DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

REACTION IN SOLUTION

CLASS: 11TH

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

UNIT NO. & NAME: 1) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

CHAPTER NO. & NAME: 1) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

TOPIC: Reaction in Solution

Assignment No.:11 Date: 25/05/2021

“INTRODUCTION_-Today we will learn”

✓ Definition of Mass percent, Mole fraction, Molarity and Molality.

✓ How to Calculate Mass percent of solute in solution.
✓ How to calculate Molarity and Molality.

Page 1 of 9
 DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

Assignment No.:11 Class: 11th Subject: Chemistry Date: 25/05/2021

A solution consists of two or more substances dissolved in a liquid form. Not to get
confused with a mixture, which is heterogeneous--multiple substances exist in varying
structures- solutions are homogenous, which means that atoms of the solute are
evenly dispersed throughout the solvent (e.g. water, ethanol).
The solute is the substance dissolved in the solution, and the solvent is the substance
doing the dissolving.

Reactions in solutions
A majority of reactions in the laboratories are carried out in solutions. Therefore, it is
important to understand as how the amount of substance is expressed when it is
present in the solution. The concentration of a solution or the amount of substance
present in its given volume can be expressed in any of the following ways.

1. Mass per cent or weight per cent (w/w %)

2. Mole fraction
3. Molarity
4. Molality

Let us now study each one of them in detail.

1. Mass percent (w/W): Concentration of solution may be expressed in terms of

percent by mass of solute which gives the mass of solute per 100 mass units of
solution. It is obtained by using the following relation:

Mass percentage = Mass of solute(w) × 100

Mass of solution(W)

Page 2 of 9
 DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

Assignment No.:11 Class: 11th Subject: Chemistry Date:25/05/2021

Problem 1.6:
A solution is prepared by adding 2g of a substance A to 18g of water. Calculate the
mass per cent of the solute.

Solution:
Mass percent of A = Mass of A (w) × 100
Mass of solution(W)

= _____2g___________ x 100
2g of A +18g of water

= ____2g____ x 100
20g
= 10%

2. Mole Fraction (x): It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the
total number of moles of the solution. If a substance ‘A’ dissolves in substance ‘B’ and
their number of moles are nA and nB , respectively, then the mole fractions of A and B
are given as:

Mole fraction of A = No. of moles of A .

No. of moles of solution
xA = nA .
nA+nB
Mole fraction of B = No. of moles of B
No. of moles of solution
xB = nB `
nA+nB

3. Molarity(M) : It is the most widely used unit and is denoted by M. It is defined as the
number of moles of the solute in 1 litre of the solution. Thus,

Molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute (n)

Volume of solution in litres(V)

For example, we have 1 M solution of a substance, say NaOH, and we want to prepare
a 0.2 M solution from it.

Page 3 of 9
 DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

Assignment No.:11 Class: 11th Subject: Chemistry Date:25/05/2021

1 M NaOH means 1 mol of NaOH present in 1 litre of the solution. For 0.2 M
solution, we require 0.2 moles of NaOH dissolved in 1 litre solution.
Hence, for making 0.2M solution from 1M solution, we have to take that volume
of 1M NaOH solution, which contains 0.2 mol of NaOH and dilute the solution with
water to 1 litre.
Now, how much volume of concentrated (1M) NaOH solution be taken, which
contains 0.2 moles of NaOH can be calculated as follows:

If 1 mol is present in 1L or 1000 mL solution then,

0.2 mol is present in = 1000mL X 0.2 mol solution

1 mol
= 200 mL solution

Thus, 200 mL of 1M NaOH are taken and enough water is added to dilute it to make it
1 litre. In fact for such calculations, a general formula, M1 × V1 = M2 × V2 where M and
V are molarity and volume, respectively, can be used. In this case, M1 is equal to 0.2M,
V1 = 1000 mL and M2 = 1.0M, V2 is to be calculated. Substituting the values in the
formula:

0.2 M × 1000mL = 1.0 M × V2

 V2 = 0.2 M x 1000mL = 200mL

1.0 M

Note that the number of moles of solute (NaOH) was 0.2 in 200mL and it has remained
the same, i.e. 0.2 even after dilution ( in 1000mL) as we have changed just the amount
of solvent (i.e. water) and have not done anything with respect to NaOH. But keep in
mind the concentration.

Problem 1.7:
Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4g in enough
water to form 250mL of the solution.

Solution:
Since molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute(n)
Volume of solution in litres(V)

Page 4 of 9
 DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

Assignment No.:11 Class: 11th Subject: Chemistry Date:25/05/2021

= Mass of NaOH / Molar mass of NaOH

0.250L

= 4g / 40g = 0.1 mol

0.250L 0.250L

= 0.4 molL-1

= 0.4 M

Note that molarity of a solution depends upon temperature because volume of a

solution is temperature dependent.

4. Molality(m): It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of

solvent. It is denoted by m.

Thus, Molality (m) = No. of moles of solute(n)

Mass of solvent in kg(w in Kg)

Molality is considered as better concentration expression than molarity. Molarity

decreases with increase of temperature due to the fact as temperature increases
volume increases, while molality does not change with temperature because mass of
the solvent does not change with change in temperature.

Problem 1.8:
The density of 3M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL–1. Calculate the molality of the solution.

Solution:
M = 3 mol L–1
Mass of NaCl in 1 L solution = 3 × 58.5 = 175.5 g
Mass of 1L solution = 1000 × 1.25 = 1250 g
(since density = 1.25 g mL–1)
Mass of water in solution = 1250 –75.5
= 1074.5 g

Molality = No. of moles of solute

Mass of solvent in kg

Page 5 of 9
 DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

Assignment No.:11 Class: 11th Subject: Chemistry Date: 25/05/2021

= 3 mol__
1.0745kg

= 2.79 m

Very short answer type questions:

Ques 1: Which of the following terms are unitless?
a) Molality
b) Molarity
c) Mole fraction
d) Mass percent

Ques 2: If 2.5g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is present in 75 g benzene, the molality

is:
a) 0.516 mol/kg
b) 0.423 mol/kg
c) 0.556 mol/kg
d) 0.223 mol/kg

Ques 3: What are the units of molality?

a) mol/kg
b) kg/mol
c) mol/litre
d) g/mol

Ques 4: If 40g NaOH is dissolved in 760g of water,the concentration of solution in

percentage by mass is:
a) 2% by mass of NaOH
b) 5% by mass of NaOH
c) 7% by mass of NaOH
d) 6% by mass of NaOH

Ques 5: Number of moles of a solute per Kilogram of a solvent is called:

a) Molarity
b) Molality
c) Mole fraction
d) Mass percent
Page 6 of 9
 DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

Assignment No.:11 Class: 11th Subject: Chemistry Date:25/05/2021

True/False:

1) The units of Molarity is mol/kg. T/F

2) The molarity of solution changes on dilution. T/F

3) Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more non reacting substance. T / F

Fill in the blanks:

1.Molarity ________ with increase in temperature.

2. 1 Molar solution is normally ________ concentrated that 1 molal solution.

Short Answer type questions:

Ques1. Why does chemist prefer to refer concentration of solution in terms of molality?

Ques2. Out of 1 molal and 1 molar aqueous solutions, which is more concentrated?
Justify.

Ques3. What will be the molarity of a solution which contains 5.85g of NaCl per
500mL?

Long Answer type question:

Ques1: Define the term Mass percent, Mole fraction, Molarity and Molality.

Hints and answers:

Very Short answer type questions:

Ans 1: C (Mole fraction)

Ans 2: Molality (m) = No. of moles of solute
Mass of solvent in kg
(No. of moles = Mass/Molecular mass)
According to question, mass of CH3COOH= 2.5g

Page 7 of 9
 DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

Assignment No.:11 Class: 11th Subject: Chemistry Date:25/05/2021

Molar mass of CH3COOH = 2 x 12 + 4 x 1+ 2 x 16 = 60g mol-1

 Molality = 2.5 g x 1000

60g mol-1 75g

= 0.556 mol kg-1

Ans 3: A (mol/kg)
Ans 4: Mass percentage = Mass of solute x 100%
Mass of solution

= 40g x 100%
40g + 760g

= 40g X 100%
800g
= 5% by mass of NaOH
Ans 5: B (Molality)

True/False:
Ans 1: False
Ans 2: True
Ans 3: True

Fill in the blanks:

Ans 1: decreases
Ans 2: more

Short Answer type questions:

Ans 1: Molality of a solution does not change with temperature as it involves weight
which does not change with temperature.

Ans2: One molal solution means 1 mol of solute is present in 1000g of water but in 1
molar solution, 1 mol of solute is present in 1000cm3 of solution which contain less than

Page 8 of 9
 DAILY DOSE: SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

Assignment No.:11 Class: 11th Subject: Chemistry Date:25/05/2021

1000cm3 of solvent. However in case of non aqueous solutions, 1 molar solution can
be less, more or even has same concentration as that of 1 molal solution depending on
density of solution.

Ans 3: Molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute .

Volume of solution in litres

= 5.85 x 1000
(23+35.5) x500

= 0.2 M

Long Answer type question:

Ans: Definitions provided in study material.

Prepared by: Sukhwinder Kaur, Science Mistress, Govt. Adarsh Sen.Sec.

School, Kot Dhandal, Distt. Gurdaspur. (Mobile: 8054430443)

Under the guidance of: Sh. Rajesh Saini, Principal cum DM, Chemistry,
Gurdaspur. (Mobile: 9417502501)

Supervised by: Smt. Jasvinder Kaur (Assistant Director) PPPP Science

Sen. Sec. State Coordinator.

Page 9 of 9