cow Fat
Cow fat

Cow fat + 1 ml
of chlororom
 Cow fat + 1 ml
of chloroform
+ 7 drops of
bromine water

Cow fat + 1 ml
of clororom +
18 drops of
iodine

Bulk Oil
Bulk oil + 1
ml of
chloroform

Bulk oil + 1
ml of
chloroform +
11 drops of
bromine water
 Bulk oil + 1
ml of
chloroform +
19 drops of
iodine

Coconout Oil
Coconout oil

Coconout oil +
1 ml of
chloroform

Coconout oil +
1 ml of
chloroform + 6
drops bromine
water
 Coconout oil +
1 ml of
chloroform +
18 drops of
iodine

Palm Oil
Palm oil + 1
ml of
chloroform

Palm oil + 1
ml of
chloroform + 8
drops of
Bromine water

Palm oil + 1
ml of
chloroform + 8
drops of iodine
1. Soap Making
2. Fats